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{{Infobox settlement
| name= Filadelfia<br>
| other_name =(sekarang [[Alaşehir]])
|settlement_type = Kota kuno
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_region = TR
|pushpin_map = Turkey
|subdivision_type = Negara
|subdivision_name = {{TUR}}
|map_caption = Lokasi Filadelfia di Turki.▼
|timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]]
|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]|Daerah▼
|utc_offset=+2
|subdivision_name1 = AegeanAegea▼
▲|map_caption =Lokasi Filadelfia di Turki.
|subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]|Provinsi▼
|timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
|subdivision_name2 = Manisa▼
|utc_offset_DST=+3
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}▼
 
| area_blank1_title = District▼
|official_name = Alaşehir
| area_blank1_km2 =
|image_map = Manisa districts.png
| population_footnotes =
|
| population_urban =
▲ subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Turkey|Region]]|
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}▼
▲subdivision_name1 = Aegean
| population_blank1_title = District▼
▲ |subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]|
| population_blank1 =
▲subdivision_name2 = Manisa
▲| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
▲| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Manisa|Alaşehir}}
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Manisa}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Manisa|Alaşehir|şehir}}
▲| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
▲| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Manisa|Alaşehir|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
|elevation_m =
Baris 38 ⟶ 31:
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_info = 45|blank_name=[[Turkish car number plates|Licence&nbsp;plate]]|
|blank_name=
|leader_name =
|website =
}}
 
'''Filadelfia''' ({{lang-en|Philadelphia}}; {{lang-el|Φιλαδέλφεια|Filadélfeia}}), artinya "(kota) kasih sayang persaudaraan"; sekarang '''[[Alaşehir]]''' ({{IPA-tr|aˈɫaʃehiɾ}}), adalah sebuah kota dalam zaman kuno sampai [[Abad Pertengahan]], sekarang dinamakan kota Alaşehir di Provinsi [[Manisa]], di daerah Aegea, negara [[Turki]]. Terletak di lembah[[Lembah Kuzuçay]] (Cogamus, pada zaman kuno), di kaki gunung[[Gunung Bozdağ]] (gunung [[Tmolus]] pada zaman kuno). KotaDataran tinggi di wilayah ini dihubungkandipenuhi dengantanah kotaluas dan subur dari sungai Gediz, (nama kuno: Hermus)) yang memberikan pemandangan luar biasa. Filadelfia merupakan pusat kekristenan penting pada zaman gereja mula-mula (abad pertama M) dan terus sampai ke periode [[İzmirBizantin|Kekaisaran Bizantin]]. denganSampai sebuahsekarang, jalurtempat keretaini apitetap sepanjangdianggap sebagai takhta tituler [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Gereja Katolik]].<ref>{{convertCathEncy|105|km|mi|0|abbrwstitle=onPhiladelphia}}.</ref>
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It stands on elevated ground commanding the extensive and fertile plain of the [[Gediz River]], ([[Hermus]] in antiquity) presents at a distance an imposing appearance. It has several [[mosque]]s and [[Christianity in Turkey|Christian churches]]. There are small industries and a fair trade. From one of the [[mineral spring]]s comes a heavily charged water popular around Turkey.
 
Within Turkey, the city's name is synonymous with the dried [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana]] [[raisins]], although cultivation for the fresh fruit market, less labour-intensive than the dried fruit, gained prominence in the last decades. As Philadelphia, Alaşehir was a highly important center in the [[Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia|Early Christian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods, and remained a [[titular see]] of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Philadelphia}}</ref>
-->▼
== Sejarah ==
=== FiladelfiaZaman kuno ===
Kota yang sekarang bernama Alaşehir ini mungkin adalah salah satu kota pertama dengan nama "Filadelfia". Didirikan pada tahun 189 SM oleh Raja [[Eumenes II]] dari [[PergamonPergamum]] (197-160 SM). [[Eumenes II]] menamai kota ini karena kasihnya pada saudara laki-lakinya, yang kelak menggantikannya, [[Attalus II]] (159-138 SM), yang kesetiaannya menyebabkan Ia diberi julukan, "PhiladelphosPhiladelphus", arti harafiahnya "orang yang mengasihi saudara laki-lakinya". Karena tidak memiliki ahli waris, [[Attalos III|Attalos III Filomitor]], raja terakhir dari [[Dinasti Attalidon|dinasti Attalid]] di Pergamum, menyerahkan kerajaannya, termasuk kota Filadelfia, kepada sekutunya, [[Kerajaan Romawi]], pada waktu Ia meninggal pada tahun 133 SM. Roma membentuk Provinsi Asia pada tahun 129 SM dengan menggabungkan [[Ionia]] dan bekas wilayah Kerajaan [[Pergamum]].
Karena tidak memiliki ahli waris, [[Attalus III|Attalus III Philometer]], raja terakhir dari dinasti Attalid di Pergamum, menyerahkan kerajaannya, termasuk kota Filadelfia, kepada sekutunya, Kerajaan Romawi, pada waktu Ia meninggal pada tahun 133 SM. Roma membentuk Provinsi Asia pada tahun 129 SM dengan menggabungkan [[Ionia]] dan bekas wilayah Kerajaan [[Pergamum]].
 
=== FiladelfiaZaman Romawi ===
Filadelfia berada dalam distrik administratif [[Sardis (]].<ref>Pliny NH 5.111).</ref> Pada tahun 17 M, kota ini rusak berat akibat gempa bumi, sehingga Kaisar [[Tiberius]] memberi keringanan tidak usah membayarpembebasan pajak (Tacitus Annales 2.47, cf. Strabo 12.8.18, 13.4.10, John Lydus de mensibus 4.115). Sebagai balasan, kota itu memberikan berbagai penghormatan kepada Tiberius. Bukti dari mata uang logam menunjukkan bahwa kaisar [[Caligula]] pernah membantu kota ini. Di bawah pemerintahan kaisar [[Vespasian]], Filadelfia menerima '' cognomen''-nya, Flavia. Di bawah Caracalla, Filadelfia menjadi tempat berdirinya satu kultus imperial; mata uang logamnya bertuliskan ''Neokoron'' (arti harafiahnya, "penyapu kuil"/"''temple-sweeper''"--pengurus kuil). Sebuah teater kecil berada di pinggiran utara [[bukit Toptepe Hill]], merupakan apa yang tersisa dari kota ini padadari zaman Romawi.
 
=== Filadelfia dalamDalam kitab "Wahyu kepada Yohanes" ===
Meskipun sejumlah kota kuno juga bernama Filadelfia, kota ini jelas adalah salah satu dari tujuh kota di Asia Kecil yang disebutkan oleh [[Yohanes]] (pada waktu di pulau [[Patmos]]) dalam tiga pasal pertama kitab tulisannya, [[Wahyu kepada Yohanes]].<ref>[[Wahyu 1]], terutama {{Alkitab|Wahyu 1:11}}</ref> Kitab ini diyakini ditulis di akhir [[abad pertama Masehi]], kemungkinan besar pada zaman kaisar [[Domitian]]. Filadelfia adalah kota keenam dari tujuh kota yang dikirimi surat oleh [[Yohanes]].(<ref>{{Alkitab|Wahyu1Wahyu 1:11}}) dan seterusnya.</ref> Bagian surat yang secara khusus ditujukan kepada jemaat gereja di Filadelfia tercantum dalam {{Alkitab|Wahyu 3:7-13}}.
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According to this letter, the Philadelphian Christians were suffering persecution at the hands of the local Jews, whom ''Revelation'' calls "the synagogue of Satan" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|3:9|KJV}}). The city's history of earthquakes may lie behind the reference to making her church a temple pillar ({{bibleverse||Revelation|3:12|KJV}}). Permanency would have been important to the city's residents.
 
Philadelphia shares with Smyrna the distinction of receiving nothing but praise from Christ. This explains why modern Protestant churches sometimes use "Philadelphia" as a component in the local church's name as a way of emphasizing its faithfulness.
▲-->
 
===Byzantine PhiladelphiaZaman Bizantin ===
Filadelfia merupakan kota makmur pada zaman [[Bizantin]], sehingga disebut "[[Kota Athena|Athena]] kecil" ("''little Athens''") pada abad ke-6 M karena banyaknya festival dan kuil-kuil.<ref>Lydus de mensibus 4.58</ref> Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa saat itu kota ini tidak seluruhnya beralih ke agama [[Kristen]]. Ada catatan seorang nabiah Kristen, Ammia, berasal dari Filadelfia.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' 5.17.</ref> Sekitar tahun 600 Basilika Santo Yohanes yang berkubah bulat mulai dibangun, reruntuhannya menjadi atraksi arkeologi utama sampai sekarang.
Philadelphia was a prosperous Byzantine city, called the "little [[Athens]]" in the 6th century AD because of its festivals and temples.<ref>Lydus de mensibus 4.58</ref> Presumably this indicates that the city wasn't entirely converted to [[Christianity]]. [[Montanism#History|Ammia]], the Christian prophetess, was from Philadelphia, however.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' 5.17.</ref> In about the year 600 the domed Basilica of St. John was built, remains of which are the main archaeological attraction in the modern city. The Byzantine walls that once surrounded the city have all but crumbled away. A few remnants are still visible at the northeast edge of town, near the bus stand. The city was taken by the Seljuk Turks in 1074 and 1093-94. In 1098, during the [[First Crusade]], it was recovered by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]]. In the 11th to 15th centuries AD, it was the seat of the ''doux'' (governor) and ''[[stratopedarches]]'' (military commander) of the [[Thrakesion]] theme.▼
▲<!--
 
▲Philadelphia was a prosperous Byzantine city, called the "little [[Athens]]" in the 6th century AD because of its festivals and temples.<ref>Lydus de mensibus 4.58</ref> Presumably this indicates that the city wasn't entirely converted to [[Christianity]]. [[Montanism#History|Ammia]], the Christian prophetess, was from Philadelphia, however.<ref>[[Eusebius]], ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' 5.17.</ref> In about the year 600 the domed Basilica of St. John was built, remains of which are the main archaeological attraction in the modern city. The Byzantine walls that once surrounded the city have all but crumbled away. A few remnants are still visible at the northeast edge of town, near the bus stand. The city was taken by the Seljuk Turks in 1074 and 1093-94. In 1098, during the [[First Crusade]], it was recovered by [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]]. In the 11th to 15th centuries AD, it was the seat of the ''doux'' (governor) and ''[[stratopedarches]]'' (military commander) of the [[Thrakesion]] theme.
It was the center of several revolts against ruling Byzantine emperors- in 1182, led by [[John Komnenos Vatatzes]], and 1188-1205 or 1206, led by [[Theodore Mangaphas]], a local Philadelphian, against [[Isaac II Angelos]]. At that time, the bishopric of Philadelphia was promoted to [[Metropolis of Philadelphia|metropolis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiminas|first=Demetrius|title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate|year=2009|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=9781434458766|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&pg=PA81&dq=pergamos+metropolitanate&hl=el&sa=X&ei=1TaMUMzGGIfgtQaX04DgCw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=pergamos%20metropolitanate&f=false|page=89}}</ref> In the 14th century, Philadelphia was made the metropolis of Lydia by the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, a status it still holds. It was granted this honor because the city did not capitulate to the Ottomans. The city was prosperous especially in the 13th and 14th centuries; there was a Genoese trading colony and the city was an important producer of leather goods and red-dyed silk (whence, perhaps, its Turkish name, which probably means "red city").<ref>I. Beldiceanu-Steinherr, "Notes pour l’histoire d’Alaşehir (Philadelphie) au XIVe siècle." In H. Ahrweiler, 1984, ''Philadelphie et autres etudes. Byzantina Sorbonensia 4''. Centre de recherches d’histoire et de civilisation Byzantines. Paris, p. 33</ref> By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Turkish emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The town remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.
-->
Kota ini juga menjadi pusat pemberontakan melawan para penguasa Bizantin:
* tahun 1182, dipimpin oleh [[John Komnenos Vatatzes]]
* tahun 1188-1205 atau 1206, dipimpin oleh [[Theodore Mangaphas]], seorang asli Filadelfia, melawan [[Isaac II Angelos]].
Pada waktu itu, keuskupan (''bishopric'') Filadelfia ditingkatkan menjadi ''metropolis''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kiminas|first=Demetrius|title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate|year=2009|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=9781434458766|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&pg=PA81&dq=pergamos+metropolitanate&hl=el&sa=X&ei=1TaMUMzGGIfgtQaX04DgCw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=pergamos%20metropolitanate&f=false|page=89|access-date=2013-05-07|archive-date=2023-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721053021/https://books.google.gr/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C&pg=PA81&dq=pergamos+metropolitanate&hl=el&sa=X&ei=1TaMUMzGGIfgtQaX04DgCw#v=onepage&q=pergamos%20metropolitanate&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dalam abad ke -14, Filadelfia dijadikan metropolis Lydia oleh patriarkh [[Gereja Ortodoks]] [[Yunani]] di [[Konstantinopel]], sebuah status yang masih dipegang sampai sekarang. Kehormatan ini diberikan karena kota itu tidak menyerah kepada [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]] (''Ottoman''). Kota ini makmur terutama pada abad ke-13 dan 14; ada koloni dagang ''Geno''v''ese'' (dari Genoa) dan kota ini menjadi produsen penting barang-barang kulit dan sutera yang diwarnai merah (karena itulah sekarang diberi nama Turki, [[Alaşehir]], yang berarti "kota merah").<ref>I. Beldiceanu-Steinherr, "Notes pour l’histoire d’Alaşehir (Philadelphie) au XIVe siècle." In H. Ahrweiler, 1984, ''Philadelphie et autres etudes. Byzantina Sorbonensia 4''. Centre de recherches d’histoire et de civilisation Byzantines. Paris, p. 33</ref>
<!--
By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Turkish emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The town remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.
 
Philadelphia was an independent, neutral city under the influence of the Latin [[Knights of Rhodes]], when taken in 1390 by [[Sultan Bayezid I]] and an auxiliary [[Christian]] force under the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II]] after a prolonged resistance, by which time all the other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered to the Ottomans. Manuel had been forced by Bayezid to participate in subjugating Philadelphia to Turkish rule, a bitter irony given its long resistance. Twelve years later it was captured by [[Timur]], who built a wall with the corpses of his prisoners.
-->
 
===Modern periodZaman modern ===
TheTentara GreekYunani armymenguasai occupiedkota theini cityselama duringperang the [[GrecoYunani-Turkish WarTurki (1919–1922)]]. According to a numberMenurut ofsejumlah sourcessumber, thetentara retreatingYunani Greekyang armymundur carriedmelakukan outkebijakan a scorchedbumi-earth policyhangus whileketika retreatingmundur fromdari [[Anatolia]] duringselama thefase finalakhir phaseperang of the warini.<ref name="Sydney Nettleton Fisher 1969, p. 386">[[Sydney Nettleton Fisher]], ''The Middle East: a History'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969, p. 386</ref> James Loder Park, the U.S. ''Vice-Consul'' Amerika inSerikat Constantinopledi atKonstantinopel thesaat timeitu, whomenijau touredlokasi muchyang ofhancur thesegera devastatedsetelah areapenduduk immediatelyYunani after the Greek evacuationdiungsikan, describedmenggambarkan thesituasi situationdi inkota-kota thesekitar surrounding cities and towns ofdaerah İzmir heyang has seen,dilihatnya assebagai followsberikut:<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to [[Secretary of State]], [[Smyrna]], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref>
 
<blockquote>"Di Alaşehir, pompa tangan digunakan untuk membasahi tembok-tembok bangunan dengan Kerosen. Ketika memeriksa puing-puing kota, kami menemukan sejumlah tulang-tulang dan tengkorak, hangus dan hitam, dengan sisa rambut dan daging melekat padanya. Atas desakan kami, sejumlah kuburan yang tampaknya baru dibuat, telah digali kembali untuk kami dan kami dapat memastikan bahwa jenazah-jenazah ini tidak lebih dari empat minggu sebelumnya."</blockquote>
<blockquote>"In Alaşehir, hand pumps were used to soak the walls of the buildings with Kerosene. As we examined the ruins of the city, we discovered a number of skulls and bones, charred and black, with remnants of hair and flesh clinging to them. Upon our insistence a number of graves having a fresh-made appearance were actually opened for us as we were fully satisfied that these bodies were not more than four weeks old."</blockquote>
 
According to Park, 70% of the buildings of Alaşehir were destroyed by fire, while Kinross wrote "Alaşehir was no more than a dark scorched cavity, defacing the hillside. Village after village had been reduced to an ash-heap."<ref name="Kinross 1960 318">{{harv|Kinross|1960|p=318}}</ref> It is estimated some 3,000 lives had been lost in the burning of Alaşehir.<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref>▼
 
▲According toMenurut Park, 70% of the buildingsbangunan ofdi Alaşehir weredihancurkan destroyedoleh by fireapi, whilesementara Kinross wrotemenulis "Alaşehir wastidak nolebih moredari thanlobang ayang darkgelap scorched cavityhangus, defacingseluruh thedaerah hillsidebukit rusak. VillageDesa afterdemi villagedesa hadtelah beenhancur reducedmenjadi totumpukan an ash-heapabu."<ref name="Kinross 1960 318">{{harv|Kinross|1960|p=318}}</ref> ItDiperkirakan is estimated somesebanyak 3,.000 lives had been lostjiwa intelah thelenyap burningdalam ofpembakaran Alaşehir.<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref>
<!--
The suburb of [[Athens]] named [[Nea Filadelfia]] ("New Philadelphia") is so named because Greek refugees from Alaşehir (in Greek known as "Philadelphia") settled there following the war and the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] of 1923.
-->
== Tokoh terkenal dari Filadelfia ==
* [[Joannes Laurentius Lydus]] (lahir 490) penulis dan administrator Yunani
* [[Theodore Mangaphas]] juga dikenal sebagai ''Morotheodoros'' (lahir dipada abad ke-12), perwira militer [[Bizantin]] Yunani.
 
=== Uskup kenamaan ===
* [[Cyriacus of Philadelphia|Cyriacus]] (pada [[Council of Philippopolis]], 344)
* [[Theodosius of Philadelphia|Theodosius]] (deposeddisingkirkan pada [[CouncilKonsili of SeleuciaSeleukia]], 359)
* [[Theophanes of Philadelphia|Theophanes]] (pada [[FirstKonsili CouncilEfesus of EphesusPertama]], 431)
* [[John of Philadelphia|John]] (pada [[ThirdKonsili CouncilKonstantinopel of ConstantinopleKetiga]], 680)
* [[Theoleptus]] (1283–1322): ledmemimpin defensepertahanan ofkota P.Filadelfia againstterhadap Turkishserangan attackpasukan inTurki pada tahun 1310; writingskarya includetulisannya religioustermasuk poetrysyair agamawi, monasticrisalah treatisesmonastik, tulisan-tulisan ''anti-Arsenite writings'', letterssurat-surat
* [[Macarius Chrysocephalas]] (1336–82): candidatekandidat foruntuk ''patriarchate'' inpada tahun 1353, wrotemenulis "''Rhodonia''" (anthologybunga oframpai proverbsAmsal anddan ''gnomai''), "''catenae''" ("rantai" {{lang-en|“chains}},” quotationskutipan fromdari theologiansteolog-teolog attachedyang todilekatkan Biblepada versesayat-ayat [[Alkitab]]) onatas Matthew[[Injil andMatius]] Lukedan [[Injil Lukas]], homilieshomili-homili, anddan asebuah ''vita'' ofmengenai St. Meletios ofdari Galesios
* [[Gabrius Severus]] (1577) wrotemenulis workskarya-karya againstmelawan theorang LatinsLatin
* [[Gerasimus Blachus]] (1679), authorpengarang ofsejumlah numerouskarya workstulis
* [[Meletius Typaldus]] (1685), deposeddisingkarkan forkarena becomingmenjadi apengikut Catholic[[Gereja Katolik]]
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 103 ⟶ 100:
 
== Pranala luar ==
* ''The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia And their place in the plan of the Apocalypse'', [[William Mitchell Ramsay|W. M. Ramsay]], D.C.L, Litt.D., LL.D., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, 1904
* http://www.ephesusguide.com/seven_churches_philadelphia.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301023115/http://www.ephesusguide.com/seven_churches_philadelphia.php |date=2005-03-01 }}
* http://www.enjoyturkey.com/Tours/Interest/Biblicals/philadelphia.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123070132/http://www.enjoyturkey.com/Tours/Interest/Biblicals/philadelphia.htm |date=2010-01-23 }}
* http://www.toursforchurches.co.uk/turkey-churches.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909080034/http://toursforchurches.co.uk/turkey-churches.htm |date=2005-09-09 }}
* http://www.luthersem.edu/ckoester/Revelation/Philadelphia/main.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904154514/http://www.luthersem.edu/ckoester/Revelation/Philadelphia/main.htm |date=2009-09-04 }}
* http://www.deeperstudy.com/link/philadelphia_satellite.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501162822/http://deeperstudy.com/link/philadelphia_satellite.html |date=2011-05-01 }}
 
 
{{Tujuh Gereja di Asia}}
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{{Catholic}}
 
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[[Category:189 BC establishments]]
[[CategoryKategori:Kota di Turki]]
[[Kategori:Tituler see di Asia]]
[[Category:Attalid colonies]]
[[CategoryKategori:Tempat di Alkitab]]▼
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey]]
[[CategoryKategori:Wahyu kepada Yohanes]]▼
[[Category:Titular sees in Asia]]
▲[[Category:Tempat di Alkitab]]
▲[[Category:Wahyu kepada Yohanes]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Filadelfia"