Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act''' ('''PPACA'''),<ref>{{USPL|111|148}}, {{USStat|124|119}}, yang ditandai telah diamandemendiamendemen di sejumlah pasal-pasal tentang [[Internal Revenue Code]] dan di [[Title 42 of the United States Code|42 U.S.C.]]</ref> commonlybiasa calleddisebut '''Obamacare'''<ref name="CNN20120625Obamacare" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2012/mar/20/romneycare-and-obamacare-can-you-tell-difference/ |title=RomneyCare & ObamaCare: Can you tell the difference? |last=Holan |first=Angie D. |author= |authorlink= |date=March 20, 2012 |work=PolitiFact.com |publisher=Tampa Bay Times |location= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=August 29, 2012 |quote= |ref= }}</ref> atau '''hukum layanan kesehatan federal''', adalah sebuah [[hukum Amerika Serikat#Hukum federal|hukum federal]] yang disahkan oleh [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden]] [[Barack Obama]] pada tanggal 23 Maret 2010. Bersama [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]], UU ini mengusung perombakan regulasi [[layanan kesehatan di Amerika Serikat|sistem layanan kesehatan Amerika Serikat]] terbesar sejak disahkannya [[Medicare (Amerika Serikat)|Medicare]] dan [[Medicaid]] tahun 1965.<ref name=overhaul>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/28/usa-healthcare-court-idUSL2E8HS4WG20120628|title=US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph|publisher=Reuters|author=James Vicini and Jonathan Stempel|date=June 28, 2012|access-date=2013-01-23|archive-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813161302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/28/usa-healthcare-court-idUSL2E8HS4WG20120628|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

PPACA lebih ditujukan untuk mengurangi [[cakupan asuransi kesehatan di Amerika Serikat|jumlah warga Amerika Serikat tak terasuransikan]] dan seluruh biaya layanan kesehatan. UU ini menyediakan berbagai macam mekanisme—termasuk [[mandat individu|mandat]], [[subsidi]], dan [[kredit pajak]]—untuk para pengusaha dan individu demi meningkatkan tingkat cakupan asuransi.<ref name="nyt-critics">{{cite news |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |title= Health Law Critics Prepare to Battle Over Insurance Exchange Subsidies |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/us/critics-of-health-care-law-prepare-to-battle-over-insurance-exchange-subsidies.html |first=Robert |last=Pear |date=July 7, 2012 |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2010/feb/04/paul-krugman/krugman-calls-senate-health-care-bill-similar-law-/ |title=Krugman calls Senate health care bill similar to law in Massachusetts |last=Krugman |first=Paul |author= |authorlink= |date=January 31, 2010 |work=PolitiFact.com |publisher=Tampa Bay Times |location= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=August 29, 2012 |quote= |ref= }}</ref> Reformasi lain bertujuan memperbaiki hasil layanan kesehatan dan menyederhanakan penyaluran layanan kesehatan. PPACA mensyaratkan perusahaan-perusahaan asuransi [[pengeluaran terjamin|mencakup semua pendaftar]] dan [[penilaian masyarakat|menawarkan nilai yang sama]] tanpa melihat [[kondisi tak jelas]] atau jenis kelamin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Upholds Heart of Obama Health Care Law Seeking to Cover 30 Million Uninsured |author=Hearst, Steven R. |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Supreme+Court+upholds+heart+Obamacare/6854896/story.html |newspaper=The Gazette |date=June 28, 2012 |accessdate=June 30, 2012}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ObamaCare Survives the Supreme Court: 5 Takeaways |url=http://theweek.com/article/index/229985/obamacare-survives-the-supreme-court-5-takeaways |newspaper=The Week |date=June 28, 2012 |accessdate=June 30, 2012}}</ref> [[Congressional Budget Office]] memperkirakan PPACA akan mengurangi defisit selanjutnya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12119/03-30-healthcarelegislation.pdf |title=CBO's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 |author=Elmendorf, Douglas W. |date=March 30, 2011 |publisher=[[Congressional Budget Office]] |format=pdf |accessdate=July 15, 2012}}</ref> dan anggaran [[Medicare (Amerika Serikat)|Medicare]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/06-21-Long-Term_Budget_Outlook.pdf |title=CBO's 2011 Long-Term Budget Outlook |author=Elmendorf, Douglas W. |date=June 2011 |page=44 |publisher=[[Congressional Budget Office]] |format=pdf |quote=Through those changes and numerous others, the 2010 legislation significantly decreased Medicare outlays relative to what they would have been under prior law.}}</ref>

Pada tanggal 28 Jun 2012, [[Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat]] mendukung konstitusionalitas sebagian besar isi PPACA dalam kasus ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama |last=Barrett |first=Paul M. |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/supreme-court-supports-obamacare-and-bolsters-obama |newspaper=BloombergBusinessweek |date=June 28, 2012 |accessdate=June 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Obamacare upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court |author=National Post Wire Services |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/06/28/obamacare-upheld-by-the-u-s-supreme-court/ |newspaper=National Post |date=June 28, 2012 |accessdate=June 30, 2012}}, termasuk ketetapan utama yang mewajibkan semua warga Amerika Serikat membeli asuransi kesehatan.</ref>

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Perbandingan sistem layanan kesehatan di Kanada dan Amerika Serikat]]

* [[Reformasi layanan kesehatan Massachusetts]] ("RomneyCare")

* [[Layanan kesehatan universal]]

* [[National Health Insurance]]

* [[Perbandingan layanan kesehatan]] Amerika Serikat dengan 8 negara lain dalam bentuk tabel

== Referensi ==

== Bacaan lanjutan ==

* {{cite book|author=Barr, Donald A. |title=Introduction to U.S. Health Policy: The Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Care in America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yZLJrmNoEzkC|year= 2011|publisher=JHU Press}}

* {{cite book|author1=Jacobs, Lawrence R. |author2=Theda Skocpol|title=Health Care Reform and American Politics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VcsmJybD32wC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford U.P. }}

* {{cite book | author = John E. McDonough | title = Inside National Health Reform|url = https://archive.org/details/insidenationalhe00mcdo| publisher = University of California Press | year = 2011 | month = September | isbn = 9780520270190 }}

* [https://www.cms.gov/ActuarialStudies/downloads/PPACA_2010-04-22.pdf Estimated Financial Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act," as Amended]. April 22, 2010.

* [https://www.cms.gov/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/PPACA_Medicare_2010-04-22.pdf Estimated Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act," as Amended, on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund, Part B Premiums, and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts]. April 22, 2010.

* [http://www.cms.gov/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/S_PPACA_2009-12-10.pdf Estimated Financial Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009," as Proposed by the Senate Majority Leader on November 18, 2009]. December 10, 2009.

* [http://www.cms.gov/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/S_PPACA_Medicare_2009-12-10.pdf Estimated Effects of the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund, Part B Premiums, and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts]. December 10, 2009.

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf Supreme Court Ruling on the ACA-June 28, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628151731/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf |date=2012-06-28 }}

* {{NYTtopic|organizations/s/supreme_court/affordable_care_act/|Affordable Care Act}}

* {{WSJtopic|subject/H/health-reform/1662|Health Reform}}

* Kaiser Family Foundation: [http://healthreform.kff.org/SubsidyCalculator.aspx Health Reform Subsidy Calculator – Premium Assistance for Coverage in Exchanges/Gateways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422185025/http://healthreform.kff.org/SubsidyCalculator.aspx |date=2013-04-22 }}

* [http://www.castlibrary.com/free_books Three Days of Argument: Obamacare On Trial Audiobook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702224049/http://www.castlibrary.com/free_books |date=2014-07-02 }} – Complete coverage of the arguments to the Supreme Court regarding Obamacare

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/supreme-court-ruling-caps-a-century-of-american-debate-over-how-to-get-medical-care-for-all/2012/06/28/gJQA6XmP8V_story.html?tid=pm_politics_pop Supreme Court ruling caps a century of American debate over how to get medical care for all]{{Pranala mati|date=Juli 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} An [[Associated Press]] timeline published on June 28, 2012 by [[The Washington Post]] about key events in a century of debate over what role the government should play in helping people in the United States afford medical care

* [http://www.healthreformgps.org/ HealthReformGPS.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109133053/http://www.healthreformgps.org/ |date=2014-11-09 }} – Tracking and explanation of the law – as it is implemented – by analysts at the Hirsh Health Law and Policy program of the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services.

* {{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/03/has-romney-lost-the-romneycare-obamacare-argument/37842/|title=Has Romney Lost The RomneyCare = ObamaCare Argument?|author=Ambinder, Marc |work=The Atlantic|date=March 22, 2010|accessdate=2011-04-07}}

* [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR03590:@@@L&summ2=m&summary Summary of H.R. 3590]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (March 23, 2010) via [[THOMAS]].

* "Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State. Has the Obama Administration Trampled on Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Conscience?" Hearing before the Congressional [[Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] February 16, 2012

** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nJRUxj-HUY Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State – Part 1]

** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj1l8suFE68 Lines Crossed: Separation of Church and State – Part 2]

** [https://www.democracynow.org/2012/2/17/where_are_the_women_lawmakers_walk '"Where Are the Women?": Lawmakers Walk Out on Contraception Rule Hearing After Female Witness Barred'] ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' February 17, 2012

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