Frenologi: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:PhrenologyPix.jpg|thumbjmpl|Pemetaan otak berdasarkan frenologi pada tahun 1883.]]

'''Frenologi''' (dari [[bahasa Yunani]]: φρήν, ''phrēn'', "pikiran"; dan λόγος, ''[[logos]]'', "pengetahuan") adalah [[ilmu semu]] yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia. Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa [[otak]] adalah organ [[pikiran]], dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi yang terlokalisasi.<ref>Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). ''Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology''. Cambridge, Mass.: [[MIT Press]]. ISBN 0-262-56025-9 hal.14, 23, 131</ref> Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman [[Franz Joseph Gall]] pada tahun 1796,<ref>Graham, Patrick. (2001) ''Phrenology'' [videorecording (DVD)]: revealing the mysteries of the mind . Richmond Hill, Ont.: American Home Treasures. ISBN 0-7792-5135-0</ref> dan sangat populer pada abad ke-19, terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840. Namun, kini frenologi dianggap sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif. Meskipun begitu, pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi [[psikiatri]] pada abad ke-19 dan [[neurosains]] modern. Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter, pemikiran, dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju [[neuropsikologi]].<ref>Fodor, JA. (1983) ''The Modularity of Mind''. MIT Press. pp. 14, 23, 131</ref><ref name="Simpson 2005">Simpson, D. (2005) "Phrenology and the Neurosciences: Contributions of F. J. Gall and J. G. Spurzheim" ''ANZ Journal of Surgery''. Oxford. Vol. 75.6; hal. 475</ref>

== Catatan kaki ==

* [http://ebooks.library.ualberta.ca/local/manualofphrenolo00philuoft ''Manual of Phrenology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725224603/https://archive.org/details/manualofphrenolo00philuoft |date=2023-07-25 }} Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, ''Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain : translated from the 4th French ed''

* [http://ebooks.library.ualberta.ca/local/systemofphrenolo00combuoft ''A System of Phrenology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205073616/https://archive.org/details/systemofphrenolo00combuoft |date=2023-02-05 }} Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, George Combe's ''A system of phrenology''

* [http://ebooks.library.ualberta.ca/local/newillustratedse00fowluoft ''New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725224603/https://archive.org/details/newillustratedse00fowluoft |date=2023-07-25 }} Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)

* [http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/ ''The History of Phrenology on the Web''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711150546/http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/ |date=2023-07-11 }} by John van Wyhe, PhD.

* [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/phrenologyov.html ''Phrenology: an Overview''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129010632/http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/phrenologyov.html |date=2007-11-29 }} includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe, PhD.

* [http://www.phrenology.org The Phrenology Pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031621/https://www.phrenology.org/ |date=2021-01-25 }}, a Belgian site advocating phrenology.

* [http://www.phrenology.by.ru Phrenology Today!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303212906/http://www.phrenology.by.ru/ |date=2009-03-03 }} Russian portal, advocating phrenology. Articles on so-called modern phrenology.

* Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in [http://www.museumofquackery.com ''The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices'' in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S..] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612095947/https://www.museumofquackery.com/ |date=2023-06-12 }}

* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vimont_home.html Joseph Vimont: ''Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée. (Paris, 1832-1835)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515102803/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vimont_home.html |date=2007-05-15 }}''. Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.

* [http://www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article491.html Jean-Claude Vimont: ''Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301032604/http://www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article491.html |date=2012-03-01 }}

* [http://www.theness.com/index.php/phrenology-history-of-a-pseudoscience/ ''Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105215647/http://www.theness.com/index.php/phrenology-history-of-a-pseudoscience/ |date=2011-01-05 }} - by [[Steven Novella]] MD

* [http://deadwoodrichfamousnoteable.blogspot.com/#broadbent ''Historical Deadwood Newspaper accounts of C. R. Broadbent'' well known speaker on Phrenology and Physiology visit Deadwood SD 1878] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327073425/https://deadwoodrichfamousnoteable.blogspot.com/#broadbent |date=2022-03-27 }}

* [http://skepdic.com/phren.html The Skeptic's Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405081219/http://skepdic.com/phren.html |date=2007-04-05 }} by Robert Todd Carroll

* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1018.html ''Who Named It?'' Franz Joseph Gall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101060840/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1018.html |date=2007-01-01 }} Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation: Phrenology.

* [http://www.nathanville.org.uk/web-albums/burgess/phrenology1/contents.htm ''Phrenology'' by George Burgess (1829-1905)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103031415/http://www.nathanville.org.uk/web-albums/burgess/phrenology1/contents.htm |date=2013-11-03 }} George Burgess, Phrenologist in Bristol, England 1861-1901.

* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Phrenology+Button/id=667883.htm ''History of the Phrenology Bust as developed by Spurzheim''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424050957/http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Phrenology+Button/id=667883.htm |date=2010-04-24 }}

* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Elements+of+Phrenology/id=809849 George Combe's ''Elements of Phrenology''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806072936/http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Elements+of+Phrenology/id=809849 |date=2009-08-06 }}

* [http://psychofizjonomika.pl Psychophysiognomy Today!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601043804/http://psychofizjonomika.pl/ |date=2023-06-01 }} Polish portal, advocating psychophysiognomypsychophy siognomy. Articles on modern psychophysiognomypsychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophysiognomypsychophy siognomy in the personal consultation [http://cvonvideo.com CVonVideo]

* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/edit/asin=B001DESZBS Phrenology Tools of the Trade.]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Tales+of+Phrenology/id=929183/ref=dp_amapedia_5 ''Early accounts of Phrenology practice'']{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* [http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenmod.htm ''Brain and Mind'' (electronic magazine on Neuroscience) ''Modern Phrenology'' Offshoots of Phrenology: ''Craniology'' and ''Anthropometry''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519054608/https://cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenmod.htm |date=2023-05-19 }}

* [http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/week4.htm Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Course material.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304002421/http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/week4.htm |date=2011-03-04 }}