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Istilah '''[[kekaisaran]]''' atau '''[[Imperium]]''' menyiratkan perluasan kedaulatan suatu [[Negara]] atau [[Bangsa]] atas wilayah-wilayah eksternal, yang membawahi banyak negara, [[Kelompok etnik|suku]], dan bangsa untuk membentuk suatu kesatuan politik raya. Di antara kekaisaran-kekaisaran besar dalam sejarah kemanusiaan dapat ditemukan, misalnya, Kerajaan Spanyol pertama kemudian, Kerajaan Inggris , yang pada zamannya disebut "kekaisaran tempat matahari tidak pernah terbenam", karena memiliki wilayah besar (seluruh dunia) di bawah kendali mereka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|volume=7|issue=2|pages=180–196|doi=10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707202816/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6wf6m5qg/qt6wf6m5qg.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
 
== Urutan Kekaisaran dan Imperium terbesar ==
Berikut adalah daftar [[imperium]] atau [[kekaisaran]] terbesar dalam sejarah.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Kekaisaran/Imperium
! rowspan="2" |Peta
! colspan="2" |Puncak Wilayah Terluas
! colspan="2" |Puncak Penduduk Terbesar
|-
!Luas Wilayah
(juta km²)
!Tahun
!Jumlah Penduduk
(juta jiwa)
!Tahun
|-
|[[Imperium Britania]]
|[[Berkas:British Empire 1921.png|200x200px]]
|33,4<ref name="Gordon2">Gordon (2005).</ref>
|{{dts|1920}}
|531,3<ref name="Harrison" />
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Mongolia]]
|[[Berkas:Mongolempire.png|200x200px]]
|33,0<ref name="Gordon2" />
|1270 atau 1309
|110,0
|[[Abad ke 12|Abad ke-12]]
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Rusia]]
|[[Berkas:Map of the Russian Empire at its height in 1866.svg|200x200px]]
|22,8<ref name="Gordon2" />
|1866
|176,4
|1913
|-
|[[Imperium Spanyol]]
|[[Berkas:Spanish Empire-World Map.png|200x200px]]
|20,4
|1740-1790
|68,2
|Abad ke-12
|-
|[[Dinasti Qing]]
|[[Berkas:Qing Dynasty map.png|al=|nirbing|200x200px]]
|14,7
|1790
|432,2
|1851
|-
|[[Imperium kolonial Prancis|Imperium Prancis]]
|[[Berkas:131Etendue de l'Empire Français.png|200x200px]]
|12,9
|1938
|112,9
|1938
|-
|[[Bani Umayyah|Kekhalifahan Umayyah]]
|[[Berkas:Umayyad-Empire.png|al=|200x200px]]
|13,0
|720
|62,0
|Abad ke-7
|-
|[[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah]]
|[[Berkas:Abbasids850.png|200x200px]]
|11,1
|750
|50
|850
|-
|[[Dinasti Yuan]]
|[[Berkas:Yuan Dynasty 1294.png|200x200px]]
|14,0
|1310
|86,0
|1290
|-
|[[Imperialisme Amerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika Serikat]]
|[[Berkas:American Empire1.PNG|al=|200x200px]]
|10
|1899
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Portugis|Imperium Portugis]]
|[[Berkas:Portugal Império total.png|200x200px]]
|10,4
|1815
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Brasil|Imperium Brasil]]
|[[Berkas:LocationBrazil.png|nirbing|200x200px]]
|8,1
|1880
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Jepang]]
|[[Berkas:ImperioJapones.png|nirbing|200x200px]]
|7,4
|1942
|134,8
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Akhemenid|Kekaisaran Persia Akhemeniyah]]
|[[Berkas:Achaemenid Empire ~480 BC.png|200x200px]]
|7,5
|480 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Dinasti Ming]]
|[[Berkas:Ming Dynasty 1368 – 1644 (AD).PNG|200x200px]]
|6,5
|1450
|150
|1600
|-
|[[Kekhalifahan Rasyidin]]
|[[Berkas:Mohammad adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG|200x200px]]
|6.4<ref name="Taagepera1997">Taagepera1997</ref>
|655
|40,3
|{{Date table sorting|655}}<ref name="Taagepera1997"/>
|-
|[[Dinasti Han]]
|[[Berkas:Han Dynasty Plain map.PNG|200x200px]]
|6,5
|100
|57
|2
|-
|[[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]
|[[Berkas:Principales ciudades de el imperio otomano (1683).png|200x200px]]
|5,6
|1683
|39
|1600
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Romawi]]
|[[Berkas:Map of the Roman Empire at its height.svg|200x200px]]
|5,6
|117
|56,8
|25 BC
|-
|[[Dinasti Tang]]
|[[Berkas:Tang China 669AD.jpg|200x200px]]
|5,4
|715
|53
|755
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Makedonia]]
|[[Berkas:Diadochi satraps babylon.png|200x200px]]
|5,2
|323 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Maurya]]
|[[Berkas:Mauryans.JPG|200x200px]]
|5
|250 BC
|50
|200 BC
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Meksiko Pertama]]
|[[Berkas:Mexico 1821.PNG|200x200px]]
|4,9
|1822
|
|
|-
|[[Dinasti Timuriyah|Kekaisaran Timuriyah]]
|[[Berkas:Das Reich Timur-i Lenks (1365-1405).GIF|200x200px]]
|4,4
|1045
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Mughal]]
|[[Berkas:Mughal Empire (1700).png|200x200px]]
|4,6
|1690
|175,0
|1700
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Hun]]
|[[Berkas:Huns empire.png|200x200px]]
|4,0
|441
|
|
|-
|[[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya]]
|[[Berkas:Seljuk Empire locator map.svg.png|200x200px]]
|3,9
|1080
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Seleukia]]
|[[Berkas:Seleucid-empire-323BCE.png|200x200px]]
|3,9
|301 BC
|
|
|-
|[[Imperium Italia]]
|[[Berkas:Italian Empire total.png|200x200px]]
|3,8
|1940
|51,9
|1938
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Belanda|Imperium Belanda]]
|[[Berkas:DutchEmpire15.png|200x200px]]
|3,7
|1940
|60,0
|1940
|-
|[[Jerman Nazi]]
|[[Berkas:Greater German Reich (1942).svg|203x203px]]
|3.6
|1942
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Gupta]]
|[[Berkas:GuptaEmpire300-550.png|200x200px]]
|3,5
|400
|
|
|-
|[[Kekaisaran Sassania]]
|[[Berkas:SassanidEmpirebiggerbymae.png|200x200px]]
|3,5
|620
|
|
|}
 
== Berdasarkan luas wilayah ==
 
# [[Imperium Britania]] - 33.4 juta km²
== Berdasarkan luas daerah ==
# [[Kekaisaran BritaniaMongolia|Imperium Mongolia]] - 3624.69 juta km²<ref name=Gordon>Gordon (2005).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran MongoliaRusia]] - 3322.28 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran RusiaSpanyol|Imperium Spanyol]] - 22.819 juta km²<ref name=uconn>Adams, Hall and Turchin (2004).</ref>
# [[KekaisaranBani SpanyolUmayyah|Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] - 1911.1 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[BaniKekaisaran UmayyahKedua Prancis|KesultananKekaisaran UmayyahPrancis]] - 13.25 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Dinasti Qing]] (sekarang [[Republik Rakyat Cina|RRCTiongkok]]) - 12 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran PerancisPortugis|Imperium Portugis]] - 1110.24 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[KekaisaranImperialisme PortugisAmerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika]] (kontroversial) - 10.4 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran AmerikaBrasil|Imperium Brasil]] (kontroversial) - 108.1 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Brasil]] - 8.1 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Akhemenid]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 7.5 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] - 7.4 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Dinasti Ming]] (sekarang [[Republik Rakyat Cina|RRCTiongkok]]) - 6.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Dinasti Han]] (sekarang [[Republik Rakyat Cina|RRCTiongkok]]) - 6 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] - 5.6 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] - 5.6 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Dinasti Tang]] (sekarang [[Republik Rakyat Cina|RRCTiongkok]]) - 5.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Makedonia]] - 5.4 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Maurya|Imperium Maurya]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Meksiko Pertama|Imperium meksiko]] - 4.7 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Dinasti Timuriyah|Kekaisaran Timuriyah]] - 4.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Mughal]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Hun|Imperium Hun]] - 4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kesultanan Seljuk]] - 3.9 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Seleukus]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 3.9 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Italia|Imperium Italia]] - 3.8 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Belanda|Imperium Belanda]] - 3.7 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Jerman Nazi]] - 3.6 juta km²<ref name=Gordon />
# [[Kekaisaran Gupta]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Sassania]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 3.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Ghaznawiyah|Kekaisaran Ghaznavid]] - 3.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Pala]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.2 juta km²
# [[Kesultanan Delhi]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 3.2 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
Baris 38 ⟶ 287:
# [[Kekaisaran Media]] (sekarang [[Iran]]) - 2.8 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] (sekarang [[Turki]]) - 2.7 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Dinasti Chola|Dinasti Kola]] (sekarang [[India]]) - 2.6 juta km²
# [[KekaisaranImperium kolonial Belgia|Imperium Belgia]] - 2.5 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Inka]] (sekarang [[Peru]]) - 2 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Majapahit]] (sekarang [[Indonesia]]) - 1.5 juta km²
# [[Kekaisaran Assyria Baru|Kerajaan Assyria]] - 1.4 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Aksum]] - 1.3 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Sriwijaya]] - 1.2 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
Baris 50 ⟶ 299:
# [[Murabitun]] - 1 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Khmer]] - 1 juta km²<ref name=uconn />
# [[Kerajaan Akkadia]] - 650,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=irows>Chase-Dunn, Álvarez and Pasciuti (2002, p. 8-9).</ref>
# [[Dinasti Nanda|Kerajaan Nanda]] - 600,000 &nbsp;km²
# [[Austria-HongariaHungaria|Kekaisaran Austro-HongariaHungaria]] - 600,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=WWI>Broadberry and Harrison (2005).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru|Kerajaan Kaldea]] - 500,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=irows />
# [[Kekaisaran Vijayanagara|Kerajaan Vijayanagar]] - 360,000 &nbsp;km²<ref name=Sinopoli>Sinopoli (2003, p. 82)</ref>
 
== Berdasarkan jumlah penduduk ==
# [[KekaisaranImperium Britania]] - 531.3 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison>Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).</ref>
# [[Dinasti Qing]] - 432 juta (pada 1912)<ref name=Maddison>Maddison (2006).</ref>
# [[Kekaisaran Mughal]] - 175 juta (pada 1700)<ref name=Biraben>Biraben (2003).</ref>
# [[Dinasti Ming]] - 160 juta (pada 1600)<ref name=Maddison />
# [[Kekaisaran RussiaRusia]] - 176.4 juta (pada 1913)
# [[KekaisaranImperialisme Amerika Serikat|Imperium Amerika]] - 146.4 juta (pada 1942)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] - 134.8 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran PerancisKedua Prancis|Kekaisaran Prancis]] - 112.9 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran Mongolia|Imperium Mongolia]] - 110 juta
# [[Jerman Nazi]] - 75.4 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Kekaisaran Spanyol|Imperium Spanyol]] - 64.2 juta
# [[Bani Umayyah|Kesultanan Umayyah]] - 62 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] - 60 juta
# [[Dinasti Song]] - 59 juta (pada 1000)<ref name=Maddison />
# [[Kekaisaran Italia|Imperium Italia]] - 51.9 juta (pada 1938)<ref name=Harrison />
# [[Austria-HongariaHungaria|Kekaisaran Austro-Hungarian]] - 50.6 juta (pada 1913)
# [[Kekaisaran Maurya]] - 50 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Akhemenid]] - 42 juta
# [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] - 39 juta
# [[KekaisaranImperium kolonial Belgia|Imperium Belgia]] - 35.3 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] - 34 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Vijayanagara]] - 25 juta
# [[Kekaisaran Portugis|Imperium Portugis]] - 14.7 juta (pada 1913)
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=108–127|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}
*Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and [[Peter Turchin]] (2004). [http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf ''East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.''] [[University of Connecticut]].
* {{Cite journal|last=Taagepera|first=Rein|author-link=Rein Taagepera|date=1978|title=Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Social Science Research]]|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=111|doi=10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8|issn=0049-089X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707192527/https://escholarship.org/content/qt8vx325vq/qt8vx325vq_noSplash_a2c2db5cdb06a3d4d4e35b2852a74948.pdf|archive-date=2020-07-07|access-date=2020-07-07}}
*J. Beloch (1886), ''Die Bevölkerung der griechisch–römischen Welt'', Duncker and Humblot, Leipzig.
* Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and [[Peter Turchin]] (2004). [http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf ''East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527235437/http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf |date=2008-05-27 }} [[University of Connecticut]].
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* Christopher Chase-Dunn, Alexis Álvarez, and Daniel Pasciuti (2002). [http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=irows ''Power and Size: Urbanization and Empire Formation in World-Systems Since the Bronze Age''.] [[University of California, Riverside]].
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* Raymond W. Goldsmith (1984), "An estimate of the size and structure of the national product of the Early Roman Empire", ''Journal of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth'' '''30'''
*Mark Harrison (1998). ''The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison''.
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*[[Angus Maddison]] (2001). ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris.
*Angus MaddisonMark Harrison (20061998). ''The ContoursEconomics of the World EconomyWar 1-2030II: AD''.Six [[OxfordGreat UniversityPowers Press]]in International Comparison''.
* [[Angus Maddison]] (2001). ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris.
*Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", ''Facts on File'' (p. 342-351). New York.
*Sevket PamukAngus Maddison (20052006), "The Ottoman Empire in World War I". In Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005), ''The EconomicsContours of the World WarEconomy I1-2030 AD'', p. 112-136. [[CambridgeOxford University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-8521 2-9.
* Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", ''Facts on File'' (p.&nbsp;342-351). New York.
*Donald Quataert (2005). ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922''.
* Sevket Pamuk (2005), "The Ottoman Empire in World War I". In Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005), ''The Economics of World War I'', p.&nbsp;112-136. [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-85212-9.
*Walter Scheidel (2005). [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110505.pdf The monetary systems of the Han and Roman empires]. [[Stanford University]].
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* Walter Scheidel (2005). [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110505.pdf The monetary systems of the Han and Roman empires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712074105/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/110505.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}. [[Stanford University]].
*Carla M. Sinopoli (2003). ''The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350-1650''.
* Walter Scheidel (2006). [http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/120601.pdf Imperial state formation in Rome and China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712074104/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/120601.pdf |date=2007-07-12 }}. [[Stanford University]].
*Ralph Thomlinson (1975), ''Demographic Problems, Controversy Over Population Control'', Second Edition.
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* Ralph Thomlinson (1975), ''Demographic Problems, Controversy Over Population Control'', Second Edition.
*H. Yoon (1985). "An early Chinese idea of a dynamic environmental cycle", ''[[GeoJournal]]'' '''10''' (2), p. 211-212.
* Dr Frances Wood (2006). [http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/china-student-guide-6.pdf ''China: The Three Emperors''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511222410/http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/china-student-guide-6.pdf |date=2013-05-11 }} [[Royal Academy]].
* H. Yoon (1985). "An early Chinese idea of a dynamic environmental cycle", ''[[GeoJournal]]'' '''10''' (2), p.&nbsp;211-212.
 
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 109 ⟶ 360:
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.mapsofwar.com Flash animation: Imperial History of the Middle East]
 
{{Empires}}
 
[[Kategori:Daftar negara]]
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[[en:List of largest empires]]
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[[sv:Lista över imperier i storleksordning]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Daftar_imperium_terbesar"