Gambar dari Edessa: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gambar dari Edessa''' ({{lang-en|Image of Edessa}}) menurut tradisi [[Kristen]] adalah [[relikwi]] kudus yang berupa kain berbentuk bujursangkar atau persegi panjang yang secara ajaib memuat cetakan wajah [[Yesus]]. Merupakan "ikon" ("gambar") pertama. Dalam [[gereja Ortodoks Timur]] dan juga dalam bahasa Inggris, gambar ini dikenal sebagai "''Mandylion''".

 

The report of an image, which accrued to the legendarium of Abgar, first appears in the [[Syriac]] work, the ''[[Doctrine of Addai]]'': according to it, the messenger, here called Ananias, was also a painter, and he painted the portrait, which was brought back to Edessa and conserved in the royal palace.<ref>Runciman 1931, ''loc. cit.''.</ref>

 

The first record of the existence of a physical image in the ancient city of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] (now [[Urfa]]) was in [[Evagrius Scholasticus]], writing about 593, who reports a portrait of Christ, of divine origin (θεότευκτος), which effected the miraculous aid in the defence of Edessa against the Persians in 544.<ref>Evagrius, in [[Migne]], ''Patrologia Graeca''lxxxvi, 2, cols. 2748f, noted by Runciman 1931, p. 240, note 5; remarking that "the portrait of Christ has entered the class of [[Acheiropoieta|αχειροποίητοι]] icons".</ref> The image was moved to [[Constantinople]] in the 10th century. The cloth disappeared from Constantinople during the [[Sack of Constantinople]] in 1204, during the [[Fourth Crusade]], and by some believed to be reappearing as a relic in King [[Louis IX of France]]'s [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in [[Paris]]. This relic disappeared in the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="artnet1931">Two documentary inventories: year 1534 (Gerard of St. Quentin de l'Isle, Paris) and year 1740. See [http://www.artnet.com/library/05/0537/T053734.asp Grove Dictionary of Art], [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1474-6913(1931)3%3A3%3C238%3ASROTIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 Steven Runciman, Some Remarks on the Image of Edessa, Cambridge Historical Journal 1931], and [http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n56part5.pdf Shroud.com] for a list of the group of relics. See also [http://histor.ws/grabtuch/bild/saintchapel.gif an image of the Gothic reliquary dating from the 13th century], in [http://histor.ws/grabtuch/geschichte02.htm Histor.ws].</ref>

 

 

The Eastern Orthodox Church have a feast of this icon on August 16 (August 29 in N.S.), which commemorates its [[Translation (relic)|translation]] from Edessa to Constantinople.

 

==History of the legend==

The story of the Mandylion is the product of centuries of development. The first version is found in [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]]' ''History of the Church'' (1.13.5-1.13.22). Eusebius claimed that he had transcribed and translated the actual letter in the Syriac chancery documents of the king of Edessa. This records a letter written by King [[Abgar of Edessa]] to Jesus, asking him to come cure him of an illness. Jesus replies by letter, saying that when he had completed his earthly mission and ascended to heaven, he would send a disciple to heal Abgar (and does so). At this stage, there is no mention of an image of Jesus.

 

In AD 384, [[Egeria (pilgrim)|Egeria]], a pilgrim from either Gaul or Spain, was given a personal tour by the Bishop of Edessa, who gave her many marvellous accounts of miracles that had saved Edessa from the Persians and put into her hands transcripts of the correspondence of Abgarus and Jesus, with embellishments. Part of her accounts of her travels, in letters to her sisterhood, survive. "She naïvely supposed that this version was more complete than the shorter letter which she had read in a translation at home, presumably one brought back to the Far West by an earlier pilgrim" (Palmer 1998). Her escorted tour, accompanied by a translator, was thorough; the bishop is quoted: "Now let us go to the gate where the messenger Ananias came in with the letter of which I have been telling you." (Palmer). There was however, no mention of any image reported by Egeria, who spent three days inspecting every corner of Edessa and the environs.

The Mandylion remained under Imperial protection until the Crusaders sacked the city in 1204 and carried off many of its treasures to Western Europe, though the "Image of Edessa" is not mentioned in this context in any contemporary document. Similarly, it is thought that the Shroud of Turin disappeared from Constantinople in 1204, when Crusaders looted the city. The leaders of the Crusader army in this instance were French and Italian (from Venice), and it is believed that somehow because of this, the Shroud made its way to France.<ref>''[[Archaeological Study Bible]]'' by [[Zondervan]]</ref> A small part of a relic, believed to be the same as this, was one of the large group sold by [[Baldwin II of Constantinople]] to [[Louis IX of France]] in 1241 and housed in the [[Sainte-Chapelle]] in Paris (not to be confused with the Sainte Chapelle at [[Chambéry]], home for a time of the Shroud of Turin) until it disappeared during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="artnet1931"/>

 

 

<gallery class="center"class="center" widths="200px" heights="250px">

 

For support, he refers to documents in the [[Vatican Library]] and the [[University of Leiden]], Netherlands, which seem to suggest the presence of another image at Edessa. A 10th-century codex, ''Codex Vossianus Latinus'' Q 69<ref>From the library of [[Gerhard Johann Vossius]].</ref> found by Gino Zaninotto in the [[Vatican Library]] contains an 8th-century account saying that an imprint of Christ's whole body was left on a canvas kept in a church in Edessa: it quotes a man called Smera in Constantinople: "King Abgar received a cloth on which one can see not only a face but the whole body" (in [[Latin]]: ''[non tantum] faciei figuram sed totius corporis figuram cernere poteris'').<ref>''Codex Vossianus Latinus'', Q69, and Vatican Library, Codex 5696, fol.35, which was published in Pietro Savio, ''Ricerche storiche sulla Santa Sindone'' Turin 1957.</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

-->

</gallery>

 

* [[Acheiropoieta]]: gambar kudus Kristen yang "tidak dibuat oleh tangan manusia"

* [[Kain Kafan dari Torino]]

* [[Cadar Veronika]], gambar Kristus lain yang "tidak dibuat oleh tangan manusia"

* [[Sudarium dari Oviedo]]

 

<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->

{{Reflist}}

 

* {{citation|title=Il "Sacro Volto" di Genova|first=Colette|last= Dufour Bozzo|year=1974|publisher=Ist. Nazionale di Archeologia|language=Italian|isbn= 88-7275-074-1}}

* {{citation | last = Wilson | first = Ian | title = Holy Faces, Secret Places | publisher = Doubleday | location = Garden City | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-385-26105-5 }}

* {{citation | last = Westerson | first = Jeri | title = Veil of Lies; A Medieval Noir. (Fiction referencing the Mandyllon.) | publisher = Minotaur Books | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0312580124 }}

| publisher = Brill| location = Leiden | year = 2014 | isbn = 9789004269194 }}

 

{{Commons category|Mandylion}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gambar dari Edessa}}