Garis Musim Dingin: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Garis Musim Dingin''' adalah serangkaian [[perbentengan]] militer [[Wehrmacht|Jerman]] dan [[Republik Sosial Italia|Italia]] di [[Italia]], yang dibangun pada [[Perang Dunia II]] oleh [[OrgansiasiOrganisasi Todt]] dan dikomandani oleh [[Albert Kesselring]]. Serangkaian 3 garis dirancang untuk mempertahankan bagian barat Italia, terutama sekitaran kota [[Monte Cassino]], sepanjang Jalan Tol 6 sampai [[Roma]]. ''Garis Gustav'' terbentang di sepanjang Italia dari bagian utara dimana [[Sungai Garigliano]] mengalir sampai [[Laut Tyrrhenian]] di bagian barat, melewati [[Pegunungan Apennine]] sampai mulut [[Sungai Sangro]] di [[Laut Adriatik|pantai Adriatik]] di bagian timur. Dua garis cabangnya, [[Garis Bernhardt]] dan [[Garis Hitler]] terbentang lebih pendek dari Laut Tyrrehnian sampai Timur Laut Cassino dimana garis-garis tersebut bergabung dengan Garis Gustav. Relatif dengan Garis Gustav, Garis Hitler mengarah dari utara ke barat dan Garis Bernhardt mengarah dari Selatan ke Timur dari pertahanan utama.

Meskipun dipatahkan, Garis Gustav memperlambat pergerakan [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] selama berbulan-bulan antara Desember 1943 dan Juni 1944. Pertempuran-pertempuran besar dalam serangan terhadap Garis Musim Dingin di [[Pertempuran Monte Cassino|Monte Cassino]] dan [[Pertempuran Anzio|Anzio]] sendiri mengakibatkan kematian 98,000 pasukan dari pihak Sekutu dan 60,000 orang dari pihak [[Blok Poros]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Real History Of World War II: A New Look at the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofwor00axel|last=Axelrod|first=Alan|publisher=New York: Sterling Publishing Co Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4027-4090-9|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofwor00axel/page/208 208]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/fataldecisionanz0000dest_p1b0|last=d'Este|first=Carlo|publisher=New York: Harper|year=1991|isbn=0-06-015890-5|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fataldecisionanz0000dest_p1b0/page/490 490]}}</ref>

* {{cite book | url =http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/winterline/winter-fm.htm| title = Fifth Army at the Winter Line 15 November 1943 - 15 January 1944 | publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]| location=Washington| year=1945| id=CMH Pub 100-9| access-date=2017-08-15| archive-date=2012-11-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121000001/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/winterline/winter-fm.htm| dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite book | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/volturno/volturno-fm.htm | title= From the Volturno to the Winter Line 6 October-15 November 1943 | publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]| location=Washington| year=1944| id=CMH Pub 100-8| access-date=2017-08-15| archive-date=2014-12-31| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231104726/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/volturno/volturno-fm.htm| dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite book | first=Col. Kenneth V.| last=Smith| url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm | title = WWII Campaigns, Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944 | publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]| location=Washington| year=1944| id=CMH Pub 72-17| access-date=2017-08-15| archive-date=2016-09-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906075921/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm| dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite book |last= McNab |first= Chris (ed) |title= Hitler’s Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939-45 |url= https://archive.org/details/hitlersfortresse0000mcna |accessdate= |edition= |origyear= |year= 2014 |publisher= Osprey Publishing |location= Oxford, UK |isbn= 978-1-78200-828-6 |oclc= |page= |pages= 218-269 (''Mountain Barriers- German Defensive Lines in Italy'') }}

* [http://winterlinestories.com Winter Line Stories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929195906/http://winterlinestories.com/ |date=2019-09-29 }}'' Original stories from the front lines of the Italian Campaign by US Army Liaison Officer Major Ralph R. Hotchkiss''

* [http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file=worldwarii_europe_maps_map47.htm Map of German defensive lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219140535/http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file=worldwarii_europe_maps_map47.htm |date=2008-02-19 }}

* [http://www.wwii.ca/page30.html The Liri Valley: Canada’s Breakthrough to Rome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204195119/http://www.wwii.ca/page30.html |date=2012-02-04 }}

* [http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_photos.aspx?cemetery=2018200&mode=1.html Commonwealth War Graves Commission information on Moro River Cemetery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616132054/http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_photos.aspx?cemetery=2018200&mode=1.html |date=2011-06-16 }}

* [http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clip/9859/ CBC Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527221850/http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clip/9859/ |date=2008-05-27 }} CBC Radio reports from the Winter Line on May 14, 1944.