Gastrulasi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Gastrulasi''' adalah fase awal dalam [[Embriogenesis|perkembangan embrio]] sebagian besar [[hewan]], di mana [[blastula]] berlapis tunggal direorganisasi menjadi struktur berlapis-lapis yang dikenal sebagai '''gastrula'''. Sebelum gastrulasi, embrio merupakan sel epitel berkelanjutan; pada akhir gastrulasi, embrio telah memulai [[Diferensiasi sel|diferensiasi]] untuk membentuk garis turunan sel yang berbeda, mengatur sumbu dasar tubuh (misalnya dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior), dan menginternalisasi satu atau lebih jenis sel termasuk yang akan menjadi usus.
Dalam organisme [[triploblastik]] gastrula adalah trilaminar ("tiga lapis"). Ketiga ''[[lapisan germinal]]'' ini dikenal sebagai [[ektoderm]], [[mesoderm]], dan [[endoderm]].<ref name=mundlos2009>Mundlos 2009: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC&pg=PA422 p. 422] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124610/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlfPSpBvKLgC&pg=PA422 |date=2023-07-29 }}</ref><ref name="mcgeady-2004-p.34">McGeady, 2004: p. 34</ref> Dalam organisme [[diploblastik]], seperti [[Cnidaria]] dan [[Ctenophora]], gastrula hanya memiliki ektoderm dan endoderm. Kedua lapisan tersebut juga kadang-kadang disebut sebagai hipoblas dan epiblas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Essential Developmental Biology|last=Jonathon M.W.|first=Slack|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2013|isbn=978-0-470-92351-1|location=West Sussex, UK|pages=122}}</ref>
Gastrulasi terjadi setelah [[penyibakan (embrio)|penyibakan]] dan pembentukan [[blastula]]. Gastrulasi diikuti oleh [[organogenesis]], ketika organ individual berkembang di dalam lapisan germinal yang baru terbentuk.<ref>Hall, 1998: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C&pg=PA132 pp. 132-134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C&pg=PA132 |date=2023-07-29 }}</ref> Setiap lapisan menghasilkan [[Jaringan (biologi)|jaringan]] dan [[Organ (biologi)|organ]] khusus di embrio yang sedang berkembang. '''Ektoderm''' menghasilkan [[Epidermis (zoologi)|epidermis]], [[sistem saraf]], dan [[bumbung neural]] pada [[vertebrata]]. '''Endoderm''' menghasilkan [[epitelium]] [[sistem pencernaan]] dan [[sistem pernapasan]], dan organ yang terkait dengan sistem pencernaan, seperti [[hati]] dan [[pankreas]]. '''Mesoderm''' menghasilkan banyak tipe sel seperti [[otot]], [[tulang]], dan [[jaringan ikat]]. Pada vertebrata, turunan mesoderm meliputi [[notokord]], [[jantung]], [[darah]] dan [[pembuluh darah]], [[tulang rawan]] dari [[tulang rusuk]] dan [[vertebra]], dan [[dermis]].<ref name=Arnold>Arnold & Robinson, 2009</ref> Setelah gastrulasi, sel-sel dalam tubuh terorganisasi menjadi lembaran sel yang terhubung (seperti pada [[epitelium]]), atau sebagai jaring sel yang terisolasi, seperti [[mesenkim]].<ref name="mcgeady-2004-p.34" /><ref>Hall, 1998: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C&pg=PA177 p. 177] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124610/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhSwumfgTQ4C&pg=PA177 |date=2023-07-29 }}</ref>
Mekanisme molekuler dan waktu gastrulasi berbeda pada organisme yang berbeda. Namun, beberapa ciri umum gastrulasi di organisme triploblastik meliputi: (1) Perubahan dalam [[struktur topologi]] embrio, dari permukaan yang [[Ruang terhubung sederhana|terhubung secara sederhana]] (seperti [[bola]]), ke permukaan yang tidak terhubung secara sederhana (seperti [[torus]]); (2) diferensiasi sel menjadi salah satu dari tiga jenis (endodermal, mesodermal, dan ektodermal); dan (3) fungsi [[pencernaan]] sejumlah besar sel endodermal.<ref>Harrison 2011: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-IPG-vg7Pr8C&pg=PA206 p. 206] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=-IPG-vg7Pr8C&pg=PA206 |date=2023-07-29 }}</ref>
[[Lewis Wolpert]], ahli biologi perkembangan perintis di bidang ini, telah diakui karena mencatat bahwa "Bukan kelahiran, pernikahan, atau kematian, tetapi gastrulasi yang benar-benar merupakan waktu yang paling penting dalam hidup Anda."<ref>[[Lewis Wolpert|Wolpert L]] (2008) [https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=VfdFOKz3O5UC&pg=PA12&dq=%22The+triumph+of+the+embryo%22+%22It+is+not+birth,+marriage,+or+death,+but+gastrulation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRheHC9IXVAhWJWLwKHawvC_oQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20triumph%20of%20the%20embryo%22%20%22It%20is%20not%20birth%2C%20marriage%2C%20or%20death%2C%20but%20gastrulation%22&f=false ''The triumph of the embryo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124610/https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=VfdFOKz3O5UC&pg=PA12&dq=%22The+triumph+of+the+embryo%22+%22It+is+not+birth,+marriage,+or+death,+but+gastrulation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRheHC9IXVAhWJWLwKHawvC_oQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20triumph%20of%20the%20embryo%22%20%22It%20is%20not%20birth%2C%20marriage%2C%20or%20death%2C%20but%20gastrulation%22&f=false |date=2023-07-29 }}. Courier Corporation, page 12. {{ISBN|9780486469294}}</ref>
Istilah "gastrula" dan "gastrulasi" diciptakan oleh [[Ernst Haeckel]], dalam karyanya pada tahun 1872 "''Biology of Calcareous Sponges''".<ref>Ereskovsky 2010: [https://books.google.com/books?id=PHztG3LEUnsC&pg=PA236 p. 236] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729124643/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHztG3LEUnsC&pg=PA236 |date=2023-07-29 }}</ref>
Meskipun pola gastrulasi menunjukkan variasi yang sangat besar di seluruh kerajaan hewan, mereka disatukan oleh [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9992/figure/A1689/?report=objectonly lima tipe dasar gerakan sel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712170028/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9992/figure/A1689/?report=objectonly |date=2023-07-12 }}<ref>Gilbert 2010: p. 164.</ref> yang terjadi selama gastrulasi: 1) [[invaginasi]] 2) [[Involusi (kedokteran|involusi]] 3) [[Ingresi (biologi)|ingresi]] 4) [[Embriogenesis#Pembentukan gastrula|delaminasi]] 5) [[epiboli]].
== Referensi ==
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<!-- {{cite book|chapter=|title=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|pages=|url=}} -->
* {{cite book|author=Baron, Margaret H.|chapter=Embryonic Induction of Mammalian Hematopoiesis and Vasculogenesis|editor=Zon, Leonard I.|title=Hematopoiesis: a developmental approach|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-512450-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA162|access-date=2018-09-19|archive-date=2023-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729125231/https://books.google.com/books?id=zolYg-SsVhQC&pg=PA162|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|author=Cullen, K.E.|chapter=embryology and early animal development|title=Encyclopedia of life science, Volume 2|publisher=Infobase|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-7008-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM_O62qBSQYC&pg=PA283}}
* {{cite book|authors=Forgács, G. & Newman, Stuart A.|chapter=Cleavage and blastula formation|title=Biological physics of the developing embryo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-78337-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUyVWQhk7CkC&pg=PA24|access-date=2018-09-19|archive-date=2023-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729125114/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUyVWQhk7CkC&pg=PA24|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|authors=Forgács, G. & Newman, Stuart A.|chapter=Epithelial morphogenesis: gastrulation and neurulation|title=Biological physics of the developing embryo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-78337-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUyVWQhk7CkC&pg=PA99}}
* {{cite book|authors=Hart, Nathan H. & Fluck, Richard A.|chapter=Epiboly and Gastrulation|editor=Capco, David|title=Cytoskeletal mechanisms during animal development|publisher=Academic Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-12-153131-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2lAYAEZrgsC&pg=PA362}}
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* {{cite book|chapter=Gastrulation|editor=Nation, James L.|title=Insect physiology and biochemistry|publisher=CRC Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8493-1181-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3v2tOvz1uQC&pg=PA9}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Human Ontogeny: Gastrulation, Neurulation, and Somite Formation|editor=Ross, Lawrence M. |editor2=Lamperti, Edward D.|title=Atlas of anatomy: general anatomy and musculoskeletal system|publisher=Thieme|year=2006|isbn=978-3-13-142081-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9TgTaGt6UC&pg=PA6}}
* {{cite book|authors=Sanes, Dan H.|chapter=Early embryology of metazoans|title=Development of the nervous system|edition=2nd|publisher=Academic Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-12-618621-5|pages=1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q1XsiiIeNwC&pg=PA3|display-authors=etal|access-date=2018-09-19|archive-date=2023-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729125226/https://books.google.com/books?id=7q1XsiiIeNwC&pg=PA3|dead-url=no}}
* {{cite book|authors=Stanger, Ben Z. & Melton, Douglas A.|chapter=Development of Endodermal Derivatives in the Lungs, Liver, Pancreas, and Gut|editors=Epstein, Charles J. |display-editors=etal |title=Inborn errors of development: the molecular basis of clinical disorders of morphogenesis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-514502-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGoj9RtTcVIC&pg=PA182}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/gastrulation/ Gastrulation animations]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.gastrulation.org Gastrulation illustrations and movies from Gastrulation: From Cells To Embryo edited by Claudio Stern] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125213125/http://www.gastrulation.org/ |date=2020-11-25 }}
{{embriologi}}
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