Genderqueer: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:Anjali gopalan.jpg|jmpl|[[Anjali Gopalan]] dan [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] di Parade Pride Genderqueer pertama di Asia di [[Madurai]], [[India]] dengan membawa bendera genderqueer.<ref name="merinews">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/worldwide-gay-rights-as-a-social-movement-picks-up/15914647.shtml|publisher=merinews.com|title=Worldwide gay rights as a social movement picks up|accessdate=2017-05-12|archive-date=2017-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802091818/http://www.merinews.com/article/worldwide-gay-rights-as-a-social-movement-picks-up/15914647.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]]

'''Genderqueer''' ('''GQ'''), atau disebut juga '''nonbiner''' ('''NB'''), adalah kategori dari seluruh [[identitas gender|identitas-identitas gender]] yang tidak secara eksklusif atau khusus [[maskulin]] atau [[feminin]] saja—identitas yang berada di luar dari [[gender biner]] dan [[Cisgender|normativitas cis]].<ref>{{cite book |title=North American Lexicon of Transgender Terms |editor-last=Usher |editor-first=R. |year=2006 |publisher=GLB Publishers |isbn= 978-1-879194-62-5|oclc=184841392}}</ref> Ilmu psikologi telah mengetahui bahwa [[gender]] bukan semata-mata hanya pria/laki-laki dan wanita/perempuan ([[gender biner]]) namun berwujud dalam suatu spektrum dengan susunan yang bervariasi.<ref name="APA2015">{{cite journal|author=American Psychological Association |year=2015 |title=Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2015-12_70_9/page/832 |journal=American Psychologist |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=832-864 |doi=10.1037/a0039906}}</ref> Orang genderqueer dapat menunjukkan ekspresi maskulinitas, feminitas, keduanya, atau tidak sama sekali di dalam [[variasi gender|ekspresi gender]] mereka.

Istilah ''[[androgini]]'' juga seringkalisering kali digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan orang-orang di dalam kategori genderqeer. Akan tetapi, tidak semua orang mengidentifikasi diri mereka androgini. Orang genderqueer dapat mengidentifikasi identitas gender mereka dengan berbagai baik itu campuran dari beberapa identitas atau memiliki batas identitas gender yang tidak begitu tegas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brill |first1=S. A. |last2=Pepper |first2=R. |title=The Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderchild0000bril |date=2008-06-28 |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |location=[[San Francisco]] |isbn=978-1-57344-318-0 |oclc=227570066 }}</ref> Contoh di antaranya seperti memiliki lebih dari satu gender (seperti [[bigender]], [[trigender]], atau pangender), tidak memiliki gender (seperti agender, nongender, tanpa gender, atau neutrois), memiliki identitas gender yang berubah-ubah (genderfluid),<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=C. R. |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508 }}</ref> atau mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai seseorang dengan [[gender ketiga]] atau gender lainnya termasuk pula mereka yang tidak memberikan label atau nama pada identitas gender mereka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/genderqueer_S.pdf |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=B. G. |year=2008 |work=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |access-date=2017-09-29 |archive-date=2023-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206201630/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/genderqueer_S.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Beberapa orang genderqueer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook_english.html#T |title=Transgender (adj.) |work=Stylebook Supplement on LGBT Terminology |publisher=[[National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association]] |accessdate=2011-05-25|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408181824/http://www.nlgja.org/resources/stylebook_english.html |archivedate=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web |url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=Transgender Glossary of Terms |work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide |publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] |accessdate=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2012-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |dead-url=no }}</ref> menjalani penanganan medis untuk mengatasi [[disforia gender]] mereka dengan operasi dan/atau terapi hormon seperti [[pria trans|pria]] dan [[wanita trans]]. [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menyatakan bahwa [[perbedaan seks dan gender|seks/jenis kelamin dan gender]] merupakan hal yang berbeda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs403/en/|title=WHO <nowiki>|</nowiki> Gender|publisher=[[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]|accessdate=2017-10-05|archive-date=2018-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418110540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs403/en/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Identitas gender berada secara terpisah dari [[orientasi seksual]] maupun [[orientasi romantis]] seseorang.<ref name="glaad_transgender" /> Orang genderqueer juga memiliki berbagai macam orientasi seksual seperti orang [[transgender]] dan [[cisgender]] pada umumnya.<ref name="Stryker2008">{{cite book |title=Transgender History |url=https://archive.org/details/transgenderhisto0000stry_o1w1 |last=Stryker |first=S. |authorlink=Susan Stryker |year=2008 |publisher=Seal Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-58005-224-5 |oclc=183914566 }}</ref>

Istilah genderqueer juga digunakan untuk menyebut ambiguitas gender.<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |url=https://archive.org/details/transgendervoice0000girs |last=Girshick |first=L. B. |year=2008 |publisher=University Press of New England |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406}}</ref> Beberapa sumber literatur menggunakan istilah ''[[transgender]]'' secara luas hingga mencakup orang genderqueer/nonbiner.<ref name="Schorn2014">{{cite web|first1=J.|last1=Schorn|title=Taking the "Sex" out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media|url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|website=Inter-Disciplinary.Net|publisher=Universität zu Köln|accessdate=2014-10-23|page=1|format=PDF|quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term "and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations" (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender ‘opposite’ to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer.|archive-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Vargo2011">{{cite journal|first1=M. E. |last1=Vargo|title=A Review of "Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism"|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|year=2011|volume=7|issue=5|page=2 (493)|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982|accessdate=2014-10-23|quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender", "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge, conventional gender norms.|archive-date=2023-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730140224/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Cronn-Mills"/> Beberapa organisasi seperti [[Human Rights Campaign]] Foundation dan [[Gender Spectrum]] menggunakan istilah "gender luar" ({{lang-en|gender-expansive}}) untuk mencakup identitas dan/atau ekspresi gender yang lebih luas dan lebih fleksibel daripada sistem gender biner pada umumnya.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Human Rights Campaign Foundation dan Gender Spectrum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-12 |title=Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth |accessdate=2016-01-21 |url=http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf}}</ref>

Seseorang yang '''''genderfluid''''' (atau ''gender fluid'' [dengan spasi]) menghendaki untuk tetap fleksibel soal identitas gender mereka ketimbang berkomitmen pada satu gender tunggal.<ref name=Cronn-Mills>{{cite book|first1=K. |last1=Cronn-Mills|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|year=2014|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7|page=24|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Orang genderfluid dapat beralih-alih di antara gender-gender atau mengekspresikan beberapa gender sekaligus pada waktu yang sama.<ref name=Cronn-Mills /><ref name=McGuire2015>{{cite news|last1=McGuire|first1=P.|title=Beyond the binary: what does it mean to be genderfluid?|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|accessdate=2015-12-01|publisher=The Irish Times|date=2015-11-09|archive-date=2015-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122121336/http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/beyond-the-binary-what-does-it-mean-to-be-genderfluid-1.2418434|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sementara itu, orang '''pangender''' adalah orang yang memiliki [[identitas gender]] yang mencakup seluruh identitas gender. Orang pangender dapat mengalami identifikasi tersebut pada waktu yang sama maupun secara fluid.<ref name="Tharp2015">{{cite web |title=Gender Spectrum Theory |last=Tharp |first=A. N. |year=2015 |url=https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-projects/2015/angela-tharp-paper.pdf| |accessdate=2017-10-09 |archive-date=2021-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921220254/https://www.newhaven.edu/_resources/documents/academics/surf/past-projects/2015/angela-tharp-paper.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>

Seseorang yang '''agender''' (tanpa gender), disebut pula tak bergender, bebas gender, atau nongender,<ref>{{cite web|title=LGBTQ Needs Assessment |url=http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |publisher=Encompass Network |accessdate=2014-10-18 |pages=52–53 |format=PDF |date=April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024234412/http://encompassnetwork.org.uk/uploads/LGBTQ-Needs-Assesmentabsolutelyfinal.pdf |archivedate=2014-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gender alphabet|url= http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf|publisher=Safe Homes|accessdate=2014-10-18|page=1|format=PDF|archive-date=2015-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415040555/http://www.safehomesma.org/gender_alphabet.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> adalah seseorang yang mengidentifikasi diri mereka tidak memiliki gender atau tanpa identitas gender.<ref name="Vargo2011Schorn2014"/><ref name="Cronn-MillsVargo2011"/><ref name="Schorn2014Cronn-Mills"/> Meskipun kategori ini mencakup besar identitas-identitas yang tidak menyesuaikan diri dengan [[norma gender]] tradisional, sosiolog A. Finn Enke menyatakan bahwa orang yang tidak mengidentifikasi diri mereka di dalam istilah tersebut tidak secara otomatis menjadi orang transgender.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Note on terms and concepts|last=Enke |first=A. F. |title= Transfeminist Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies |editor=Enke, A. |publisher=Temple University Press|pages=18–19|isbn= 978-1-4399-0748-1|year=2012}}</ref> "Neutrois" dan "Agender" menjadi dua dari 50 gender yang pada tahun 2014 ditambahkan [[Facebook]] untuk dapat dipilih oleh pengguna di profil mereka.<ref name="Telegraph2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html |title=Facebook sex changes: which one of 50 genders are you? |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |date=2014-02-14 |access-date=2017-10-05 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507161041/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/10637968/Facebook-sex-changes-which-one-of-50-genders-are-you.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Opsi agender juga dapat dipilih di layanan aplikasi kencan [[OkCupid]] sejak 17 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options/|title=OkCupid expands gender and sexuality options|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date= 2014-11-17|accessdate=2014-11-18|archive-date=2014-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119184104/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/okcupid-expands-gender-sexuality-options/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Netralitas gender adalah sebuah gerakan untuk menghentikan segala diskriminasi berdasarkan gender dalam masyarakat melalui [[bahasa netral gender]], penghentian [[pemisahan jenis kelamin]], dan sebagainya.<!--

Hukum di beberapa negara telah mengakui klasifikasi gender nonbiner atau [[gender ketiga]]. Sementara itu, beberapa kebudayaan dunia telah secara tradisional memiliki konsep gender ketiga meskipun hal itu tidak serta merta diiringi adanya pengakuan dalam hukum.<ref name=BBC-20091223>{{cite news|title=Pakistani eunuchs to have distinct gender |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8428819.stm|date=2009-12-23|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-12-23|archive-date=2020-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518094705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8428819.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> Negara seperti [[Australia]] misalnya, telah memfasilitasi warganya untuk mengisi kolom gender selain dari laki-laki atau perempuan. [[Alex MacFarlane]] menjadi warga Australia pertama yang memanfaatkan layanan tersebut pada tahun 2003.<ref name="asa">{{cite journal | url = http://www.asanet.org/sectionsex/documents/SUMMER03sexnews.pdf | title = Newsletter of the Sociology of Sexualities Section of the American Sociological Association | journal = [[American Sociological Association]] Sexualities News | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | date = 2003 | access-date = 2017-10-07 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054219/http://www.asanet.org/sectionsex/documents/SUMMER03sexnews.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref> Negara Bagian [[California]], Amerika Serikat pada bulan Oktober 2017 mengesahkan peraturan negara bagian yang mengikutsertakan opsi nonbiner selain laki-laki dan perempuan untuk diisikan pada dokumen resmi penduduk. Peraturan tersebut akan mulai diterapkan tahun 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ktla.com/2017/10/16/gov-brown-signs-into-law-nonbinary-gender-option-for-california-drivers-licenses-birth-certificates/ |title=Gov. Brown Signs Into Law ‘Nonbinary’ Gender Option for California Driver’s Licenses, Birth Certificates |publisher=KTLA |date=2017-10-16 |accessdate=2017-10-18 |archive-date=2018-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215201003/http://ktla.com/2017/10/16/gov-brown-signs-into-law-nonbinary-gender-option-for-california-drivers-licenses-birth-certificates/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>

National Transgender Discrimination Survey yang dilakukan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2008 menyebutkan bahwa mayoritas responden memilih opsi ''A gender not listed here'' ("Sebuah gender tidak tertera di sini"). Responden yang memilih opsi tersebut lebih cenderung menghindari pelayanan medis karena takut terhadap diskriminasi. 90 persen responden melaporkan pernah mengalami diskriminasi antitransgender dii tempat kerja sementara 43 persen melaporkan pernah mencoba untuk bunuh diri.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/gender_not_listed_here.pdf |title=A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and OtherWise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|last1=Harrison|first1=J.|last2=Grant|first2=J.|last3=Herman |first3=J. L.|journal=LGBTQ Policy Journal at the Harvard Kennedy School |volume=2 |date=2011-2012|access-date=2017-10-07|archive-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903224414/http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/gender_not_listed_here.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Sudah ada berbagai bendera dari masyarakat genderqueer untuk melambangkan berbagai macam identitas. Bendera ''pride'' genderqueer sendiri didesain pertama kali tahun 2011. Warna [[lavender]] melamangkan androgini dan queer, putih melambangkan identitas agender, sementara hijau melambangkan identitas-identitas yang berada di luar gender biner.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they/|title=He, She or They? » The Commuter|website=ncccommuter.org|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090439/http://ncccommuter.org/he-she-or-they/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf|title=Flags and Symbols|publisher=Amherst|access-date=2016-12-20|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510154054/https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/Flags%2520and%2520Symbols.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.davidmariner.com/flags/|title=Gender and Sexuality Awareness Flags|date=2015-10-26|publisher=DavidMariner.com|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203153557/http://www.davidmariner.com/flags/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Terdapat pula bendera dari orang nonbiner yang pertama kali didesain tahun 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know/|title=8 Things Non-Binary People Need to Know|date=2015-03-15|website=Let's Queer Things Up!|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222123705/https://letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/03/15/8-things-non-binary-people-need-to-know/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Warna kuning melambangkan orang dengan gender yang berada di luar gender biner, warna ungu melambangkan orang yang merasa gendernya merupakan campuran antara laki-laki dan perempuan, sementara warna hitam melambangkan orang yang mengidentifikasi dirinya tidak memiliki gender.<ref name=":1" />

Bendera dari orang genderfluid memiliki lima baris warna. Warna merah muda melambangkan feminitas, warna putih melambangakan ketiadaan gender, warna ungu melambangkan gender campuran dan androgini, warna hitam melambangkan gender lainnya, serta warna biru melambangkan maskulinitas.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/|title=Gender-fluid added to the Oxford English Dictionary|newspaper=LGBTQ Nation|accessdate=2016-12-20|archive-date=2016-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025023342/http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/gender-fluid-added-oxford-english-dictionary/|dead-url=no}}</ref><gallery>

* {{cite book |title=Nobody Passes: Rejecting the Rules of Gender and Conformity |url=https://archive.org/details/nobodypassesreje0000unse |editor-last=Bernstein Sycamore |editor-first=M. |editor-link=Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore |year=2006 |publisher=Seal Press |location=[[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]] |isbn=978-1-58005-184-2 |oclc=50389309}}

* {{cite book |editor-last=Bornstein |editor-first=K. |editorlink=Kate Bornstein |editor2-last=Bergman |editor2-first=S. B. |title=Gender Outlaws: The Next Generation |url=https://archive.org/details/genderoutlawsnex00born_0 |year=2010 |publisher=Seal Press |edition=Reprint |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-58005-308-2 |oclc=837948378}}

* {{cite book |editor-last=Nestle |editor-first=J. |editorlink=Joan Nestle |editor2-last=Howell |editor2-first=C. |editor3-last=Wilchins |editor3-first=R. A. |editor3-link=Riki Wilchins |title=GenderQueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555837303 |year=2002 |publisher=Alyson Books |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-1-55583-730-3 |oclc=50389309}}

* {{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/scout-phd/a-male-b-female-c-both-d-neither_b_2887462.html |title=(A) Male, (B) Female, (C) Both, (D) Neither |author=Scout |date=2013-07-23 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727144053/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/scout-phd/a-male-b-female-c-both-d-neither_b_2887462.html |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite book |title=The Transgender Studies Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/nobodypassesreje0000unse |editor-last=Stryker |editor-first=S. |editor1-link=Susan Stryker |editor2-last=Whittle |editor2-first=S. |editor2-link=Stephen Whittle |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58005-184-2 |oclc=50389309}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|title=One Who Fights For an Other|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=2015-04-13|access-date=2017-10-08|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062152/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece|dead-url=no}}

[[Kategori:TerminologiIstilah feminis]]