General Electric: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{short description|Konglomerat multinasional asal Amerika}}
{{redirect|GE}}
{{distinguish|text=[[General Electric Company]] (GEC) asal Britania Raya}}
{{Infobox company
| name = General Electric Company
| logo = [[File:General Electric logo.svg|150px]]
| type = [[Perusahaan publik|Publik]]
| predecessor = Edison General Electric Company<br>Thomson-Houston Electric Company
| traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NYSE|GE}}|Komponen [[S&P 100]]|Komponen [[S&P 500]]}}
| ISIN = US3696041033
| industry = [[Konglomerat (perusahaan)|Konglomerat]]
|
| founders = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Charles A. Coffin]]|[[Elihu Thomson]]|[[Edwin J. Houston]]|[[Thomas Edison]]|[[J. P. Morgan]]}}
| location = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Amerika Serikat
| area_served = Seluruh dunia
| key_people = [[H. Lawrence Culp Jr.]]<br />{{small|(Chairman & CEO)}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Mesin pesawat terbang]]|[[Distribusi tenaga listrik]]|[[Motor listrik]]|[[Energi]]|[[Keuangan]]|[[Perawatan kesehatan]]|[[Perangkat lunak]]|[[Turbin angin]]}}
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{Decrease}} [[US$]] 75,619 milyar {{small|(2020)}}}}
| operating_income = {{nowrap|{{Increase}} US$ 5,197 milyar {{small|(2020)}}}}
| net_income = {{nowrap|{{Increase}} US$ 5,230 milyar {{small|(2020)}}}}
| assets = {{nowrap|{{Decrease}} US$ 253,452 milyar {{small|(2020)}}}}
| equity = {{nowrap|{{Increase}} US$ 35,552 milyar {{small|(2020)}}}}
| num_employees = 205.000 {{small|(2020)}}
| subsid = {{ubl|GE Additive|[[GE Aviation]]|[[GE Capital]]|[[GE Digital]]|[[GE Healthcare]]|[[GE Power]]|[[GE Renewable Energy]]|[[GE Research]]}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/investor-relations/sites/default/files/GE_AR19_10-K.pdf|title=FORM 10-K|publisher=General Electric|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324031828/https://www.ge.com/investor-relations/sites/default/files/GE_AR19_10-K.pdf|archive-date=March 24, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
'''General Electric Company''' ('''GE''') adalah sebuah [[Konglomerat (perusahaan)|konglomerat]] [[perusahaan multinasional|multinasional]] yang didirikan di [[New York]] dan berkantor pusat di [[Boston]]. Hingga tahun 2018, perusahaan ini berbisnis di bidang [[GE Aviation|aviasi]], [[GE Healthcare|perawatan kesehatan]], [[GE Power|tenaga]], [[GE Renewable Energy|energi terbarukan]], [[GE Digital|industri digital]], [[produksi aditif]], serta [[GE Capital|modal ventura dan keuangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/investor-relations/sites/default/files/GE_AR17.pdf#page=38|title=Summary of Operating Segments|publisher=GE|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212038/https://www.ge.com/investor-relations/sites/default/files/GE_AR17.pdf#page=38|archive-date=April 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dismantle">{{Cite web|last=Egan |first=Matt |date=June 13, 2018 |title=Inside the dismantling of GE |publisher=CNN |url=https://money.cnn.com/interactive/news/GE-dismantling-interactive/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613190108/http://money.cnn.com/interactive/news/GE-dismantling-interactive/ |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Pada tahun 2020, GE menempati peringkat ke-33 dalam daftar [[Fortune 500]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fortune 500|url=https://fortune.com/company/general-electric/fortune500/|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=Fortune|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806105729/https://fortune.com/company/general-electric/fortune500/|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tahun 2011, GE menempati peringkat ke-14 dalam daftar Fortune 20, namun sejak saat itu, performa perusahaan ini memburuk, karena profitabilitasnya juga menurun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-powered-the-american-centurythen-it-burned-out-11544796010|title=GE Powered the American Century—Then It Burned Out|first=Thomas Gryta and Ted|last=Mann|date=December 14, 2018|access-date=August 11, 2019|via=www.wsj.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810053236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ge-powered-the-american-centurythen-it-burned-out-11544796010|archive-date=August 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/longform/ge-decline-what-the-hell-happened/|title=What the Hell Happened at GE?|website=Fortune|access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811113234/https://fortune.com/longform/ge-decline-what-the-hell-happened/|archive-date=August 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fortune 500: IBM profit">{{cite magazine |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/fortune/1104/gallery.fortune500_most_profitable.fortune/14.html |title=Fortune 20 most profitable companies: IBM |year=2011 |magazine=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=December 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508122544/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/fortune/1104/gallery.fortune500_most_profitable.fortune/14.html |archive-date=May 8, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ada dua pegawai GE yang pernah menerima [[Hadiah Nobel]], yakni [[Irving Langmuir]] (1932) dan [[Ivar Giaever]] (1973).<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage of Research |publisher=General Electric |url=http://www.ge.com/about-us/history/research-heritage |access-date=June 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810030100/https://www.ge.com/about-us/history/research-heritage |archive-date=August 10, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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{{further|Linimasa General Electric}}
==
[[File:General Electric Shops, Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896.jpg|thumb|left|General Electric di Schenectady, New York, dari udara, 1896]]
[[File:General Electric Shops, Schenectady, NY, 1896.jpg|thumb|left|Rencana pabrik Schenectady, 1896<ref>[[Arnold, Horace L.]] "[https://archive.org/stream/factoryindustria11newy#page/262/mode/2up Modern Machine-Shop Economics. Part II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127190359/https://archive.org/stream/factoryindustria11newy#page/262/mode/2up |date=January 27, 2016 }}" in ''[[Engineering Magazine]]'' 11. 1896</ref>]]
[[File:570 Lexington Avenue (General Electric Building) 001.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[General Electric Building]] di Lexington Avenue nomor 570, New York]]
Hingga tahun 1889, [[Thomas Edison]] memiliki saham dari sejumlah perusahaan yang terkait dengan listrik, yakni Edison Lamp Company, sebuah produsen lampu asal [[East Newark, New Jersey]]; [[Edison Machine Works]], sebuah produsen [[dinamo]] dan [[motor listrik]] besar asal [[Schenectady, New York]]; Bergmann & Company, sebuah produsen [[lampu]] listrik, [[soket lampu]], dan perangkat pencahayaan listrik lainnya; serta ''Edison Electric Light Company'', perusahaan pemegang [[paten]] lampu, yang keuangannya didukung oleh [[J. P. Morgan]] dan [[keluarga Vanderbilt]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity |url=http://www.coned.com/history/electricity.asp |work=A Brief History of Con Edison |publisher=Con Edison |access-date=February 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030164753/http://www.coned.com/history/electricity.asp |archive-date=October 30, 2012 }}</ref>
Pada tahun 1889, [[Drexel, Morgan & Co.]] yang didirikan oleh J.P. Morgan dan [[Anthony J. Drexel]], membiayai riset Edison dan membantu menggabungkan perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut untuk membentuk Edison General Electric Company di New York pada tanggal 24 April 1889. Edison General Electric kemudian juga mengakuisisi [[Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Edison Companies |url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm |work=The Thomas Edison Papers |publisher=Rutgers University |access-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008140933/http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jpmorgan">{{cite web |title=FAQs: How did the firm impact the advent of electricity? |url=http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/about/history/faq#Question_10 |publisher=J.P. Morgan |access-date=February 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113224930/http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/about/history/faq#Question_10 |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Pada tahun 1880, Gerald Waldo Hart membentuk American Electric Company di [[New Britain, Connecticut]], yang kemudian digabung dengan [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company]], yang dipimpin oleh [[Charles A. Coffin|Charles Coffin]]. Pada tahun 1887, Hart keluar dari perusahaan tersebut untuk menjadi penyelia di Edison Electric Company di [[Kansas City, Missouri]].<ref>''Connecticut History Makers'', by Elias Robert Stevenson, 1930</ref> General Electric kemudian dibentuk pada tahun 1892 melalui penggabungan antara Edison General Electric Company asal Schenectady, New York dan Thomson-Houston Electric Company asal [[Lynn, Massachusetts]], dengan dukungan dari Drexel, Morgan & Co.<ref name="jpmorgan"/> Pabrik yang terletak di dua kota tersebut pun masih beroperasi hingga saat ini di bawah nama GE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ge.com/company/history/edison.html |title=Thomas Edison & GE |publisher=GE company web site |access-date=December 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212103128/http://www.ge.com/company/history/edison.html |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Perusahaan ini didaftarkan sebagai sebuah badan hukum di New York, dengan pabrik di Schenectady juga difungsikan sebagai kantor pusat selama beberapa tahun. Pada saat yang hampir bersamaan, [[Canadian General Electric]] dibentuk di [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=X_P0AwAAQBAJ|page=72}}|title=Canadian-American Industry|last1=Marshall|first1=Herbert|last2=Southard|first2=Frank|last3=Taylor|first3=Kenneth W.|date=January 15, 1976|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=9780773591363|page=72|language=en}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1893, General Electric membeli perusahaan milik Rudolf Eickemeyer di [[Yonkers, New York]], beserta seluruh paten dan rancangannya. Salah satu pegawai dari perusahaan tersebut adalah [[Charles Proteus Steinmetz]]. Saat baru tiba di Amerika Serikat, Steinmetz telah mempublikasikan karya ilmiah di bidang histeresis magnetik dan telah mendapat pengakuan profesional dunia.<ref name="IEEEPER (1996)">{{cite journal |title=The Magnetic Force of Charles Proteus Steinmetz |journal=IEEE Power Engineering Review |date=Feb 1996 |volume=16 |issue=9 |page=7 |doi=10.1109/MPER.1996.535476 |s2cid=44921529 }}</ref> Dipimpin oleh Steinmetz, perusahaan Eickemeyer telah mengembangkan [[transformator]] untuk digunakan dalam [[transmisi tenaga listrik]], serta sejumlah perangkat mekanis dan elektrik. Steinmetz kemudian dikenal sebagai ahli rekayasa di komunitas rekayasa GE.<ref name="IEEEPER (1996)"/>
===Perusahaan publik===
Pada tahun 1896, General Electric menjadi salah satu dari [[Dow Jones Industrial Average#Sejarah|dua belas]] perusahaan pertama yang melantai di [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] yang baru dibentuk,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2011/07/15/the-first-12-dow-components-where-are-they-now/|title=The First 12 Dow Components: Where Are They Now?|last=Schaefer|first=Steve|work=Forbes|access-date=January 5, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233647/https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2011/07/15/the-first-12-dow-components-where-are-they-now/|archive-date=January 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> dan tetap menjadi bagian dari bursa saham tersebut selama 122 tahun, walaupun tidak berturut-turut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quasimodos.com/info/dowhistory.html |title=History of the Dow – Timeline of Companies |publisher=Quasimodos.com |date=January 4, 1984 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422155542/http://www.quasimodos.com/info/dowhistory.html |archive-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Carmen Miranda by General Electric (1945).jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|alt=Iklan majalah terbitan tahun 1945 untuk sebuah radio FM dengan foto Miranda|[[Carmen Miranda]] pada sebuah iklan untuk radio FM buatan General Electric di ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' terbitan tahun 1945]]
Pada tahun 1911, General Electric menggabungkan National Electric Lamp Association (NELA) ke dalam bisnis pencahayaannya. GE kemudian mendirikan kantor pusat untuk divisi pencahayaannya di [[Nela Park]], [[East Cleveland, Ohio]]. Divisi pencahayaan pun tetap berkantor pusat di sana hingga saat ini.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/insideout/index.ssf/2016/12/nela_park_light_display_hower.html|title=Nela Park holiday lights, Hower House Museum display and recycle holiday lights: Home and Garden News|work=cleveland.com|access-date=March 24, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621225754/http://www.cleveland.com/insideout/index.ssf/2016/12/nela_park_light_display_hower.html|archive-date=June 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===RCA dan NBC===
Owen D. Young, melalui GE, mendirikan [[Radio Corporation of America]] (RCA) pada tahun 1919, setelah membeli [[Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America]]. Ia bertekad mengembangkan komunikasi radio internasional. GE pun menggunakan RCA sebagai unit bisnis penjualan radio.<ref>Mahon, Morgan E. ''A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950'' (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p.86.</ref> Pada tahun 1926, RCA ikut mendirikan [[National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), yang kemudian membangun dua jaringan penyiaran radio. Pada tahun 1930, General Electric dituntut atas tuduhan [[antitrust]] dan akhirnya memutuskan untuk men[[divestasi]] RCA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nocable.org/timeline/nbc-history|title=Timeline: The History of NBC|website=NoCable.org|language=en|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140207/https://nocable.org/timeline/nbc-history|archive-date=June 19, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Televisi===
Pada tahun 1927, pegawai GE, [[Ernst Alexanderson]] membuat demonstrasi pertama mengenai penerimaan siaran televisi di rumah [[General Electric Realty Plot]] di Jalan Adams nomor 1132, Schenectady, New York.<ref name="inventors.about.com">{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blalexanderson.htm|title=Ernst Alexanderson|work=About.com Inventors|access-date=January 8, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116052437/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blalexanderson.htm|archive-date=January 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cherishedtelevision.co.uk/history2.html |title=Dr Ernst Frederick Werner Alexanderson |publisher=Cherished Television UK |access-date=December 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051924/http://www.cherishedtelevision.co.uk/history2.html|archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> Pada tanggal 13 Januari 1928, ia membuat apa yang dikatakan sebagai penyiaran pertama untuk umum di Amerika Serikat<ref name="inventors.about.com"/> melalui [[W2XAD]] milik GE. Gambar disiarkan ke layar berukuran 1,5 inci persegi (9,7 centimeter persegi) di rumah dari empat pimpinan GE. Sementara suaranya disiarkan melalui [[WGY (AM)]] milik GE.{{citation needed|date=Januari 2017}}
Stasiun televisi eksperimental W2XAD kemudian berevolusi menjadi [[WRGB]], yang bersama WGY dan WGFM (kini [[WRVE]]), dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh General Electric hingga tahun 1983.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schenectady Country Historical Society|title=Niskayuna: Images of America|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1439-63-7500|location=United States of America}}</ref> Perusahaan ini juga memiliki stasiun televisi seperti KOA-TV (kini KCNC-TV) di Denver<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/68-OCR/1968-03-23-BC-OCR-Page-0024.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181707/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/68-OCR/1968-03-23-BC-OCR-Page-0024.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> dan WSIX-TV (kemudian WNGE-TV, kini WKRN) di Nashville,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/67-OCR/1967-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0107.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182429/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/67-OCR/1967-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0107.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> namun seperti WRGB, General Electric menjual sebagian besar aset penyiarannya, dan hanya mempertahankan stasiun televisi di Denver<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/16/business/ge-divestiture.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712093631/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/16/business/ge-divestiture.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> hingga General Electric membeli RCA dan menjadikannya stasiun penyiaran, hingga tahun 1995, saat diserahkan ke Group W.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-13-ca-16849-story.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2021-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711200319/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-13-ca-16849-story.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
===Pembangkitan listrik===
{{main|GE Energy}}
{{see also|GE Wind Energy}}
Dipimpin oleh [[Sanford Alexander Moss]], GE beralih ke bisnis produksi [[turbosupercharger]] pesawat terbang.{{citation needed|date=Mei 2014}} Produksi tersebut kemudian juga mengarah pada pengembangan mesin turbin gas industrial yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.axcontrol.com/blog/2020/a-history-of-ge-speedtronic-turbine-control/27/01/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226074036/https://www.axcontrol.com/blog/2020/a-history-of-ge-speedtronic-turbine-control/27/01/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> GE memperkenalkan perangkat supercharger pertamanya pada Perang Dunia I, dan terus mengembangkannya selama [[periode antar perang]]. Supercharger kemudian menjadi sangat diperlukan di tahun-tahun menjelang Perang Dunia II. GE pun memasok 300.000 turbo supercharger untuk dipasang di pesawat tempur dan pesawat pengebom. Korps Penerbangan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat kemudian menunjuk GE untuk mengembangkan mesin jet selama perang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/93760-general-electric-pioneers-jet-engine-manufacturing|title=General Electric Pioneers Jet Engine Manufacturing|last=Weber|first=Austin|date=March 28, 2017|work=Assembly Magazine|access-date=January 5, 2018|publisher=BNP Media|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704173947/http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/93760-general-electric-pioneers-jet-engine-manufacturing|archive-date=July 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> GE pun mengembangkan [[mesin jet]] [[Whittle W.1]] yang akhirnya didemonstrasikan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1941.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whittle |first1=Sir Frank |last2=Golley |first2=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6HcngEACAAJ |title=Jet |edition=illustrated |editor-last=Gunston |editor-first=Bill |publisher=Datum Publishing |year=2010 |pages=181–182 |isbn=978-1907472008 |access-date=January 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205124418/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6HcngEACAAJ |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Referensi==
{{Reflist}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Carlson, W. Bernard. ''Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric, 1870–1900'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
* Woodbury, David O. ''Elihu Thomson, Beloved Scientist'' (Boston: Museum of Science, 1944)
* Haney, John L. ''The Elihu Thomson Collection'' American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1944.
* Hammond, John W. ''Men and Volts: The Story of General Electric'', published 1941, 436 pages.
* Mill, John M. ''Men and Volts at War: The Story of General Electric in World War II'', published 1947.
* Irmer, Thomas. ''Gerard Swope.'' In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute.
==Pranala luar==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Finance links
| name = General Electric
| symbol = GE
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[[Kategori:Perusahaan Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan Fortune 500]]
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