Genosida Isaaq: Perbedaan antara revisi

| title = Isaaq genocideGenosida Isaaq

| partof = [[SomaliPerang RebellionSomalia]]

| fatalities = 50,000–100,000<ref name="Peifer">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=50,000#v=onepage&q=50,000%20isaaq%20deaths&f=false |title=Stopping Mass Killings in Africa: Genocide, Airpower, and Intervention |last=Peifer |first=Douglas C. |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4379-1281-4 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085611/https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgOwSXB164C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=50,000&hl=en#v=onepage&q=50,000%20isaaq%20deaths&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GovaAAAAMAAJ&dq=isaaks+genocide+%22physical+and+cultural+genocide+of+indigenous+peoples%22&q=50,000+isaak |title=Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |last=Totten |first=Samuel |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=978-0-8153-0309-1 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085610/https://books.google.com/books?id=GovaAAAAMAAJ&dq=isaaks+genocide+%22physical+and+cultural+genocide+of+indigenous+peoples%22&q=50,000+isaak&hl=en |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbzsBPuhyggC&q=isaaq#v=onepage&q=at%20a%20conservative%20estimate%20between%2050,000%20and%2060,000&f=false |title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration |last=Cohen |first=Robin |date=2 November 1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=#v=snippet&q=isaak&f=false |title=Making and Unmaking Nations: The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide in Contemporary Africa |last=Straus |first=Scott |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5567-4 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085611/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKWiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149&dq=&hl=en#v=snippet&q=isaak&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zksAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights |last=Gilbert |first=Jérémie |date=26 March 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-02016-2 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085656/https://books.google.com/books?id=4zksAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>Nafziger (2002), War Hunger and Displacement, p.191, Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Geldenhuys (2009), Contested States in World Politics, Palgrave Macmillan</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEsxQmfC1cC&pg=PA176 |title=Refugee Children in the Uk |last=Jill |first=Rutter |date=1 June 2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK) |isbn=978-0-335-21373-3 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085610/https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEsxQmfC1cC&pg=PA176 |dead-url=no }}</ref><br />High estimates range between 100,000–200,000<ref name="Jones">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ&q=By+then,+any+surviving+urban+Isaaks+- |title=Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity |last=Jones |first=Adam |date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-191-4 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731085637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZybbAAAAMAAJ&q=By+then,+any+surviving+urban+Isaaks+-&hl=en |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA37 |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera geno">{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html |title=Investigating genocide in Somaliland |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 February 2014 |accessdate=21 January 2017 |archive-date=2017-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507223827/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/investigating-genocide-somaliland-20142310820367509.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4NS6AAAAIAAJ&q=Red+Beret+attacks+targeted+innocent+Isaaq+clan+members+and+killed+an+estimated+100,000+people&dq=Red+Beret+attacks+targeted+innocent+Isaaq+clan+members+and+killed+an+estimated+100,000+people |title=Welcome Home to Nothing: Refugees Repatriate to a Forgotten Somaliland |last=Frushone |first=Joel |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees |isbn=978-0-936548-12-8 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731090157/https://books.google.com/books?id=4NS6AAAAIAAJ&q=Red+Beret+attacks+targeted+innocent+Isaaq+clan+members+and+killed+an+estimated+100,000+people&dq=Red+Beret+attacks+targeted+innocent+Isaaq+clan+members+and+killed+an+estimated+100,000+people&hl=en |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA93 |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |last=Dumper |first=Michael |last2=Stanleyc |first2=Bruce E. |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731090122/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA93 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SOMALIA 1988–1989 |url=https://combatgenocide.org/?page_id=150 |website=Combat Genocide |access-date=2019-09-30 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325185459/https://www.combatgenocide.org/?page_id=150 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

'''Genosida Isaaq''' atau '''Hargeisa Holocaust'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ingiriis |first=Mohamed Haji |date=2 July 2016 |title="We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us": The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia |journal=African Security |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=237–258 |doi=10.1080/19392206.2016.1208475 |issn=1939-2206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=#v=onepage&q=Siad%20barre's%20holocaust&f=false |title=A View From The Foothills: The Diaries of Chris Mullin |last=Mullin |first=Chris |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-186-0 |language=en |access-date=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731090128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd5ngjjVZb8C&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Siad%20barre's%20holocaust&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref> adalah pembantaian sistematis atas warga sipil Isaaq yang disponsori negara antara tahun 1987 dan 1989 oleh [[Republik Demokratik Somali|Republik Demokratik Somalia]]a di bawah kediktatoran [[Siad Barre]]. Jumlah kematian warga sipil dalam pembantaian ini diperkirakan antara 50.000-100.000 menurut berbagai sumber, sementara laporan lokal memperkirakan total kematian warga sipil di atas 200.000 warga sipil Isaaq. Genosida ini juga mencakup perataan dan penghancuran total kota terbesar kedua dan ketiga di Somalia, [[Hargeisa]] (yang 90 persen hancur) dan Burao (70 persen hancur), dan telah menyebabkan hingga 500.000 orang Somalia (terutama dari klan Isaaq) melarikan diri dari tanah mereka dan menyeberangi perbatasan ke Hartasheikh di Ethiopia sebagai pengungsi, dalam apa yang disebut sebagai "salah satu gerakan paksa tercepat dan terbesar dari orang-orang tercatat di Afrika", dan menghasilkan pembentukan kamp pengungsi terbesar di dunia (1988), dengan 400.000 lainnya dipindahkan secara internal. Skala kehancuran menyebabkan Hargeisa dikenal sebagai 'Dresden Afrika'. Pembunuhan itu terjadi selama [[Perang Saudara Somalia]] dan telah disebut sebagai "genosida yang terlupakan".

== Referensi ==