Gerakan rompi kuning: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox civil conflict|title=Gerakan rompi kuning<br>Unjuk rasa ''Mouvement des Gilets jaunes''|image=ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul 17nov2018 (cropped).jpg|caption=ASebuah unjuk rasa ''gilets jaunes'' demonstration indi [[Vesoul]], easternPrancis Francetimur|date=17 November 2018 – sedang berlangsingberlangsung|place={{flag|PerancisPrancis}} (termasuk [[Réunion]])<br>{{Collapsible list

| {{flag|Belgia}}<ref name="Monde_Wallonie">{{cite news | author = Jean-Pierre Stroobants |title=En Belgique, un mouvement de «&nbsp;gilets jaunes&nbsp;» se cherche un débouché politique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/18/en-belgique-un-mouvement-de-gilets-jaunes-se-cherche-un-debouche-politique_5385244_3214.html |accessdate=27 November 2018 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2019-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231423/https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/18/en-belgique-un-mouvement-de-gilets-jaunes-se-cherche-un-debouche-politique_5385244_3214.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| {{flag|Belanda}}<ref name="YeniSafakNetherlands">{{cite web|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/yellow-vest-protests-spread-to-netherlands-3468012|title='Yellow vest' protests spread to Netherlands|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|website=Yeni Şafak|accessdate=2 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206143521/https://www.yenisafak.com//en/world/yellow-vest-protests-spread-to-netherlands-3468012|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Jerman}}<ref name="RFI">{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20181128-allemagne-connecte-phenomene-gilets-jaunes|title=L'Allemagne se connecte au phénomène des "gilets jaunes"|date=28 November 2018|website=Rfi.fr|accessdate=2 December 2018|language=Franch|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214220445/http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20181128-allemagne-connecte-phenomene-gilets-jaunes|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Bulgaria}}<ref name="LCI">{{cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/international/gilets-jaunes-la-belgique-et-la-bulgarie-ont-elles-aussi-leurs-gilets-jaunes-2105106.html|title=Gilets jaunes : la Belgique et la Bulgarie ont elles aussi leurs Gilets jaunes|website=Lci.fr|accessdate=2 December 2018|language=French|archive-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213190413/https://www.lci.fr/international/gilets-jaunes-la-belgique-et-la-bulgarie-ont-elles-aussi-leurs-gilets-jaunes-2105106.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Irak}}<ref name="NBCiraq">{{cite news | author1 = Linda Givetash | title=France's 'Yellow Jackets' inspire protesters in Iraq | date = December 5, 2018 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-s-yellow-jackets-inspire-protesters-iraq-n943996 | work=NBCnews | accessdate = December 5, 2018 | language=en | archive-date=2019-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231447/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-s-yellow-jackets-inspire-protesters-iraq-n943996 | dead-url=no en}}</ref>

*Langkah-langkah [[pengetatan anggaran]], digitalisasi administrasi terkait<ref name=Spire /><br />

*[[Kamera penegakan hukum lalu lintas]]<ref>{{cite news | author1 = Jean-Gabriel Bontinck | author2 = les éditions départementales | url = http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php | title = Les radars, cibles privilégiées des Gilets jaunes | date = December 3, 2018 | accessdate = December 5, 2018 | language = fr | archive-date = 2019-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231542/http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php | dead-url = no }}</ref>

*penekananPenekanan pada [[pajak solidaritas atas kekayaan]] tahun 2017<ref>{{cite news|title=Les « gilets jaunes » ciblent la suppression de l’ISF, « péché originel » de Macron|author=Alexandre Lemarié|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html|date=December 4, 2018|accessdate=December 5, 2018|language=fr|archive-date=2018-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205074916/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />

*Peningkatan standar kehidupan<br>

*Pengunduran diri Presiden [[Emmanuel Macron]] dan pemerintahannya<br>

*Penghentian langkah-langkah pengetatan anggaran yang tidak populer<br>

*Government transparency and accountability to the working and middle classes|methods=[[ProtestUnjuk rasa]]s, [[civilpembangkangan disobediencesipil]], [[barricadesbarikade]], blockingpemblokiran trafficlalu lintas, disablingmelumpuhkan [[traffickamera penegakan hukum enforcementlalu cameralintas|''radarsradar'']], [[riotkerusuhan]]ing,<ref name=nyt0212>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|title=‘Yellow Vests’ Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France|work=The New York Times|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=2 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212100512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=fr240212>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181201-french-police-deployed-amid-new-round-protests-over-taxes|title=Hundreds arrested as police clash with 'Yellow Vest' protesters in Paris|work=France24|agency=AP, Reuters|date=2 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215001341/https://www.france24.com/en/20181201-french-police-deployed-amid-new-round-protests-over-taxes|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[vandalismvandalisme]],<ref name=forb0212>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac|title=Riots In Paris: 'Yellow Vests' Violence, Vandalism And Chaos Hitting Tourism|work=Forbes|last=Rodriguez|first=Cecilia|date=2 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203171926/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[arsonpembakaran disengaja]],<ref name=irisht0212>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/almost-100-injured-during-french-fuel-protests-1.3717291|title=Almost 100 injured during French fuel protests|work=Irish Times|date=2 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204172237/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/almost-100-injured-during-french-fuel-protests-1.3717291|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=telegr0112>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/|title=Yellow vest protesters clash with police in Paris, in pictures|work=The Telegraph|date=1 December 2018|accessdate=4 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214133550/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/|dead-url=no}}</ref> anddan lootingpenjarahan.<ref name=thelocal0312>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20181203/looting-and-violent-clashes-what-happened-in-the-rest-of-france-during-saturday-nights-protests|title=The violence, burning and looting wasn't just in Paris on Saturday|work=The Local|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref>|statusarchive-date=Ongoing, as of 5 December 2018.<ref name=theguardian>{{cite web2019-01-06|archive-url=https://wwwweb.theguardianarchive.comorg/worldweb/201820190106231437/dechttps:/04/frenchwww.thelocal.fr/20181203/looting-governmentand-toviolent-suspendclashes-fuelwhat-taxhappened-increasein-saythe-reports|title=Gilets Jaunes protests in France to continue despite fuel tax Urest-turn|work=The Guardian|date=4 December 2018|accessdate=5 December 2018}}</ref>|concessions=Cancellation of the gas tax and a six-month moratorium on diesel and gasoline price changes by the French government <ref name=theguardian/>|howmany1=287,710 protesters at the peak (per French interior ministry)<ref name="R1">{{cite web|title=Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/live/message/5bf/059/0a5/ff4/e90/12a/7ac/c79.html|website=France Info|language=fr|accessfrance-date=20 November 2018}}.</ref>|injuries=1000+ civilians <br/> ~ 200+ injured police officers|fatalities=4 civilians (in France)<ref name=bbc0312>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/worldduring-46429930|title=France fuel protests: 80saturday-yearnights-old woman killed in her homeprotests|publisherdead-url=BBC|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018yes}}</ref>}}

'''Gerakan rompi kuning '''({{lang-fr|Mouvement des giletsGilets jaunes}}, {{IPA-fr|ʒilɛ ʒon|pron}}), juga disebut sebagai '''Gerakan jaket kuning''' atau '''"yellowYellow jacketjackets movement"''' dalam bahasa Inggris, adalah sebuah gerakan protes yang dimulai dengan unjuk rasa di Prancis pada hari Sabtu, 17 November 2018 dan kemudian menyebar ke negara-negara terdekat (seperti [[Belgia]] dan [[Belanda]] ({{lang-nl|gele hesjes}})).

Dipicu oleh kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak, tingginya biaya hidup, dan klaim bahwa beban yang tidak proporsional dari reformasi pajak pemerintah akan menimpa para kelas pekerja dan menengah<ref name=Leclerc>{{Cite news|author = Aline Leclerc | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html|title=« Gilets jaunes » : anatomie d’une journée de colère|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=19 November 2018|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231417/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=guard1611>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/gilet-jaunes-yellow-jackets-protesters-france-standstill|title='Gilets jaunes' protesters threaten to bring France to a standstill|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=16 November 2018|newspaper=the Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/gilet-jaunes-yellow-jackets-protesters-france-standstill|archive-date=2019-01-06|dead-url=no|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/who-are-france-s-yellow-jacket-protesters-what-do-they-n940016|title=The Champs-Élysées in Paris became a blazing battleground. Here's why.|last=Smith|first=Saphora|date=27 November 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=2 December 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231649/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/who-are-france-s-yellow-jacket-protesters-what-do-they-n940016|dead-url=no}}</ref> (terutama yang berada di daerah pedesaan dan [[peri urbanisasi|periurban]]),<ref name=Spire>{{cite news | title = Aux sources de la colère contre l'impôt | author = Alexis Spire | newspaper = Le Monde Diplomatique | url = https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/12/SPIRE/59371 | date = December 2018 | access-date = 1 December 2018 | language = fr | archive-date = 2019-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231406/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/12/SPIRE/59371 | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name=Dianara>{{cite news | title = We're With the Rebels | author = Aurélie Dianara | newspaper = The Jacobin | url = https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron | date = 30 November 2018 | access-date = 2 December 2018 | language = en | archive-date = 2019-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231438/https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron | dead-url = no }}</ref> para pengunjuk rasa menyerukan akhir dari perubahan tersebut dan pengunduran diri Presiden Prancis, [[Emmanuel Macron]].

Gerakan ini telah banyak terlihat di [[Daftar komune di PerancisPrancis|kota-kota Prancis]], tetapi daerah-daerah pedesaan telah dimobilisasimengalami mobilisasi luar biasa dalam unjuk rasa tersebut. Rompi kuning dipilih sebagai simbol karena semua pengendara mobil telah diwajibkan oleh hukum&mdash;sejakhukum—sejak tahun 2008&mdash;untuk2008—untuk memiliki [[pakaian bervisibilitas tinggi|rompi bervisibilitas tinggi]] dalam kendaraan mereka ketika mengemudi. Akibatnya, rompi reflektif telah menjadi tersedia secara luas, murah, dan simbolik.<ref name="Mercury">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/|title=The Yellow Vests: Who they are and why their tax protest is a big deal|last=Associated Press|date=20 November 2018|work=The Mercury News|access-date=21 November 2018|archive-date=2019-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231448/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Sejak tahun 1950-an, pemerintah Prancis telah menyubsidi produksi [[Motor bakar diesel|mesin diesel]]. Secara khusus, sejak tahun 1980 [[PSA Peugeot Citroën|Peugeot]] telah berada di garis depan dari teknologi diesel. Pengurangan [[pajak pertambahan nilai|PPN]] untuk armada perusahaan juga meningkatkan prevalensi mobil diesel di Prancis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/10/04/2014/LesEchos/21666-088-ECH_diesel---les-raisons-d-une---exception-culturelle---francaise.htm|title=Diesel : les raisons d'une " exception culturelle " française|date=10 April 2014|language=fr|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=2019-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208083958/https://www.lesechos.fr/10/04/2014/LesEchos/21666-088-ECH_diesel---les-raisons-d-une---exception-culturelle---francaise.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>

=== Harga bahan bakar minyak ===

Harga bensin (SP95-E10) menurun selama tahun 2018, dari 1,4682 €/L di Januari menjadi 1,4305 euro pada minggu terakhir November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lci.fr/automobile/prix-des-carburants-l-essence-a-son-plus-bas-de-2018-le-diesel-retrouve-son-niveau-de-mai-gilets-jaunes-2106366.html|title=Prix des carburants : l'essence à son plus bas de 2018, le diesel poursuit aussi sa baisse|website=LCI|access-date=2018-12-06|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215031313/https://www.lci.fr/automobile/prix-des-carburants-l-essence-a-son-plus-bas-de-2018-le-diesel-retrouve-son-niveau-de-mai-gilets-jaunes-2106366.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Harga bahan bakar bensin dan solar per liter meningkat masing-masing sebesar 15% dan 23% antara Oktober 2017 dan Oktober 2018.<ref name=lepoint1611>{{cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php|title=Prix à la pompe: la part du brut, la part des taxes|work=Le Point|agency=AFP|date=16 November 2018|accessdate=4 December 2018|language=French|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200933/https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php|dead-url=no}}</ref> Harga pembelian bensin pasar dunia untuk distributor meningkat sebesar 28% dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya; untuk solar, sebesar 35%. Biaya distribusi meningkat sebesar 40%. Termasuk PPN, pajak solar meningkat sebesar 14% selama satu tahun dan pajak bensin sebesar 7,5%.<ref name=lepoint1611 /> Kenaikan pajak 7,6 sen per liter pada solar dan 3,9 sen pada bensin pada tahun 2018, dengan peningkatan lebih lanjut dari 6,5 sen pada solar dan 2,9 sen pada bensin yang direncanakan untuk 1 Januari 2019.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |title='Shame' on Paris protesters, says Macron |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46331783 |accessdate=27 November 2018 |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=2019-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409024324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46331783 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=energy>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy-reporters.com/policy/macron-stands-by-fuel-taxes/|title=Macron stands by fuel taxes|work=Energy Reporters|date=28 November 2018|accessdate=4 December 2018|archive-date=2018-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101950/https://www.energy-reporters.com/policy/macron-stands-by-fuel-taxes/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== Pranala luar ==

[[Kategori:Politik Prancis dalam tahun 2018]]