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Baris 1: {{Infobox civil conflict\|title=Gerakan rompi kuning<br>~~Unjuk~~''Mouvement ~~rasa~~des ''Gilets jaunes''\|image=ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul 17nov2018 (cropped).jpg\|caption=Sebuah unjuk rasa ''gilets jaunes'' di [[Vesoul]], Prancis timur\|date=17 November 2018 – sedang ~~berlangsing~~berlangsung\|place={{flag\|~~Perancis~~Prancis}} (termasuk [[Réunion]])<br>{{Collapsible list \| title = Negara-negara lainnya: \| bullets = yes \| {{flag\|Belgia}}<ref name="Monde_Wallonie">{{cite news \| author = Jean-Pierre Stroobants \|title=En Belgique, un mouvement de « gilets jaunes » se cherche un débouché politique \|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/18/en-belgique-un-mouvement-de-gilets-jaunes-se-cherche-un-debouche-politique_5385244_3214.html \|accessdate=27 November 2018 \|work=Le Monde.fr \|language=fr-FR \|archive-date=2019-01-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231423/https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/11/18/en-belgique-un-mouvement-de-gilets-jaunes-se-cherche-un-debouche-politique_5385244_3214.html \|dead-url=no }}</ref> \| {{flag\|Belanda}}<ref name="YeniSafakNetherlands">{{cite web\|url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/yellow-vest-protests-spread-to-netherlands-3468012\|title='Yellow vest' protests spread to Netherlands\|first=Yeni\|last=Şafak\|website=Yeni Şafak\|accessdate=2 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206143521/https://www.yenisafak.com//en/world/yellow-vest-protests-spread-to-netherlands-3468012\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \| {{flag\|Jerman}}<ref name="RFI">{{cite web\|url=http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20181128-allemagne-connecte-phenomene-gilets-jaunes\|title=L'Allemagne se connecte au phénomène des "gilets jaunes"\|date=28 November 2018\|website=Rfi.fr\|accessdate=2 December 2018\|language=Franch\|archive-date=2018-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214220445/http://www.rfi.fr/europe/20181128-allemagne-connecte-phenomene-gilets-jaunes\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \| {{flag\|Bulgaria}}<ref name="LCI">{{cite web\|url=https://www.lci.fr/international/gilets-jaunes-la-belgique-et-la-bulgarie-ont-elles-aussi-leurs-gilets-jaunes-2105106.html\|title=Gilets jaunes : la Belgique et la Bulgarie ont elles aussi leurs Gilets jaunes\|website=Lci.fr\|accessdate=2 December 2018\|language=French\|archive-date=2018-12-13\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213190413/https://www.lci.fr/international/gilets-jaunes-la-belgique-et-la-bulgarie-ont-elles-aussi-leurs-gilets-jaunes-2105106.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \| {{flag\|Irak}}<ref name="NBCiraq">{{cite news \| author1 = Linda Givetash \| title=France's 'Yellow Jackets' inspire protesters in Iraq \| date = December 5, 2018 \| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-s-yellow-jackets-inspire-protesters-iraq-n943996 \| work=NBCnews \| accessdate = December 5, 2018 \| language=en \| archive-date=2019-01-06 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231447/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-s-yellow-jackets-inspire-protesters-iraq-n943996 \| dead-url=no en}}</ref> \| {{flag\|Serbia}} }}\|causes=Kenaikan [[pajak bahan bakar]]<br/>▼ \| {{flag\|Kanada}}<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=1560359\|title=Salinan arsip\|access-date=2018-12-13\|archive-date=2018-12-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022053/https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=1560359\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \| {{flag\|Polandia}} }} ▲}}\|causes=Kenaikan [[pajak bahan bakar]]<br/> Penerapan [[pajak karbon]] Langkah-langkah [[pengetatan anggaran]], digitalisasi administrasi terkait<ref name=Spire ~~/><br~~ /> [[Kamera penegakan hukum lalu lintas]]<ref>{{cite news \| author1 = Jean-Gabriel Bontinck \| author2 = les éditions départementales \| url = http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php \| title = Les radars, cibles privilégiées des Gilets jaunes \| date = December 3, 2018 \| accessdate = December 5, 2018 \| language = fr \| archive-date = 2019-01-06 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231542/http://www.leparisien.fr/info-paris-ile-de-france-oise/transports/les-radars-cibles-privilegiees-des-gilets-jaunes-03-12-2018-7960116.php \| dead-url = no }}</ref> Penekanan pada [[pajak solidaritas atas kekayaan]] tahun 2017<ref>{{cite news\|title=Les « gilets jaunes » ciblent la suppression de l’ISF, « péché originel » de Macron\|author=Alexandre Lemarié\|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html\|date=December 4, 2018\|accessdate=December 5, 2018\|language=fr\|archive-date=2018-12-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205074916/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/04/les-gilets-jaunes-ciblent-la-suppression-de-l-isf-peche-originel-de-macron_5392241_3224.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref~~><br /~~> [[Globalisasi]],<ref>{{cite news \|title= la mondialisation a enfanté des gilets jaunes \|url=https://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/3559666/comment-la-mondialisation-a-enfante-des-gilets-jaunes-remi-bourgeot \|accessdate=4 December 2018 \|work=Atlantico.fr \|language=fr \|archive-date=2019-01-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231549/https://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/3559666/comment-la-mondialisation-a-enfante-des-gilets-jaunes-remi-bourgeot \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Neoliberalisme]]<ref>{{cite news \|last=Rapoza \|first=Kenneth \|date=December 7, 2018 \|title=France Shows Austerity Is On Its Last Legs In Europe \|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/12/07/france-shows-austerity-is-on-its-last-legs-in-europe/#5efc82012d0f \|work=Forbes \|location= \|access-date=December 9, 2018 \|quote=The gilets jaunes—the “yellow vests,” so named for the safety jackets they wear to public protests—have effectively transformed a single-issue protest into the French #resistance with a long list of objections against Macron and European neoliberalism. At least for now. \|archive-date=2018-12-08 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208193207/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2018/12/07/france-shows-austerity-is-on-its-last-legs-in-europe/#5efc82012d0f \|dead-url=no }}</ref> ~~<br/>~~ \|goals=Penurunan pajak bahan bakar dan motor<ref name="Mercury"/><br> Peningkatan standar kehidupan~~<br>~~ Pengunduran diri Presiden [[Emmanuel Macron]] dan pemerintahannya~~<br>~~ Penghentian langkah-langkah pengetatan anggaran yang tidak populer~~<br>~~ Transparansi dan akuntabilitas pemerintah terhadap kelas pekerja dan menengah \|methods=[[Unjuk rasa]], [[pembangkangan sipil]], [[barikade]], pemblokiran lalu lintas, melumpuhkan [[kamera penegakan hukum lalu lintas\|''radar'']], [[kerusuhan]],<ref name=nyt0212>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html\|title=‘Yellow Vests’ Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France\|work=The New York Times\|last=Nossiter\|first=Adam\|date=2 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212100512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/02/world/europe/france-yellow-vest-protests.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=fr240212>{{cite web\|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181201-french-police-deployed-amid-new-round-protests-over-taxes\|title=Hundreds arrested as police clash with 'Yellow Vest' protesters in Paris\|work=France24\|agency=AP, Reuters\|date=2 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215001341/https://www.france24.com/en/20181201-french-police-deployed-amid-new-round-protests-over-taxes\|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[vandalisme]],<ref name=forb0212>{{cite web\|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac\|title=Riots In Paris: 'Yellow Vests' Violence, Vandalism And Chaos Hitting Tourism\|work=Forbes\|last=Rodriguez\|first=Cecilia\|date=2 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203171926/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2018/12/02/rioting-in-paris-yellow-vests-violence-vandalism-and-chaos-hits-tourism/#1f2a76ff36ac\|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[pembakaran disengaja]],<ref name=irisht0212>{{cite web\|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/almost-100-injured-during-french-fuel-protests-1.3717291\|title=Almost 100 injured during French fuel protests\|work=Irish Times\|date=2 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204172237/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/almost-100-injured-during-french-fuel-protests-1.3717291\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=telegr0112>{{cite web\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/\|title=Yellow vest protesters clash with police in Paris, in pictures\|work=The Telegraph\|date=1 December 2018\|accessdate=4 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214133550/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/01/yellow-vest-protesters-clash-police-paris-pictures/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> ~~and~~dan ~~looting~~penjarahan.<ref name=thelocal0312>{{cite web\|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20181203/looting-and-violent-clashes-what-happened-in-the-rest-of-france-during-saturday-nights-protests\|title=The violence, burning and looting wasn't just in Paris on Saturday\|work=The Local\|date=3 December 2018\|accessdate=4 December 2018\|archive-date=2019-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231437/https://www.thelocal.fr/20181203/looting-and-violent-clashes-what-happened-in-the-rest-of-france-during-saturday-nights-protests\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> \|status=~~Ongoing~~Sedang berlangsung, assampai ofdengan 5{{CURRENTDAY}} ~~December~~{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} ~~2018~~{{CURRENTYEAR}}.<ref name=theguardian>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/04/french-government-to-suspend-fuel-tax-increase-say-reports\|title=Gilets Jaunes protests in France to continue despite fuel tax U-turn\|work=The Guardian\|date=4 December 2018\|accessdate=5 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-14\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214224659/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/04/french-government-to-suspend-fuel-tax-increase-say-reports\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \|concessions=Pembatalan pajak gas dan moratorium enam bulan mengenai perubahan harga solar dan bensin oleh pemerintah Prancis<ref name=theguardian/> \|concessions=Pembatalan pajak gas dan moratorium enam bulan mengenai perubahan harga solar dan bensin oleh pemerintah Prancis<ref name=theguardian/>\|howmany1=287,710 protesters at the peak (per French interior ministry)<ref name="R1">{{cite web\|title=Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures\|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/live/message/5bf/059/0a5/ff4/e90/12a/7ac/c79.html\|website=France Info\|language=fr\|access-date=20 November 2018}}.</ref>\|injuries=1000+ civilians <br/> ~ 200+ injured police officers\|fatalities=4 civilians (in France)<ref name=bbc0312>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46429930\|title=France fuel protests: 80-year-old woman killed in her home\|publisher=BBC\|date=3 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref>}} Janji untuk menaikkan upah minimum sebesar € 100 per bulan pada tahun 2019<ref name="bbcSpeech">{{cite news\|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->\|date=December 10, 2018\|title=France yellow vest protests: Macron promises wage rise\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46513189\|work=BBC\|location=\|access-date=December 10, 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210200110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46513189\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pengumuman bahwa harga tarif biru [[Électricité de France]] tidak akan dinaikkan sebelum Maret 2019.<ref name="durand">{{cite web\|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/05/pourquoi-il-est-complique-de-geler-les-tarifs-reglementes-de-l-electricite_5393032_4355770.html\|title=Pourquoi il est compliqué de geler les tarifs réglementés de l’électricité\|work=www.lemonde.fr\|first=Anne-Aël\|last=Durand\|date=December 5, 2018\|accessdate=December 10, 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209175342/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/12/05/pourquoi-il-est-complique-de-geler-les-tarifs-reglementes-de-l-electricite_5393032_4355770.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penghapusan pajak untuk lembur dan bonus akhir tahun<ref name="NPR">{{cite news \|title=Macron Promises Minimum Wage Hike And Tax Cuts To End 'Yellow Vest' Protests \|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/10/675425153/macron-promises-minimum-wage-hike-and-tax-cuts-to-end-yellow-vest-protests \|accessdate=11 December 2018 \|work=NPR.org \|ref=ref \|language=en \|archive-date=2018-12-11 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211024052/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/10/675425153/macron-promises-minimum-wage-hike-and-tax-cuts-to-end-yellow-vest-protests \|dead-url=no }}</ref> \|howmany1=287.710 pengunjuk rasa saat mencapai puncaknya (menurut Kementerian Dalam Negeri Prancis)<ref name="R1">{{cite web\|title=Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures\|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/live/message/5bf/059/0a5/ff4/e90/12a/7ac/c79.html\|website=France Info\|language=fr\|access-date=20 November 2018\|archive-date=2019-02-07\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207172712/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/live/message/5bf/059/0a5/ff4/e90/12a/7ac/c79.html\|dead-url=no}}.</ref> \| injuries = 1000+ warga sipil<br/>~200+ petugas polisi terluka \| fatalities = 4 warga sipil (di Prancis)<ref name=bbc0312>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46429930\|title=France fuel protests: 80-year-old woman killed in her home\|publisher=BBC\|date=3 December 2018\|accessdate=3 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203183907/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46429930\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \|arrests=1600 orang (sampai dengan 4 Desember 2018)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2018/12/04/gilets-jaunes-quel-est-le-bilan-officiel-des-morts-blesses-et-interpelles-depuis-le-debut-du-mouveme_1695762\|title=Gilets jaunes : quel est le bilan officiel des morts, blessés, et interpellés depuis le début du mouvement?\|date=4 December 2018\|website=Libération.fr\|access-date=2018-12-11\|archive-date=2018-12-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124220/https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2018/12/04/gilets-jaunes-quel-est-le-bilan-officiel-des-morts-blesses-et-interpelles-depuis-le-debut-du-mouveme_1695762\|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>Lebih dari 2.300 orang (8 Desember 2018 saja)<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/08/europe/france-protests-paris-intl/index.html \|title=Salinan arsip \|access-date=2018-12-11 \|archive-date=2018-12-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165349/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/08/europe/france-protests-paris-intl/index.html \|dead-url=no }}</ref> \| notes = }} '''Gerakan rompi kuning '''({{lang-fr\|Mouvement des ~~gilets~~Gilets jaunes}}, {{IPA-fr\|ʒilɛ ʒon\|pron}}), juga disebut sebagai '''Gerakan jaket kuning''' atau '''"~~yellow~~Yellow ~~jacket~~jackets movement"''' dalam bahasa Inggris, adalah sebuah gerakan protes yang dimulai dengan unjuk rasa di Prancis pada hari Sabtu, 17 November 2018 dan kemudian menyebar ke negara-negara terdekat (seperti [[Belgia]] dan [[Belanda]] ({{lang-nl\|gele hesjes}})). Dipicu oleh kenaikan harga bahan bakar ~~minyak~~, tingginya biaya hidup, dan klaim bahwa beban yang tidak proporsional dari reformasi pajak pemerintah akan menimpa para kelas pekerja dan menengah<ref name=Leclerc>{{Cite news\|author = Aline Leclerc \| url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html\|title=« Gilets jaunes » : anatomie d’une journée de colère\|work=Le Monde.fr\|access-date=19 November 2018\|language=fr-FR\|archive-date=2019-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231417/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2018/11/16/gilets-jaunes-radiographie-d-une-colere_5384349_823448.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=guard1611>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/gilet-jaunes-yellow-jackets-protesters-france-standstill\|title='Gilets jaunes' protesters threaten to bring France to a standstill\|last=Willsher\|first=Kim\|date=16 November 2018\|newspaper=the Guardian\|language=en\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/gilet-jaunes-yellow-jackets-protesters-france-standstill\|archive-date=2019-01-06\|dead-url=no\|access-date=19 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/who-are-france-s-yellow-jacket-protesters-what-do-they-n940016\|title=The Champs-Élysées in Paris became a blazing battleground. Here's why.\|last=Smith\|first=Saphora\|date=27 November 2018\|work=[[NBC News]]\|access-date=2 December 2018\|language=en-US\|archive-date=2019-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231649/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/who-are-france-s-yellow-jacket-protesters-what-do-they-n940016\|dead-url=no}}</ref> (terutama yang berada di daerah pedesaan dan [[peri urbanisasi\|periurban]]),<ref name=Spire>{{cite news \| title = Aux sources de la colère contre l'impôt \| author = Alexis Spire \| newspaper = Le Monde Diplomatique \| url = https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/12/SPIRE/59371 \| date = December 2018 \| access-date = 1 December 2018 \| language = fr \| archive-date = 2019-01-06 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231406/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/12/SPIRE/59371 \| dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name=Dianara>{{cite news \| title = We're With the Rebels \| author = Aurélie Dianara \| newspaper = The Jacobin \| url = https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron \| date = 30 November 2018 \| access-date = 2 December 2018 \| language = en \| archive-date = 2019-01-06 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231438/https://jacobinmag.com/2018/11/yellow-vests-france-gilets-jaunes-fuel-macron \| dead-url = no }}</ref> para pengunjuk rasa menyerukan akhir dari perubahan tersebut dan pengunduran diri Presiden Prancis, [[Emmanuel Macron]]. Gerakan ini telah banyak terlihat di [[Daftar komune di ~~Perancis~~Prancis\|kota-kota Prancis]], tetapi daerah-daerah pedesaan telah ~~dimobilisasi~~mengalami mobilisasi luar biasa dalam unjuk rasa tersebut. Rompi kuning dipilih sebagai simbol karena semua pengendara mobil telah diwajibkan oleh ~~hukum—sejak~~hukum—sejak tahun ~~2008—untuk~~2008—untuk memiliki [[pakaian bervisibilitas tinggi\|rompi bervisibilitas tinggi]] dalam kendaraan mereka ketika mengemudi. Akibatnya, rompi reflektif telah menjadi tersedia secara luas, murah, dan simbolik.<ref name="Mercury">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/\|title=The Yellow Vests: Who they are and why their tax protest is a big deal\|last=Associated Press\|date=20 November 2018\|work=The Mercury News\|access-date=21 November 2018\|archive-date=2019-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106231448/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/11/20/gilets-jaunes-yellow-vest-gas-tax-protest-france/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Latar belakang == === Diesel === Sejak tahun 1950-an, pemerintah Prancis telah menyubsidi produksi [[Motor bakar diesel\|mesin diesel]]. Secara khusus, sejak tahun 1980 [[PSA Peugeot Citroën\|Peugeot]] telah berada di garis depan dari teknologi diesel. Pengurangan [[pajak pertambahan nilai\|PPN]] untuk armada perusahaan juga meningkatkan prevalensi mobil diesel di Prancis.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/10/04/2014/LesEchos/21666-088-ECH_diesel---les-raisons-d-une---exception-culturelle---francaise.htm\|title=Diesel : les raisons d'une " exception culturelle " française\|date=10 April 2014\|language=fr\|access-date=1 December 2018\|archive-date=2019-02-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208083958/https://www.lesechos.fr/10/04/2014/LesEchos/21666-088-ECH_diesel---les-raisons-d-une---exception-culturelle---francaise.htm\|dead-url=no}}</ref> === Harga bahan bakar === Harga bensin (SP95-E10) menurun selama tahun 2018, dari 1,4682 €/L di Januari menjadi 1,4305 euro pada minggu terakhir November.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.lci.fr/automobile/prix-des-carburants-l-essence-a-son-plus-bas-de-2018-le-diesel-retrouve-son-niveau-de-mai-gilets-jaunes-2106366.html\|title=Prix des carburants : l'essence à son plus bas de 2018, le diesel poursuit aussi sa baisse\|website=LCI\|access-date=2018-12-06\|archive-date=2018-12-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215031313/https://www.lci.fr/automobile/prix-des-carburants-l-essence-a-son-plus-bas-de-2018-le-diesel-retrouve-son-niveau-de-mai-gilets-jaunes-2106366.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Harga bahan bakar bensin dan solar per liter meningkat masing-masing sebesar 15% dan 23% antara Oktober 2017 dan Oktober 2018.<ref name=lepoint1611>{{cite web\|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php\|title=Prix à la pompe: la part du brut, la part des taxes\|work=Le Point\|agency=AFP\|date=16 November 2018\|accessdate=4 December 2018\|language=French\|archive-date=2018-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200933/https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/prix-a-la-pompe-la-part-du-brut-la-part-des-taxes-16-11-2018-2271841_646.php\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Harga pembelian bensin pasar dunia untuk distributor meningkat sebesar 28% dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya; untuk solar, sebesar 35%. Biaya distribusi meningkat sebesar 40%. Termasuk PPN, pajak solar meningkat sebesar 14% selama satu tahun dan pajak bensin sebesar 7,5%.<ref name=lepoint1611 /> Kenaikan pajak 7,6 sen per liter pada solar dan 3,9 sen pada bensin pada tahun 2018, dengan peningkatan lebih lanjut dari 6,5 sen pada solar dan 2,9 sen pada bensin yang direncanakan untuk 1 Januari 2019.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news \|title='Shame' on Paris protesters, says Macron \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46331783 \|accessdate=27 November 2018 \|work=BBC News \|date=25 November 2018 \|archive-date=2019-04-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409024324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46331783 \|dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=energy>{{cite web\|url=https://www.energy-reporters.com/policy/macron-stands-by-fuel-taxes/\|title=Macron stands by fuel taxes\|work=Energy Reporters\|date=28 November 2018\|accessdate=4 December 2018\|archive-date=2018-12-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101950/https://www.energy-reporters.com/policy/macron-stands-by-fuel-taxes/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == {{commonscatinline}} Baris 48 ⟶ 63: [[Kategori:Unjuk rasa tahun 2018]] [[Kategori:Politik perminyakan]] [[Kategori:~~Politik~~ Prancis dalam tahun 2018]] [[Kategori:Gerakan sosial di Eropa]] [[Kategori:Minyak bumi di Prancis]] [[Kategori:Kerusuhan dan kekacauan sipil di Prancis]] [[Kategori:Sejarah Prancis]]