Gerry Adams: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.7.2) (bot Menambah: gl:Gerry Adams |
Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
||
| (9 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox President
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
}}
'''Gerry Adams''' ([[bahasa Irlandia]]: ''Gearóid Mac Ádhaimh''; ({{lahirmati|[[Belfast Barat]], [[Irlandia Utara]]|6|10|1948}}) adalah seorang politikus [[Republikanisme Irlandia|Republikan Irlandia]] dan [[Abstensionisme|abstensionis]], [[anggota parlemen]] [[Westminster]] untuk [[Belfast Barat (daerah pemilihan parlemen Britania)|Belfast Barat]].
Ia adalah Presiden [[Sinn Féin]], yang menjadi partai politik nasionalis republikan atau partai politik pro-[[Perjanjian Belfast]] terbesar di [[Irlandia Utara]] dalam [[pemilu Britania Raya, 2005|pemilu Britania Raya 2005]].
== Pengantar ==
Adams umumnya dipandang sebagai juru bicara untuk ''gerakan republikan Irlandia'' yang mencakup Sinn Féin dan organisasi paramiliter ilegal [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (Provisional IRA), di [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Republik Irlandia]].
<!--Senior political, security and media figures, including the [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]] assert that, from the [[1970s]] until mid-2005, Adams was a member of the Provisional IRA's governing [[IRA army council|army council]] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1418906,00.html], [http://www.bradenton.com/mld/bradenton/news/local/12232923.htm]. He has also been accused of being the IRA commander in [[Belfast]] during the 1970s. Adams has denied that he has ever been a member of the IRA, although it is widely believed that he was.
From the late 1980s, Adams was an important figure in the [[Northern Ireland peace process]], initially following contact by the then [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (SDLP) leader [[John Hume]] and subsequently with the [[Irish government|Irish]] and [[Her Majesty's Government|British]] governments and then other parties. In 2005, the Provisional IRA indicated that its war was over and, barring hard line elements, the republican movement is now exclusively committed to democratic politics. Under Adams, Sinn Féin changed its traditional policy of abstentionism towards Leinster House in 1986 and later to take seats in the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], although the party retains a policy of abstentionism towards Westminster.
For three years, it participated in the [[power-sharing]] executive committee (cabinet) in [[Northern Ireland]], where it shared powers with the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] and the SDLP. (The [[Democratic Unionist Party]] appointed two ministers but did not sit in the committee in protest at the presence of "Sinn Féin".)
==Background==
Gerry Adams was born in [[Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)|West Belfast]] into a strong activist and [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] [[Catholic]] family, consisting of 10 children who survived infancy, 5 boys, 5 girls and their parents, Gerry Adams Sr. and Annie Hannaway.
Gerry Sr. and Annie came from strong republican backgrounds. Adams's grandfather, also Gerry Adams, had been a member of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB) during the [[Anglo-Irish War]]. Two of Adams's uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had being interned by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. Although it is reported that his uncle Dominic was a one-time [[List of IRA Chiefs of Staff|IRA chief of staff]], J. Bowyer Bell, in his widely respected book, ''The Secret Army: The IRA 1916'' (Irish Academy Press), states that Dominic Adams was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s. Gerry Sr. joined the IRA aged sixteen; in 1942 he participated in an IRA ambush on a [[Royla Ulster Constabulary]] (RUC) patrol but was himself shot, arrested and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.
Adams's maternal great-grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was a member of the [[Fenians]] during their dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for [[Eamon de Valera]] in 1918 in West Belfast but refused to follow deV into democratic and constitutional politics upon the formation of [[Fianna Fáil]]. Annie Hannaway was a member of [[Cumann na mBan]], the women's branch of the IRA. Three of her brothers (Alfie, Liam and Tommy) were known IRA members.
Yet as a result of the IRA being outlawed north and south of the border, and the many difficulties faced by its members - trouble finding work, lengthy terms in jail, lack of support among the larger Irish community - hardcore republicans were isolated and shunned even with their own community: ''"West Belfast republicanism was dominatited by three families: the Adamses, the Hannaways, and the Burnses. They were all intermarried, the consequence of the imprisonment of their male members. When figures like Gerry Adams sr. emerged after having served their jail terms, they found girls of a marriageable age either already spoken for or reluctant to marry into the IRA. Inevitably they drifted into relationships with the sisters of their IRA comrades.... The IRA in places like West Belfast... grew heavily dependent on a small, often interrelated network of extended families... the result was that republican involvement tended to be an inherited rather than acquired activity...[Adams's parents] would pass on to their children their political views as well as a special, exclusive sense of shared suffering".''
Baris 78:
==Early republican career==
In the late 1960s, a civil right campaign developed in Northern Ireland. Adams, it is reported, was an active supporter. Instead of leading to change, the civil rights movement was met with protests from Loyalist counterdemonstraters. This culminated in August 1969, when Northern Ireland cities like Belfast and Derry erupted in major rioting and British troops had to be called in to bring about peace. The local police force, the Royal Ulster Constabularly, had stood by and, on occasion, supported Loyalist rioters. Against this backdrop, the Provisional IRA and its political counterpart in Sinn Fein, emerged. Adams was active in Sinn Fein at this time; it is reported that he was also a key figure in the Belfast IRA. In August 1971, [[internment]] without trial was introduced in Northern Ireland under the [[Special Powers Act]]. Adams was interned after this. In late June and early July, 1972, the IRA negotatied a short-lived truce with the British and an IRA delegation met with William Whitelaw. The delegation included Sean Mac Stiofain (Chief of Staff), Daithi O'Connell, Seamus Twomey, Ivor Bell, Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams. The IRA insisted Adams be included in the meeting and he was released from internment to participate. He was re-arrested in July 1973 and interned at [[Maze (HM Prison)|Long Kesh]] (Maze) internment camp. After taking part in a IRA-organised escape attempt he was sentenced to a period of imprisonment, which was also served at the Maze.
In 1983, he became the first Sinn Féin MP elected to the [[British House of Commons]] since 1918. Following his election (as MP for [[West Belfast]]) the [[United Kingdom|British]] government lifted a ban on him travelling to [[Britain]]. In line with Sinn Féin policy, he refused to sit in the House of Commons.
Baris 89:
In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint-vice-president of Sinn Féin and he became a key figure in directing a challenge to the Sinn Féin leadership of President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and joint-Vice President Daithí O'Connell. Others who supported Adams and were from Belfast included Jim Gibney, Tom Hartley, and Danny Morrison. Some characterize the different approaches as a conflict between a more pragmatic northern leadership which surrounded Adams and the more traditional [[Irish nationalism|nationalist]] leadership of [[Ruairí Ó Brádaigh]], who was President of Provisional Sinn Féin from its inception until 1983. This view misses the complexity of the situation.
The 1975 IRA-British Truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn Féin leadership, which was said to be Southern-based and dominated by southerners like Ó Brádaigh and O'Connell. However, the Chief of Staff of the IRA at the time, Seamus Twomey, was a senior figure from Belfast. Others in the leadership were also Northern based, including Billy McKee, a legendary IRA figure from Belfast; even McKee's critics will not publicly criticise him. Adams (allegedly) rose to become the most senior figure in the IRA's [[IRA Northern Command|Northern Command]] on the basis of his absolute rejection of anything but military action, but this conflicts with the fact that during his time in prison Adams came to reassess his approach and became more political. It is alleged that "provisional" republicanism was founded on its oppostion to the [[communist]]-inspired "broad front" politics of the [[Cathal Goulding]]'s [[Official IRA]], but this too is incorrect.
One of the core reasons that the Provisional IRA and provisional Sinn Féin were founded, in December 1969 and January 1970, respectively, was that people like Ó Brádaigh and O'Connell, and Billy McKee, opposed participation in constitutional politics, the other was the failure of the Goulding leadership to for the defence of nationalist areas. When, at the December 1969 IRA convention and the January 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis the delegates voted to participate in the Dublin (Leinster House), Belfast (Stormont) and London (Westminster) parliaments, the organizations split. Gerry Adams, who had joined the Republican Movement in the early 1960s, did not go with the Provisionals until later in 1970.
Baris 97:
Ironically, while Adams was advocating that the Movement needed more involvement in politics, he was one of the key opponents of Sinn Féin putting forward a candidate for the first election to the European Parliament, in 1979. Even after the election of Bobby Sands as MP for Fermanagh/South Tyrone, a part of the mass mobilization associated with the 1981 Irish Hunger Strikes by republican prisoners in the ''[[HM Prison Maze#H-Blocks|H blocks]]'' of the [[HM Prison Maze|Maze]] prison (known as [[Long Kesh]] in Ireland), Adams was cautious about political involvement by Sinn Féin. Charles Haughey, the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, called an election for June of 1981. At an Ard Chomhairle meeting Adams recommended that they contest only four constituencies. Instead, H-Block/Armagh Candidates contested nine constituencies and elected two TDs. This, along with the election of Bobby Sands, was precurser to the a big electoral breakthrough in elections in 1982 to the Northern Ireland Assembly. Adams, Danny Morrison, Martin McGuinness, Jim McAllister, and Owen Carron were elected as abstentionists. Because of a fear of being outflanked by Sinn Féin, the SDLP with 14 elected representatives, also abstained from participating in the Assembly and it was a failure. The 1982 election was followed by the 1983 Westminster election, in which Sinn Féin's increased and Gerry Adams was elected, as an abstentionist, as MP for West Belfast. It was in 1983 that Ruairí Ó Brádaigh resigned as President of Sinn Féin and was succeeded by Gerry Adams.
Republicans had long claimed that the only legitimate Irish state was the [[Irish Republic]] declared in the Proclamation of the Republic of 1916, which they considered to be still in existence. In their view, the legitimate government was the [[IRA Army Council]], which had been vested with the authority of that Republic in 1938 (prior to the [[World War II|Second World War]]) by the last remaining anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] deputies of the [[Second Dáil]]. Adams continued to adhere to this claim of republican political legitimacy until quite recently - however in his 2005 speech to the Sinn Féin [[Ard Fheis]] he explicitly rejected it.
As a result of this non-recognition, Sinn Féin had abstained from taking any of the seats they won in the British or Irish parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn Féin delegates passed a resolution to amend the rules and constitution that would allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/Dáil Éireann). At this, [[Ruairí Ó Brádaigh]] led a small walkout which led to the creation of [[Republican Sinn Féin]], just as Ó Brádaigh had done twelve years earlier with the creation of provisional Sinn Féin. The defeated minority insisted that they were the real Sinn Féin republicans.
Baris 104:
===Voice ban===
In popular consciousness in Britain, Adams is primarily remembered during the latter part of this period for the ban on the media broadcast of his voice (the ban actually covered all republican organizations, but in practice Adams was the only one prominent enough to appear regularly on TV). This ban was imposed by the then prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] on October 19th, 1988, the reason given being to "deny terrorists the oxygen of publicity" after the BBC interviewed [[Martin McGuinness]].
A similar ban, known as [[Section 31 (Broadcasting Act)|Section 31]], had been law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However media outlets soon found ways around the ban, initially by the use of subtitles, but later and more commonly by the use of an actor reading his words over the images of him speaking.
This ban was much lampooned in cartoons and satirical TV shows, notably ''[[Spitting Image]]'', and in [[The Day Today]] (as being required to inhale helium to "subtract credibility"), and was criticized by [[freedom of speech]] organizations worldwide and British media personalties, including BBC Director General [[John Birt]] and BBC foreign editor [[John Simpson]]. The ban was lifted by Prime Minister [[John Major]] on [[17 September]] [[1994]]. It caused a ripple of media attention when people discovered that Adams sounded exactly like the actor who had been voicing over his words in TV broadcasts.
==Moving into mainstream politics==
Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the [[Westminster]] parliament even after Adams won the [[Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)|West Belfast constituency]]. He lost his seat to the [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] (SDLP) in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 general election]] but regained it at the next election in 1997.
Under Adams, Sinn Féin appeared to move away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organized political party in both [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]].
SDLP leader [[John Hume]], MP, identified the possibility that a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British [[Northern Ireland Office]] under the [[Secretary of State for Northern Ireland]], [[Peter Brooke]], and with the government of the Republic under [[Charles Haughey]] – although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with "terrorists" .
These talks provided the groundwork for what was later to be the [[Belfast Agreement]], as well as the milestone [[Downing Street Declaration]] and the [[Joint Framework Document]].
Baris 121:
These negotiations led to the IRA ceasefire in August 1994. Irish [[Taoiseach]] [[Albert Reynolds]] (who had replaced Haughey) and who had played a key role in the Hume/Adams dialogue through his Special Advisor [[Martin Mansergh]], regarded the ceasefire as permanent. However the slow pace of developments, contributed in part to the (wider) political difficulties of the British government of [[John Major]] and consequent reliance on [[Ulster Unionist Party]] votes in the House of Commons, led the IRA to end its ceasefire and resume the campaign.
A restituted ceasefire later followed, as part of the negotiations strategy, which saw teams from the British and Irish governments, the [[Ulster Unionist Party]], the SDLP, [[Sinn Féin]] and representatives of [[loyalist]] paramilitary organizations, under the chairmanship of former [[United States]] Senator Mitchell, produced the [[Belfast Agreement]] (also called the ''Good Friday Agreement'' as it was signed on [[Good Friday]], 1998). Under the agreement, structures were created reflecting the Irish and British identities of the people of Ireland, with a [[British-Irish Council]] and a [[Northern Ireland Assembly|Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly]] created.
Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, ''[[Bunreacht na hÉireann]]'', which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal Sinn Féin agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", as a result taking seats in the new [[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Stormont]]-based Assembly and running the education and health and social services ministries in the power-sharing government.
Opponents in Republican Sinn Féin accused Sinn Féin of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what it called "[[Partition of Ireland|partitionist]] assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However Gerry Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a mechanism to deliver a united Ireland by non-violent and constitutional means, much as [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] had said of the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] nearly 80 years earlier.
When Sinn Féin came to nominate its two ministers to the Executive Council, the party, like the SDLP and the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] chose for tactical reasons not to include its leader among its ministers. (When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, [[Mark Durkan]], who then opted to remain in the Committee.)
On [[20 February]] [[2005]], Irish [[Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]] Michael McDowell publicly named Adams as a member of the seven-man ruling [[IRA army council]] during a radio interview (see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1418906,00.html]). According to the [[United Kingdom|British]] government, he has been a member for over 20 years, although he has never been convicted of IRA membership and continues to deny it. In July, McDowell said that, according to senior police sources, three Sinn Féin leaders, including Adams, had stepped down from the IRA command in a prelude to a peace move. Adams denied the report. "We can't stand down from a body of which we were not members", he said (see [http://www.bradenton.com/mld/bradenton/news/local/12232923.htm]).
Baris 134:
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Dewan militer IRA]]
* [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]
Baris 144 ⟶ 145:
* [[The Troubles]]
* [[Proses perdamaian Irlandia Utara]]
* J. Bowyer Bell. ''The Secret Army: The IRA 1916 -''. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1979.
* Colm Keena. ''A Biography of Gerry Adams''. Cork, Ireland: Mercier Press, 1990.
Baris 151:
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://sinnfein.ie/elections/candidate/53 Sinn Féin - Gerry Adams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517070005/http://sinnfein.ie/elections/candidate/53 |date=2009-05-17 }} profil resmi
* [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-17,00.html Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle - Gerry Adams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719175016/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-17,00.html |date=2008-07-19 }}
* [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/gerry_adams/belfast_west TheyWorkForYou.com - Gerry Adams MP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619031318/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/gerry_adams/belfast_west |date=2013-06-19 }}
* [http://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?firstname=Gerry&lastname=Adams&constituency=Belfast+West The Public Whip - Gerry Adams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602122315/https://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?firstname=Gerry&lastname=Adams&constituency=Belfast+West |date=2023-06-02 }} catatan pemberian suara
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1418906,00.html "Irish minister says Adams is an IRA leader"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310173247/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1418906,00.html |date=2007-03-10 }} oleh Angelique Chrisafis, ''The Guardian'', [[21 Februari]] [[2005]]
* [http://staff.stir.ac.uk/david.miller/news/IrishTimes-94.html "Dubbing SF voices becomes the stuff of history"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317093432/http://staff.stir.ac.uk/david.miller/news/IrishTimes-94.html |date=2005-03-17 }}, ''The Irish Times'', [[17 September]] [[1994]]
== Rujukan ==
Baris 163 ⟶ 164:
{{start box}}
{{succession box
|
{{succession box |
{{succession box |
{{end box}}
Baris 171 ⟶ 172:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Gerry}}
[[Kategori:Anggota parlemen Britania]]
[[Kategori:Pemimpin Sinn Féin]]
[[Kategori:Politikus Katolik Roma]]
| |||