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[[File:Jamé Mosque Esfahan courtyard (retouched).jpg|thumb|Masjid Jami di [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]], sebuah masjid bersejarah yang awalnya didirikan pada abad kedelapan]]
'''Masjid Jami''' atau '''masjid Jumu'ah''' ({{Lang-ar|مَسْجِد جَامِع}}, ''masjid jāmi‘'', atau hanya: {{Lang|ar|جَامِع}}, ''jāmi‘''; {{Lang-tr|Cami}}), atau kadang-kadang disebut '''masjid Agung''' atau '''masjid Raya''' ({{Lang-ar|جامع كبير}}, ''jāmi‘ kabir''; {{Lang-tr|Ulu Cami}}), adalah sebuah [[masjid]] untuk menyelenggarakan [[salat Jumat]] yang dikenal dengan nama ''jumu'ah''.<ref>
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=Mosque|quote=Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal ''masjid'' (“place of prostration”) may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a ''masjid'' or a ''jāmi'' (Turk. ''cami''), from ''masjid al-jāmi῾'' (Pers. ''masjid-i jāmi῾''; Urdu ''jāmi῾ masjid''), meaning “congregational mosque.” This term is often rendered in English as “great mosque,” or “Friday mosque,” a translation of ''masjid-i juma῾'', a Persian variant.|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Uurlu|first1=A. Hilâl|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3QeEAAAQBAJ&dq=friday+mosque+english+term&pg=PT11|title=The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics|last2=Yalman|first2=Suzan|publisher=Intellect Books|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78938-304-1|language=en|chapter=Introduction|quote=The English term 'mosque' derives from the Arabic masjid, a term designating a place of prostration, whereas the term jami', which is translated variously as Friday mosque, great mosque or congregational mosque, originates from the Arabic term jama', meaning to gather.}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bearman|first=Peri|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199739356|editor-last=Emad El-Din|editor-first=Shahin|location=|chapter=Masjid Jāmiʿ|quote=The Friday prayer (''ṣalāt al-jumʿa''), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the ''masjid jāmiʿ'' (< Ar. ''jamaʿa'' “to assemble”), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Canby|first1=Sheila R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&dq=ulu+cami+glossary&pg=PA356|title=Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs|last2=Beyazit|first2=Deniz|last3=Rugiadi|first3=Martina|last4=Peacock|first4=A. C. S.|date=2016-04-27|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-589-4|language=en|chapter=Glossary|quote=''masjid-i jami'' (Turkish, '''Ulu Cami''') Congregational mosque where the male Muslim community performs the Friday prayer, during which the khutba is pronounced; also known as a Great Mosque or a Friday Mosque.}}
*{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9781134613663|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/131 131]|chapter=jami or jami masjid|quote=A congregational mosque which can be used by all the community for Friday prayers.}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_t7m9|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Mosque|quote=''Jāmiʿ'' is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with ''masjid''.}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Friday prayer|issn=1873-9830|quote=All schools but the Ḥanbalīs require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the Ḥanbalīs hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs require forty, the Mālikīs twelve, and the Ḥanafīs only two or three praying behind the imām (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the Ḥanafī authorities of Bukhārā prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (''jāmiʿ'') erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Shāfiʿīs further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234–5).|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Ettinghausen|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1|title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250|last2=Grabar|first2=Oleg|last3=Jenkins|first3=Marilyn|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780300088670|edition=2nd|pages=20|quote=They were thus not only religious buildings but also the main social and political centres, as implied by the construct ''al-masjid al-jami῾'', usually translated as congregational mosque.}}
*{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Islam: Art and Architecture|publisher=h.f.ullmann|year=2011|isbn=9783848003808|editor-last=Hattstein|editor-first=Markus|location=|pages=610|chapter=Glossary|quote='''Mosque''' (Ar.: masjid, Turk.: cami, Engl.: "place of prostration") The general term masjid refers to mosques that could be used every day. The particularly important Friday (or congregational) mosques, where the communal Friday worship is held, are called masjid-i jami or -i juma.|editor-last2=Delius|editor-first2=Peter}}
</ref> Kemudian bisa juga menjadi tempat pelaksanaan [[salat Id]] dalam situasi darurat ketika tidak ada [[musala]] atau ''eidgah'' yang tersedia di dekatnya. Pada awal sejarah [[Islam]], jumlah masjid Jami di satu kota sangat terbatas. Seiring pertumbuhan kota dan populasi dari waktu ke waktu, menjadi lebih umum bagi banyak masjid untuk menyelenggarakan salat Jumat di area yang sama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bearman |first=Peri |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199739356 |editor-last=Emad El-Din |editor-first=Shahin |location= |chapter=Masjid Jāmiʿ |quote=The Friday prayer (''ṣalāt al-jumʿa''), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the ''masjid jāmiʿ'' (< Ar. ''jamaʿa'' “to assemble”), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.}}</ref><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year= |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Friday prayer |issn=1873-9830 |quote=All schools but the Ḥanbalīs require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the Ḥanbalīs hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Shāfiʿīs and Ḥanbalīs require forty, the Mālikīs twelve, and the Ḥanafīs only two or three praying behind the imām (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the Ḥanafī authorities of Bukhārā prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (''jāmiʿ'') erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Shāfiʿīs further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234–5). |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref>
==Etimologi==
Istilah [[bahasa Arab]] lengkap untuk jenis masjid ini adalah ''masjid jāmi‘'' ({{lang|ar|مَسْجِد جَامِع
}}), yang biasanya diterjemahkan sebagai "masjid Jami" atau "masjid Jumu'ah".<ref name=":0" /> "Jami" digunakan untuk menerjemahkan ''jāmi‘'' ({{lang|ar|جَامِع
}}), yang berasal dari bahasa Arab "ج - م - ع" yang memiliki arti 'mempertemukan' atau 'menyatukan'’ ([[Bahasa lisan|bentuk lisan]]: {{lang|ar|جمع
}} dan {{lang|ar|يجمع
}}).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mitias|first1=Michael H.|last2=Al Jasmi|first2=Abdullah|date=2018|title=Form and Function in the Congregational Mosque|journal=Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics|volume=55|issue=1|pages=25–44|doi=10.33134/eeja.169}}</ref> Dalam bahasa Arab, istilah ini biasanya disederhanakan menjadi ''jāmi‘'' ({{lang|ar|جَامِع}}). Begitu pula dalam [[bahasa Turki]] istilah ''cami'' ({{IPA-tr|d͡ʒami}}) digunakan untuk tujuan yang sama.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Mosque |quote=Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal ''masjid'' (“place of prostration”) may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a ''masjid'' or a ''jāmi'' (Turk. ''cami''), from ''masjid al-jāmi῾'' (Pers. ''masjid-i jāmi῾''; Urdu ''jāmi῾ masjid''), meaning “congregational mosque.” This term is often rendered in English as “great mosque,” or “Friday mosque,” a translation of ''masjid-i juma῾'', a Persian variant. |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> Sebagai pembeda antara “masjid Jami" dan masjid lainnya telah berkurang dalam sejarah yang lebih baru, istilah Arab ''masjid'' dan ''jami'<nowiki/>'' lebih sering dipergunakan.<ref name=":0523">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=Masd̲j̲id|quote=Linguistic usage varied somewhat in course of time with conditions. In the time of ʿUmar there was properly in every town only one ''masd̲j̲id d̲j̲āmiʿ'' for the Friday service. But when the community became no longer a military camp and Islam replaced the previous religion of the people, a need for a number of mosques for the Friday service was bound to arise. This demanded mosques for the Friday service in the country, in the villages on the one hand and several Friday mosques in the town on the other. This meant in both cases an innovation, compared with old conditions, and thus there arose some degree of uncertainty. The Friday service had to be conducted by the ruler of the community, but there was only one governor in each province; on the other hand, the demands of the time could hardly be resisted and, besides, the Christian converts to Islam had been used to a solemn weekly service. (...) The great spread of Friday mosques was reflected in the language. While inscriptions of the 8th/14th century still call quite large mosques ''masd̲j̲id'', in the 9th/15th most of them are called ''d̲j̲āmiʿ'' (cf. on the whole question, van Berchem, CIA, i, 173-4); and while now the madrasa [q.v.] begins to predominate and is occasionally also called ''d̲j̲āmiʿ'', the use of the word ''masd̲j̲id'' becomes limited. While, generally speaking, it can mean any mosque (e.g. al-Maḳrīzī, iv, 137, of the Muʾayyad mosque), it is more especially used of the smaller unimportant mosques.|editor-last2=Bianquis|editor-first2=Th.|editor-last3=Bosworth|editor-first3=C.E.|editor-last4=van Donzel|editor-first4=E.|editor-last5=Heinrichs|editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name=":2424">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_t7m9|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195305135 |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |location= |pages= |chapter=Mosque |quote=''Jāmiʿ'' is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with ''masjid''.}}</ref>
Di negara-negara [[Muslim]] non-Arab, kata itu ''jāmi‘'' ("yang mengumpulkan, berkumpul atau dikumpulkan") sering digabungkan dengan kata lain dari akar yang sama, ''jumu‘ah'' ({{lang-ar|جُمُعَة|lit=perakitan, berkumpul}}), sebuah istilah yang merujuk pada [[salat Jumat]] ({{lang-ar|صَلَاة الْجُمُعَة|ṣalāṫ al-jumu‘ah|prayer of assembly}}) atau [[Jumat|hari Jumat]] itu sendiri ({{lang-ar|يَوْم الْجُمُعَة|yawm al-jumu‘ah|day of assembly}}).<ref name="Cite quran|62|9|e=11|s=ns">{{cite quran|62|9|e=11|s=ns}},{{cite quran|62|10|e=11|s=ns}}</ref> Hal ini disebabkan salat jumat wajib berjamaah dan hanya dilaksanakan di masjid-masjid Jami, biasanya ialah masjid utama atau masjid yang terletak di pusat kota, dan karenanya kadang-kadang juga dikenal sebagai masjid Jumu'ah.
==Referensi==▼
== Sejarah ==
[[Category:Masjid]]▼
[[File:أعمدة رخامية من مسجد عمرو بن العاص- Marble columns in the Mosque of Amr ibn al-Aas.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid Amru bin Ash]], didirikan pada abad ketujuh sebagai masjid Jami' pertama di [[Fustat]], [[Mesir]].|left]]
Sejak periode awal [[Islam]], ada perbedaan fungsional antara [[masjid]] pusat besar yang dibangun dan dikendalikan oleh negara serta masjid lokal kecil yang dibangun dan dipelihara oleh [[Masyarakat|masyarakat umum]].<ref name=":242">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_t7m9|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Mosque}}</ref> Pada tahun-tahun awal Islam, di bawah [[kekhalifahan Rasyidin]] dan banyak dari [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah|kekhalifahan Bani Umayyah]], setiap kota umumnya hanya memiliki satu masjid Jami tempat [[salat Jumat]] diadakan, sementara masjid-masjid yang lebih kecil untuk salat rutin dibangun di lingkungan setempat.
Bahkan di beberapa bagian dunia Islam seperti di [[Mesir]], [[salat Jumat]] awalnya tidak diizinkan di desa-desa dan di daerah lain di luar kota utama tempat masjid Jami berdiri.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|year=2012|isbn=|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=Masd̲j̲id|editor-last2=Bianquis|editor-first2=Th.|editor-last3=Bosworth|editor-first3=C.E.|editor-last4=van Donzel|editor-first4=E.|editor-last5=Heinrichs|editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref> Penguasa atau [[gubernur]] kota biasanya membangun tempat tinggalnya (''dar al-imara'') bersebelahan dengan masjid Jami, dan pada masa awal ini para penguasa juga menyampaikan ''[[Khotbah (Islam)|khutbah]]'' pada saat salat jumat.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":2422">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0002unse_t7m9|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195305135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Khuṭbah}}</ref> Praktik ini diwarisi dari teladan [[Muhammad]] dan diteruskan kepada para [[khalifah]] setelahnya. Di provinsi-provinsi, gubernur setempat yang memerintah atas nama khalifah diharapkan menyampaikan ''khutbah'' untuk komunitas lokal merata.<ref name=":2422" /> [[Mimbar]], sejenis fitur tempat ''khutbah'' yang secara [[tradisi]]onal diberikan, juga menjadi fitur standar masjid Jami pada awal [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah|periode Abbasiyah]] (akhir abad kedelapan).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/191 191]–192|chapter=minbar}}</ref><ref name=":2423">{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|chapter=Minbar|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref>
[[File:Damascus Umayyad Mosque interior mihrab area 8028 (retouched).jpg|thumb|Area ''[[mihrab]]'' [[Masjid Agung Umayyah|Masjid Umayyah]] di [[Damaskus]] hari ini, dengan [[mimbar]] di sebelah kanan]]
Di abad-abad berikutnya, ketika dunia [[Islam]] semakin terbagi antara negara-negara politik yang berbeda, ketika populasi [[Muslim]] dan kota-kota tumbuh, dan ketika penguasa baru ingin meninggalkan tanda perlindungan mereka, menjadi umum untuk memiliki banyak masjid Jami di kota yang sama.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":052" /> Misalnya, [[Fustat]], pendahulu [[Kairo]] modern, didirikan pada abad ketujuh dengan hanya satu masjid Jami ([[Masjid Amru bin Ash]]).
Namun, pada abad ke-15, di bawah periode [[Mamluk]], [[Kawasan perkotaan|aglomerasi perkotaan]] Kairo dan Fustat memiliki 130 masjid Jami.<ref name=":242" /> Faktanya, kota ini menjadi sangat jenuh dengan masjid Jami sehingga pada akhir abad ke-15 para penguasanya jarang dapat membangun masjid baru.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Behrens-Abouseif|first=Doris|title=The City in the Islamic World (Volume 1)|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=9789004171688|editor-last=Jayyusi|editor-first=Salma K.|pages=295–316|chapter=The Mamluk City: From Fustat to al-Qahira}}</ref> [[Proliferasi]] serupa masjid Jami terjadi di kota-kota [[Suriah]], [[Irak]], [[Iran]], dan [[Maroko]], serta di [[Konstantinopel]] ([[Istanbul]]) yang baru ditaklukkan di bawah pemerintahan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Ottoman]].<ref name=":242" />
▲== Referensi ==
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== Pranala luar ==
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