Eksodus Palestina 1948: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''EksodusKeluaran rakyat Palestina 1948''', juga disebut sebagai '''NakbaNakbah''' ({{lang-ar|النكبة}}, "al-Nakbah", lit. "bencana" atau "malapetaka"),<ref>Stern, Yoav. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/982390.html "Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723232047/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/982390.html |date=2008-07-23 }}, "Ha'aretz." Tel Aviv, 13 May 2008; [http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html Nakba 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927050658/http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html |date=2012-09-27 }}, BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights; Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East," Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270. ISBN 978-0-8133-4047-0</ref> terjadi ketika lebih dari 700 ribu warga [[Arab]] [[Palestina]] meninggalkan tanah dan rumah mereka secara paksa maupun sukarela daripada tanah dan rumah mereka padamasa [[Perang Arab-Israel 1948]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McDowall|first=David|title=The Palestinians|year=1987|publisher=[[Minority Rights Group]] Report no 24|isbn=0-946690-42-1|author2=Claire Palley|page=10}}</ref>

Jumlah pasti para pengungsi sampai hari ini masih menjadi bahan perdebatan,<ref name="Crenshaw2010">{{cite book|editor-last=Crenshaw|editor-first=Martha|title=The Consequences of Counterterrorism|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=eqrbWrjrvDAC&pg=PA356|accessdate=25 January 2011|year=2010|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87154-073-7|page=356|last1=Pedahzur|first1=Ami|last2=Perliger|first2=Arie|chapter=The Consequences of Counterterrorist Policies in Israel }}</ref> namuntetapi diperkirakan 80 persen warga Arab di wilayah yang kelak menjadi [[Israel]] (50 persen dari seluruh warga Arab di [[Mandat Palestina]]) terusir.<ref>[[Nur-eldeen Masalha|Masalha, Nur]] (1992). "Expulsion of the Palestinians." Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.</ref><ref name="Khalidi1998">{{cite book|author=[[Rashid Khalidi]]|title=Palestinian identity: the construction of modern national consciousness|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA21|accessdate=22 January 2011|date=September 1998|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10515-6|pages=21–}} "In 1948 half of Palestine's… Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees"</ref> Istilah "''nakbanakbah''" itu sendiri juga merujuk pada periode perang itu sendiri dan kejadian-kejadian yang menimpa warga Palestina dari bulan Desember 1947 hingga Januari 1949. Latar belakang terjadinya eksoduskeluaran juga menjadidipertentangkan titik ketidaksepakatan yang mendasar antaraoleh warga Arab dan Israel. Faktor-faktor itu antara lain adalah majunyakeberhasilan laskar-laskar militer Yahudi,; penyerangan dan agresi militer terhadap desa-desa Arab dan; ketakutan akan terjadinya pembunuhan massal lain setelah [[pembunuhan massal Deir Yassin]]<ref name="Morris2004RefugeeProblemRevisited">Morris, Benny. "The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited," Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-81120-0</ref>{{rp|239–240|date=November 2012}} yang menciptakan kepanikan di antara warga sipil; perintah evakuasi atas warga Arab; perintah pengusiran dari otoritas Israel; eksoduskeluaran sukarela oleh warga kelas atas yang lebih makmur,;<ref name="Schechtman, 1952">{{cite book|title=The Arab Refugee Problem|url=https://archive.org/details/arabrefugeeprobl0000jose|publisher=Philosophical Library|author=Schechtman, Joseph|year=1952|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabrefugeeprobl0000jose/page/4 4]}}</ref> kegoyahan pucuk kepemimpinan Palestina,<ref name="3-5-1948">{{cite web |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lTwbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=K00EAAAAIBAJ&dq=arab%20flight&pg=3196%2C857594 |title=British Halt Jerusalem Battle |accessdate=17 December 2010 |publisher=UP |author=Pittsburg Press |date=May 1948 |quote=The British spokesman said that all 12 members of the [[Arab Higher Committee]] have left Palestine for neighboring Arab states… Walter Eyelan, the Jewish Agency spokesman, said the Arab leaders were victims of a "flight psychosis" which he said was sweeping Arabs throughout Palestine.}}</ref> dan ketidakrelaan untuk hidup di bawah kendali Israel.<ref name="McGhee1997">{{cite book|author=George Crews McGhee|title=On the frontline in the Cold War: an ambassador reports|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XhZfEwcukAMC&pg=PA42|accessdate=28 May 2011|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95649-3|pages=42–}}</ref>

Setelah itu, serangkaian hukum diterapkan oleh pemerintah Israel untuk mencegah warga Arab pulang ke tanah dan rumah mereka, atau mengklaim harta benda yang mereka tinggalkan. Mereka dan keturunan mereka menjadi [[pengungsi Palestina|kaum pengungsi]].<ref>Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94.</ref><ref name="UNRWA">http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87</ref> Peristiwa ini disebut-sebut oleh para sejarawan sebagai suatu tindakan [[pembersihan etnis]],<ref name="IANBLACK">{{cite news |title=Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return |author=Ian Black |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 November 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/26/palestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict }}</ref><ref name="Pappe2006">Ilan Pappé, 2006</ref>{{rp|82|date=November 2012}}<ref name=morris_shavit>Shavit, Ari. [http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris]. Logos. Winter 2004</ref> walaupun sebagian lain meragukanmenolak istilah ini.<ref name="Matas2005">{{cite book|author=David Matas|title=Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA56|accessdate=28 May 2011|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-553-8|pages=555–558}}</ref><ref name="Benvenis'tî2002">{{cite book|author=Mêrôn Benvenis'tî|title=Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC&pg=PA124|accessdate=28 May 2011|date=6 February 2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23422-2|pages=124–127}}</ref><ref>Benny Morris, "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948," "The Irish Times," 21 February 2008, [http://jeffweintraub.blogspot.com/2008/02/benny-morris-on-fact-fiction-propaganda.html reported by Jeff Weintraub] {{WebCiteWebarchive|url=httphttps://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/5j0sy4bPEweb/20190715132407/http://jeffweintraub.blogspot.com/2008/02/benny-morris-on-fact-fiction-propaganda.html |date =14 August 2009| accessdate=1 January 2012 <!2019-07-DASHBot-->15 }}</ref>

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