Gynoid: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gynoid''' adalah segala sesuatu yang menyerupai atau berkaitan dengan bentuk [[manusia]] [[perempuan]]. Hal ini juga digunakan dalam istilah medis [[bahasa Inggris Amerika]] sebagai kependekan dari istilah Gynecoid (Gynaecoid dalam bahasa Inggris).<ref name=MW1>{{cite web|title=Gynoid|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/gynoid|publisher=Merriam Webster|accessdate=26 February 2011|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060508/http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/gynoid|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Istilah gynoid telah dipakai oleh [[Gwyneth Jones (novelist)|Gwyneth Jones]] dalam novelnya tahun 1985 yang berjudul ''Divine Endurance'' untuk menggambarkan karakter budak robot di Cina masa depan, yang dinilai berdasarkan kecantikannya.<ref name=Tatsumi>{{cite book|title= Full Metal Apache: Transactions between Cyberpunk Japan and Avant-Pop America|url= https://archive.org/details/fullmetalapachet0000tats|last= Tatsumi|first= Takayuki|authorlink=|page=[https://archive.org/details/fullmetalapachet0000tats/page/213 213], Notes|year= 2006|publisher= Duke University Press|location= Durham NC|isbn=0822337746}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Actroid-DER 01.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Sebuah [[Actroid]] pada [[Expo 2005]] di [[Prefektur Aichi|Aichi]]]]

Perempuan buatan telah menjadi kiasan umum dalam fiksi dan mitolog sejak tulisan-tulisan [[Yunani kuno]]. Hal ini berlanjut dengan fiksi moderenmodern, terutama dalam genre fiksi ilmiah. Dalam fiksi ilmiah, robot yang terlihat seperti perempuan sering diproduksi untuk digunakan sebagai pelayan lokal, budak seksual, seperti terlihat dalam film ''[[Westworld]]'', novel [[Paul McAuley]] ''Fairyland'' (1995), dan cerita pendek [[Lester del Rey]] berjudul "[[Helen O'Loy]]" (1938),<ref name=technophob77>{{cite book|title= Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology|url= https://archive.org/details/technophobiascie00dine|last= Dinello|first= Daniel|authorlink=|coauthors=|year= 2005|publisher= University of Texas Press|page= [https://archive.org/details/technophobiascie00dine/page/77 77]|isbn=9780292709867}}</ref>, dan kadang sebagai pejuang, pembunuh, atau pekerja.

[[Berkas:Falconet - Pygmalion & Galatee (1763)-black bg.jpg|thumbjmpl|uprightlurus|[[Étienne Maurice Falconet]]: ''Pygmalion et Galatée'' (1763). Meskipun bukan robot, asal mula [[Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]] yang anorganik menyebabkan perbandingan dengan gynoid]]

Sebuah tradisi panjang dalam kisah fiksi, bahwa pria mencoba menciptakan stereoti wanita ideal, dan gynoid fiksi telah dilihat sebagai perpanjangan dari tema ini.<ref name=melzer202>{{cite book|first = Patricia|last = Melzer|title = Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought|url = https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|year = 2006|isbn = 9780292713079|page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/202 202]}}</ref> Contohnya termasuk [[Hephaestus]] dalam kisah [[Iliad]] yang menciptakan pelayan wanita dari logam dan [[Ilmarinen]] dalam [[Kalevala]] yang menciptakan istri buatan. Barangkali yang paling terkenal adalah [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]], salah satu konseptualisasi paling awal dari konstruksi mirip dengan gynoid dalam sejarah sastra, dari karya [[Ovid]] tentang Pygmalion.<ref name=melzer202/> Dalam mitologi ini patung wanita dipahat dengan begitu cantiknya sehingga sang pemahat jatuh cinta kepadanya, dan setelah memohon kepada [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], sang dewi berbelas kasihan dan mengubah patung itu menjadi wanita nyata dengan siapa Pygmalion mendapatkan anak-anak.

Such gynoids are designed according to patriarchal stereotypes of a perfect women, being "sexy, dumb, and obedient", and reflect the emotional frustration of their creators.<ref name=technophob77/> Fictional gynoids are often unique products made to fit a particular man's desire, as seen in the novel ''[[The Future Eve|Tomorrow's Eve]]'' and films ''[[The Benumbed Woman]]'', ''[[The Stepford Wives]]'', ''[[Mannequin (1987 film)|Mannequin]]'' and ''[[Weird Science (film)|Weird Science]]'',<ref name=desirbody230>{{cite book |title= The desirable body: cultural fetishism and the erotics of consumption|last= Stratton|first=Jon |year= 2001|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=US |isbn=9780252069512 | page = 230}}</ref> and the creators are often male "[[mad scientists]]" such as the characters [[Rotwang]] in ''Metropolis'', Tyrell in ''Blade Runner'', and the husbands in ''The Stepford Wives''.<ref name=technophob78>{{cite book |title= Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology|url= https://archive.org/details/technophobiascie00dine|last= Dinello|first= Daniel |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2005|publisher= University of Texas Press|page= [https://archive.org/details/technophobiascie00dine/page/78 78]|isbn=9780292709867}}</ref> Gynoids have been described as the "ultimate geek fantasy: a metal-and-plastic woman of your own".<ref name=popscibots>{{cite web | url = http://www.popsci.com/cars/article/2008-12/return-bodacious-bots | title = Return of the Bodacious 'Bots | first = Julia | last = Wallace | date = 16 December 2008 | work = [[Popular Science]]}}</ref>

[[Film kultus]] fiksi ilmiah 1987 ''[[Cherry 2000]]'' juga menggambarkan karakter gynoid yang dideskripsikan oleh peran protagonis pria sebagai "pasangan sempurna"nya.

Fiction about gynoids or female cyborgs reinforce essentialist ideas of femininity, according to Magret Grebowicz.<ref>{{cite book |title= SciFi in the mind's eye: reading science through science fiction|last= Grebowicz|first= Margret |authorlink= |coauthors= L. Timmel Duchamp, Nicola Griffith, Terry Bisson|year=2007 |publisher= Open Court|page=xviii |isbn=9780812696301}}</ref> Such essentialist ideas may present as sexual or gender stereotypes. Among the few non-eroticized fictional gynoids include [[Rosie the Robot Maid]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} from ''[[The Jetsons]]''. However, she still has some stereotypically feminine qualities, such as a matronly shape and a predisposition to cry.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Social Psychology of Gender: How Power and Intimacy Shape Gender Relations|url= https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000rudm|last= Rudman|first= Laurie A.|authorlink= |coauthors= Peter Glick, Susan T. Fiske|year=2008 |publisher= Guilford Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology0000rudm/page/178 178] |isbn=9781593858254}}</ref>

Some argue that gynoids have often been portrayed as sexual objects. Female cyborgs have been similarly used in fiction, in which natural bodies are modified to become objects of fantasy.<ref name=melzer202/> The female robot in visual media has been described as "the most visible linkage of technology and sex" by Steven Heller.<ref>{{cite book |title= Sex appeal: the art of allure in graphic and advertising design|url= https://archive.org/details/sexappealartofal0000unse|last= Heller|first= Steven |authorlink= |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexappealartofal0000unse/page/155 155] |year= 2000|publisher= Allworth Press|location= |isbn=9781581150483}}</ref>

Feminist critic Patricia Melzer writes in ''Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought'' that gynoids in Richard Calder's ''Dead Girls'' are inextricably linked to men's lust, and are mainly designed as sex-objects, having no use beyond "pleasing men's violent sexual desires".<ref>{{cite book | first = Patricia | last = Melzer | title = Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought | url = https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz | publisher = [[University of Texas Press]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780292713079 | page = [https://archive.org/details/alienconstructio00melz/page/204 204]}}</ref>

Sex with gynoids has been compared to necrophilia.<ref>{{cite book |title= The body's perilous pleasures: dangerous desires and contemporary culture|url= https://archive.org/details/bodysperilousple0000unse|last= Michele |first= Aaron|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1999|publisher= Edinburgh University Press|pages=108–124[https://archive.org/details/bodysperilousple0000unse/page/108 108]–124 |isbn=9780748609611}}</ref> Sexual interest in gynoids and fembots has been attributed to fetishisation of technology, and compared to Sadomasochism in that it reorganizes the social risk of sex. The depiction of female robots minimizes the threat felt by men from female sexuality and allow the "erasure of any social interference in the spectator's erotic enjoyment of the image".<ref name=Foster103>{{cite book |title= The souls of cyberfolk: posthumanism as vernacular theory|last= Foster|first=Thomas |year= 2005|publisher= U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816634064 | page = 103 | quote = Gynoids are frames that enable us to desire differently, by accommodating libidinal investments in male lack.}}</ref> Gynoid fantasies are produced and collected by online communities centered around chat rooms and web-site galleries.<ref>{{cite book |title= The souls of cyberfolk: posthumanism as vernacular theory|last= Foster|first=Thomas |year= 2005|publisher= U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816634064 | page = 103}}</ref>

Isaac Asimov writes that his robots were generally sexually neutral and that giving the majority masculine names was not an attempt to comment on gender. He first wrote about female-appearing robots at the request of editor [[Judy-Lynn del Rey]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Bicentennial man and other stories|url= https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim|last= Asimov|first= |authorlink= |page=[https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim/page/5 5] |year= 1976|publisher= Doubleday|location= |isbn=9780385121989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= I. Asimov: a memoir|url= https://archive.org/details/iasimovmemoir00asim_0|last= Asimov|first= Isaac |authorlink= |page=[https://archive.org/details/iasimovmemoir00asim_0/page/320 320] |year= 1994|publisher= Doubleday|location= |isbn=9780385417013}}</ref> Asimov's short story "Feminine Intuition" (1969) is an early example that showed gynoids as being as capable and versatile as male robots, with no sexual connotations.<ref>{{cite book |title= Gold: the final science fiction collection|url= https://archive.org/details/goldfinalscience00asim|last= Asimov|first= Isaac |authorlink= |page=[https://archive.org/details/goldfinalscience00asim/page/172 172] |year= 1995|publisher= HarperPrism|location= |isbn=9780061052064}}</ref> Early models in "Feminine Intuition" were "female caricatures", used to highlight their human creators' reactions to the idea of female robots. Later models lost obviously feminine features, but retained "an air of femininity".<ref>{{cite book |title= The Bicentennial man and other stories|url= https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim|last= Asimov|first= |authorlink= |page=[https://archive.org/details/bicentennialmano00asim/page/15 15] |year= 1976|publisher= Doubleday|location= |isbn=9780385121989}}</ref>

* {{cite book|last = Jordanova|first = Ludmilla|authorlink = Ludmilla Jordanova|year = 1989|title = Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries|url = https://archive.org/details/sexualvisionsima00jord|location = Madison, Wis.|publisher = University of Wisconsin Press|isbn = 0-299-12290-5}}