Galaksi Andromeda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox galaxy
| name = Galaksi Andromeda
|image=[[Berkas:
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|d|r|ɒ|m|ᵻ|d|ə}}
Baris 48 ⟶ 47:
| names = [[Objek Messier|M]]31, [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 224, UGC 454, PGC 2557, [[Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources|2C]] 56 (Core),<ref name="ned" /> CGCG 535-17, MCG +07-02-016, IRAS 00400+4059, 2MASX J00424433+4116074, GC 116, h 50, Bode 3, Flamsteed 58, Hevelius 32, Ha 3.3, IRC +40013
}}
'''Galaksi Andromeda''' (nama lain
Strukturnya mirip dengan galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu berbentuk [[spiral]]. Jaraknya sekitar 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]]. Letaknya di langit adalah di belahan langit [[utara]], sekitar 41 derajat di sebelah utara khatulistiwa langit. Galaksi ini dapat diamati di bulan [[September]], [[Oktober]], dan [[November]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way|title=Andromeda galaxy, closest large spiral {{!}} EarthSky.org|website=earthsky.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-02|archive-date=2023-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725110709/https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Dengan mata telanjang, galaksi ini tampak seperti [[kabut]] tipis kecil di langit utara. Namun, jika diamati dengan [[teropong]] yang dapat menampakkan bintang-bintang redup di tepian galaksi Andromeda, ukurannya bisa lebih dari 7 kali diameter sudut bulan. Galaksi ini berisi sekitar 1 triliun [[bintang]] dan bergerak mendekati Bima Sakti dengan kecepatan sekitar 300 km/detik.
== Struktur ==
Morfologi galaksi Andromeda diklasifikasikan sebagai SA(s)b dalam [[Klasifikasi morfologi galaksi#Sistem klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs|Klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs]].<ref name="ned">{{Cite web|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0|title=Your NED Search Results|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2018-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809115121/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, pada tahun 2007, data terbaru dari [[2MASS]] menunjukkan bahwa morfologi galaksi Andromeda sebenarnya adalah [[Galaksi spiral|galaksi spiral berbatang]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beaton|first=Rachael L.|last2=Majewski|first2=Steven R.|last3=Guhathakurta|first3=Puragra|last4=Skrutskie|first4=Michael F.|last5=Cutri|first5=Roc M.|last6=Good|first6=John|last7=Patterson|first7=Richard J.|last8=Athanassoula|first8=E.|last9=Bureau|first9=Martin|date=2007-04|title=Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract|journal=ApJL|language=en|volume=658|issue=2|pages=L91–L94|doi=10.1086/514333|issn=0004-637X|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2022-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024752/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Tahun 1998, [[ESA]] mengumumkan bahwa Andromeda memiliki beberapa struktur cincin bersamaan dengan struktur spiralnya. Struktur ini tidak bisa terlihat dengan mudah karena materinya tertutupi dan terdiri dari debu yang dingin sehingga dibutuhkan [[teleskop]] [[Inframerah]] untuk melihatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12748-iso-unveils-the-hidden-rings-of-andromeda|title=ESA Science & Technology - ISO unveils the hidden rings of Andromeda|website=sci.esa.int|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> ▼
▲Tahun 1998, [[
Studi selanjutnya memperlihatkan bagaimana struktur spiralnya memanjang dari [[Pusat Galaksi|inti galaksi]] melampaui cincin-cincin tadi, namun strukturnya tidak berkelanjutan dan tersegmentasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=K. D.|last2=Bailin|first2=J.|last3=Engelbracht|first3=C. W.|last4=Rieke|first4=G. H.|last5=Misselt|first5=K. A.|last6=Latter|first6=W. B.|last7=Young|first7=E. T.|last8=Ashby|first8=M. L. N.|last9=Barmby|first9=P.|date=2006-02-03|title=Spitzer MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral-Ring Composite Structure|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501046/meta|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|language=en|volume=638|issue=2|pages=L87|doi=10.1086/501046|issn=1538-4357}}</ref>▼
▲
Kebanyakan para astronom berpikir kalau galaksi Andromeda dengan [[Galaksi Bima Sakti|Galaksi Bimasakti]] agak berbeda selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Hingga pada tahun 2005, sekelompok astronom menggunakan [[Observatorium Keck]] untuk meneliti halo bintangnya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa [[metalisitas]] halo bintang Andromeda sangatlah miskin.[[Berkas:Three Faces of Andromeda.jpg|jmpl|331x331px|Pada tahun 2004, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Spitzer]] mengungkapkan struktur Andromeda yang menakjubkan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut dari apa yang diisyaratkan dari penampakannya]]Hal ini cukup mengejutkan, karena selama ini perbedaan antara mereka dianggap terletak di metalisitas halo bintangnya. Ini artinya jika mereka sama-sama miskin metalisitas, maka setidaknya mereka pernah berevolusi sama-sama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=
== Inti ==
[[Berkas:M31
Andromeda memiliki inti yang sangat kompak dan padat sehingga sulit untuk diketahui strukturnya dari [[bumi]]. Pada bulan Juni 1991, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble|Teleskop Hubble]] diarahkan untuk meneliti inti Andromeda.
Konsentrasi yang terang dinamai P1, sementara konsentrasi yang redup dinamai P2. Konsentrasi P2 jatuh di pusat sebenarnya galaksi ini, dan memiliki lubang hitam yang memiliki massa kurang lebih 1–5 × 10<sup>7</sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lauer|first=T. R.|last2=Faber|first2=S. M.|last3=Groth|first3=E. J.|last4=Shaya|first4=E. J.|last5=Campbell|first5=B.|last6=Code|first6=A.|last7=Currie|first7=D. G.|last8=Baum|first8=W. A.|last9=Ewald|first9=S. P.|date=1993-10|title=Planetary Camera Observations of the Double Nucleus of M31|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract|journal=AJ|language=en|volume=106|pages=1436|doi=10.1086/116737|issn=0004-6256|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716040326/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Awal penjelasan penyebab P1 lebih terang adalah galaksi kecil yang 'dimakan' oleh galaksi Andromeda dan inti yang sebenarnya satu yang tertutupi debu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815062838/http://www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu138-2.htm|title=Physics News Update Number 138 - THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY HAS A DOUBLE NUCLEUS|date=2009-08-15|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref> Penjelasan ini sudah tidak layak karena konsentrasi ini akan memiliki jangka waktu hidup pendek karena gangguan lubang hitam P2.▼
▲Awal penjelasan penyebab P1 lebih terang adalah sisa-sisa dari galaksi kecil yang 'dimakan' oleh galaksi Andromeda
== Dugaan planet ekstrasurya ==▼
'''PA-99-N2''' adalah sebuah peristiwa [[Lensa gravitasi|mikrolensa gravitasi]] yang terjadi di galaksi Andromeda pada tahun 1999. Salah satu penjelasannya adalah sebuah bintang (yang memiliki massa setengah dari [[matahari]]) melensakan sebuah [[raksasa merah]]. Peristiwa ini membuat bintang raksasa merahnya kemungkinan memiliki sebuah planet mirip [[Jupiter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/pa-99-n2_b/|title=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — PA-99-N2 b|website=exoplanet.eu|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref> Jika ini terkonfirmasi, maka planetnya akan menjadi planet pertama yang ditemukan di luar [[Galaksi Bimasakti]]. Namun, studi selanjutnya menunjukkan terdapat anomali pada peristiwa ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=An|first=Jin H.|last2=Evans|first2=N. W.|last3=Kerins|first3=E.|last4=Baillon|first4=P.|last5=Calchi Novati|first5=S.|last6=Carr|first6=B. J.|last7=Creze|first7=M.|last8=Giraud‐Heraud|first8=Y.|last9=Gould|first9=A.|date=2004-02|title=The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA‐99‐N2|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/380820|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=601|issue=2|pages=845–857|doi=10.1086/380820|issn=0004-637X}}</ref>▼
Meskipun masalah ini terselesaikan separuhnya bila P1 ini memiliki lubang hitam sendiri yang menstabilkan dirinya, tetapi distribusi pergerakan bintangnya menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi [[lubang hitam]] di P1.{{Infobox astronomical event|epoch=[[J2000]]|constellation=[[Andromeda]]|distance=2.2 juta [[tahun cahaya]]|name=PA-99-N2|image=|names=|redshift=|start_time=1999|event_type=[[lensa gravitasi|mikrolensa gravitasi]]|commons=|dec=+41° 28′ 44.6″|fetchwikidata=|ra=00j 44m 20.89d}}
'''PA-99-N2''' adalah sebuah peristiwa [[Lensa gravitasi|mikrolensa gravitasi]] yang terjadi di galaksi Andromeda pada tahun 1999. Salah satu penjelasannya adalah sebuah bintang (yang memiliki massa setengah dari [[matahari]]) melensakan sebuah [[raksasa merah]].
▲
== Referensi ==
{{reflist
<ref name="Karachentsevetal2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Karachentsev | first1 = Igor D. | last2 = Kashibadze | first2 = Olga G. | date = 2006 | title = Masses of the Local Group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field | journal = [[Astrophysics (journal)|Astrophysics]] | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–18 | bibcode = 2006Ap.....49....3K | doi = 10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 | s2cid = 120973010}}</ref>
<ref name="McConnachieetal2005">{{cite journal | last1 = McConnachie | first1 = Alan W. | last2 = Irwin | first2 = Michael J. | last3 = Ferguson | first3 = Annette M. N. | display-authors=3 | last4 = Ibata | first4 = Rodrigo A. | last5 = Lewis | first5 = Geraint F. | last6 = Tanvir | first6 = Nial R. | date = 2005 | title = Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 356 | issue = 4 | pages = 979–997 | bibcode = 2005MNRAS.356..979M | arxiv = astro-ph/0410489 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x}}</ref>
<ref name="SIMBAD-M31">{{cite web | title = M 31 | url = http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m31 | access-date = 30 September 2018 | archive-date = 2014-05-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140519223154/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M31 | dead-url = no }}</ref>
<ref name="GAXEL">{{cite journal | date = 2007 | title = The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12_173_2/page/185 | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume = 173 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–255 | arxiv = astro-ph/0606440 | bibcode = 2007ApJS..173..185G | doi = 10.1086/516636 | last1 = Gil de Paz | first1 = Armando | last2 = Boissier | first2 = Samuel | last3 = Madore | first3 = Barry F. | display-authors=3 | last4 = Seibert | first4 = Mark | last5 = Joe | first5 = Young H. | last6 = Boselli | first6 = Alessandro | last7 = Wyder | first7 = Ted K. | last8=Thilker |first8=David A. | last9=Bianchi |first9=Luciana | last10 = Rey | first10 = Soo‐Chang | last11 = Rich | first11 = Robert Michael | last12 = Barlow | first12 = Tom A. | last13 = Conrow | first13 = Tim | last14 = Forster | first14 = Karl | last15 = Friedman | first15 = Peter G. | last16 = Martin | first16 = D. Christopher | last17 = Morrissey | first17 = Patrick | last18 = Neff | first18 = Susan G. | last19 = Schiminovich | first19 = David | last20 = Small | first20 = Todd | last21 = Donas | first21 = Jose | last22 = Heckman | first22 = Timothy M. | last23 = Lee | first23 = Young‐Wook | last24 = Milliard | first24 = Bruno | last25 = Szalay | first25 = Alex S. | last26 = Yi | first26 = Sukyoung | s2cid = 119085482}}</ref>
<ref name="Ribas2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Ribas | first1 = Ignasi | last2 = Jordi | first2 = Carme | last3 = Vilardell | first3 = Francesc | display-authors=3 | last4 = Fitzpatrick | first4 = Edward L. | last5 = Hilditch | first5 = Ron W. | last6 = Guinan | first6 = Edward F. | date = 2005 | title = First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] | volume = 635 | issue = 1 | pages = L37–L40 | bibcode = 2005ApJ...635L..37R | arxiv = astro-ph/0511045 | doi = 10.1086/499161 | s2cid = 119522151}}</ref>
<ref name="Chapman et al 2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | first1 = Scott C. | last2 = Ibata | first2 = Rodrigo A. | last3 = Lewis | first3 = Geraint F. | display-authors=3 | last4 = Ferguson | first4 = Annette M. N. | last5 = Irwin | first5 = Michael J. | last6 = McConnachie | first6 = Alan W. | last7 = Tanvir | first7 = Nial R. | date = 2006 | title = A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31 | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume = 653 | issue = 1 | pages = 255–266 | arxiv = astro-ph/0602604 | doi = 10.1086/508599 | bibcode = 2006ApJ...653..255C | s2cid = 14774482}} Also see the press release, {{cite press release | publisher = [[Caltech|Caltech Media Relations]] | date = 27 February 2006 | title = Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way | url = http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html | access-date = 24 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html | archive-date = 9 May 2006 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2020-03-17 |archive-date=2006-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
<ref name="trillion-stars">{{cite magazine | last = Young | first = Kelly | date = 6 June 2006 | title = The Andromeda Galaxy hosts a trillion stars | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html | magazine = [[New Scientist]] | access-date = 6 October 2014}}</ref>
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 StarDate: M31 Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021459/http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 |date=2011-07-22 }}
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 Simbad data on M31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206111400/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 |date=2000-12-06 }}
* [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html Messier 31, SEDS Messier pages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205045436/http://seds.org/messier/m/m031.html |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [[Astronomy Picture of the Day]]
** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html A Giant Globular Cluster in M31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105113/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html |date=2004-12-04 }} 1998 October 17.
** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html M31: The Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303012350/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html |date=2005-03-03 }} 2004 July 18.
** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228024604/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html |date=2005-12-28 }} 2005 December 22.
** [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114015405/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html |date=2010-01-14 }} 2010 January 9.
** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html WISE Infrared Andromeda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222201457/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html |date=2010-02-22 }} 2010 February 19
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html Andromeda Galaxy at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, & Spaceflight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115160115/http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html |date=2010-11-15 }}
* [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy M31, the Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229012601/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy/ |date=2010-12-29 }} at NightSkyInfo.com
* {{cite news
|last = Than
Baris 97 ⟶ 108:
|publisher = Space.com
|url = http://space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html
|access-date = 2014-06-20
▲ }}
|archive-date = 2010-08-08
* [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses▼
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808175402/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html
|dead-url = no
}}
▲* [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731011456/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ |date=2010-07-31 }} Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses
* [http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html M31 (Apparent) Novae Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204305/http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html |date=2011-07-19 }} (IAU)
* {{WikiSky|messier 31}}
{{Galaksi Andromeda}}
{{Obyek Messier}}
{{galaksi}}
{{Sky|00|42.44|30|+|41|16|10|2360000}}
[[Kategori:Rasi bintang Andromeda]]
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