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Baris 49: '''Galaksi Andromeda''' (nama lain, '''Messier 31''' dan '''NGC 224''') adalah sebuah [[galaksi spiral]] yang berjarak kira-kira 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]] dari bumi. Galaksi ini merupakan salah satu [[galaksi]] di luar galaksi [[Bima Sakti]] yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang pada malam yang cerah, tanpa [[bulan]], dan tanpa polusi [[cahaya]]. Strukturnya mirip dengan galaksi Bima Sakti yaitu berbentuk [[spiral]]. Jaraknya sekitar 2,5 juta [[tahun cahaya]]. Letaknya di langit adalah di belahan langit [[utara]], sekitar 41 derajat di sebelah utara khatulistiwa langit. Galaksi ini dapat diamati di bulan [[September]], [[Oktober]], dan [[November]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way\|title=Andromeda galaxy, closest large spiral {{!}} EarthSky.org\|website=earthsky.org\|language=en-US\|access-date=2020-08-02\|archive-date=2023-07-25\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725110709/https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dengan mata telanjang, galaksi ini tampak seperti [[kabut]] tipis kecil di langit utara. Namun, jika diamati dengan [[teropong]] yang dapat menampakkan bintang-bintang redup di tepian galaksi Andromeda, ukurannya bisa lebih dari 7 kali diameter sudut bulan. Galaksi ini berisi sekitar 1 triliun [[bintang]] dan bergerak mendekati Bima Sakti dengan kecepatan sekitar 300 km/detik. == Struktur == Morfologi galaksi Andromeda diklasifikasikan sebagai SA(s)b dalam [[Klasifikasi morfologi galaksi#Sistem klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs\|Klasifikasi De Vaucouleurs]].<ref name="ned">{{Cite web\|url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0\|title=Your NED Search Results\|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2018-08-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809115121/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#BasicData_0\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, pada tahun 2007, data terbaru dari [[2MASS]] menunjukkan bahwa morfologi galaksi Andromeda sebenarnya adalah [[Galaksi spiral\|galaksi spiral berbatang]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Beaton\|first=Rachael L.\|last2=Majewski\|first2=Steven R.\|last3=Guhathakurta\|first3=Puragra\|last4=Skrutskie\|first4=Michael F.\|last5=Cutri\|first5=Roc M.\|last6=Good\|first6=John\|last7=Patterson\|first7=Richard J.\|last8=Athanassoula\|first8=E.\|last9=Bureau\|first9=Martin\|date=2007-04\|title=Unveiling the Boxy Bulge and Bar of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy\|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract\|journal=ApJL\|language=en\|volume=658\|issue=2\|pages=L91–L94\|doi=10.1086/514333\|issn=0004-637X\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2022-11-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123024752/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...658L..91B/abstract\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Tahun 1998, [[European Space Agency\|Badan Luar Angkasa Eropa]] mengumumkan bahwa Andromeda memiliki struktur cincin bersamaan dengan struktur spiralnya. Struktur ini tidak bisa terlihat dengan mudah karena terdiri dari debu yang dingin sehingga dibutuhkan [[teleskop]] [[Inframerah]] untuk melihatnya.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12748-iso-unveils-the-hidden-rings-of-andromeda\|title=ESA Science & Technology - ISO unveils the hidden rings of Andromeda\|website=sci.esa.int\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2023-03-31\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103712/https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12748-iso-unveils-the-hidden-rings-of-andromeda\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Selanjutnya, sebuah studi lain memperlihatkan bagaimana struktur spiralnya memanjang dari [[Pusat Galaksi\|inti galaksi]] melampaui cincin-cincin tadi, namun strukturnya tidak berkelanjutan dan tersegmentasi.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Gordon\|first=K. D.\|last2=Bailin\|first2=J.\|last3=Engelbracht\|first3=C. W.\|last4=Rieke\|first4=G. H.\|last5=Misselt\|first5=K. A.\|last6=Latter\|first6=W. B.\|last7=Young\|first7=E. T.\|last8=Ashby\|first8=M. L. N.\|last9=Barmby\|first9=P.\|date=2006-02-03\|title=Spitzer MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral-Ring Composite Structure\|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501046/meta\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters\|language=en\|volume=638\|issue=2\|pages=L87\|doi=10.1086/501046\|issn=1538-4357\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2022-03-08\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308192504/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/501046/meta\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kebanyakan para astronom berpikir kalau galaksi Andromeda dengan [[Galaksi Bima Sakti\|Galaksi Bimasakti]] agak berbeda selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Hingga pada tahun 2005, sekelompok astronom menggunakan [[Observatorium Keck]] untuk meneliti halo bintangnya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa [[metalisitas]] halo bintang Andromeda sangatlah miskin.[[Berkas:Three Faces of Andromeda.jpg\|jmpl\|331x331px\|Pada tahun 2004, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Spitzer]] mengungkapkan struktur Andromeda yang menakjubkan untuk meneliti lebih lanjut dari apa yang diisyaratkan dari penampakannya]]Hal ini cukup mengejutkan, karena selama ini perbedaan antara mereka dianggap terletak di metalisitas halo bintangnya. Ini artinya jika mereka sama-sama miskin metalisitas, maka setidaknya mereka pernah berevolusi sama-sama.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/~~http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html\|title=Caltech Press Release, 2/27/2006, Dr. Scott Chapman\|date=2006-05-09\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-03-16\|archive-date=2006-05-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> == Inti == Baris 66: Andromeda memiliki inti yang sangat kompak dan padat sehingga sulit untuk diketahui strukturnya dari [[bumi]]. Pada bulan Juni 1991, [[Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble\|Teleskop Hubble]] diarahkan untuk meneliti inti Andromeda. Hasil observasi tersebut menunjukkan terdapat dua konsentrasi pada intinya yang terpisah sejauh 0.49" (4.9 [[tahun cahaya]]). Konsentrasi yang terang dinamai P1, sementara konsentrasi yang redup dinamai P2. Konsentrasi P2 jatuh di pusat sebenarnya galaksi ini, dan memiliki lubang hitam yang memiliki massa kurang lebih 1–5 × 10<sup>7</sup> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lauer\|first=T. R.\|last2=Faber\|first2=S. M.\|last3=Groth\|first3=E. J.\|last4=Shaya\|first4=E. J.\|last5=Campbell\|first5=B.\|last6=Code\|first6=A.\|last7=Currie\|first7=D. G.\|last8=Baum\|first8=W. A.\|last9=Ewald\|first9=S. P.\|date=1993-10\|title=Planetary Camera Observations of the Double Nucleus of M31\|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract\|journal=AJ\|language=en\|volume=106\|pages=1436\|doi=10.1086/116737\|issn=0004-6256\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2023-07-16\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716040326/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AJ....106.1436L/abstract\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Awal penjelasan penyebab P1 lebih terang adalah sisa-sisa dari galaksi kecil yang 'dimakan' oleh galaksi Andromeda (kemudian muncul penjelasan inti yang sebenarnya satu yang tertutupi debu).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20090815062838/~~http://www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu138-2.htm\|title=Physics News Update Number 138 - THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY HAS A DOUBLE NUCLEUS\|date=2009-08-15\|website=web.archive.org\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2009-08-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815062838/http://www.aip.org/pnu/1993/split/pnu138-2.htm\|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Tapi penjelasan ini tidak lagi kuat karena konsentrasi ini akan memiliki paruh hidup yang pendek sebagai akibat dari gangguan pasang surut [[lubang hitam]]. Meskipun masalah ini terselesaikan separuhnya bila P1 ini memiliki lubang hitam sendiri yang menstabilkan dirinya, tetapi distribusi pergerakan bintangnya menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi [[lubang hitam]] di P1.{{Infobox astronomical event\|epoch=[[J2000]]\|constellation=[[Andromeda]]\|distance=2.2 juta [[tahun cahaya]]\|name=PA-99-N2\|image=\|names=\|redshift=\|start_time=1999\|event_type=[[lensa gravitasi\|mikrolensa gravitasi]]\|commons=\|dec=+41° 28′ 44.6″\|fetchwikidata=\|ra=00j 44m 20.89d}} == Dugaan eksoplanet == '''PA-99-N2''' adalah sebuah peristiwa [[Lensa gravitasi\|mikrolensa gravitasi]] yang terjadi di galaksi Andromeda pada tahun 1999. Salah satu penjelasannya adalah sebuah bintang (yang memiliki massa setengah dari [[matahari]]) melensakan sebuah [[raksasa merah]]. Peristiwa ini mengungkapkan adanya sebuah planet mirip [[Jupiter]] pada raksasa merah tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/pa-99-n2_b/\|title=The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — PA-99-N2 b\|website=exoplanet.eu\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2021-01-24\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124062722/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/pa-99-n2_b/\|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jika ini terkonfirmasi, maka planetnya akan menjadi planet pertama yang ditemukan di luar [[Galaksi Bimasakti]]. Namun, studi selanjutnya menunjukkan terdapat anomali pada peristiwa ini.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=An\|first=Jin H.\|last2=Evans\|first2=N. W.\|last3=Kerins\|first3=E.\|last4=Baillon\|first4=P.\|last5=Calchi Novati\|first5=S.\|last6=Carr\|first6=B. J.\|last7=Creze\|first7=M.\|last8=Giraud‐Heraud\|first8=Y.\|last9=Gould\|first9=A.\|date=2004-02\|title=The Anomaly in the Candidate Microlensing Event PA‐99‐N2\|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/380820\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal\|language=en\|volume=601\|issue=2\|pages=845–857\|doi=10.1086/380820\|issn=0004-637X\|access-date=2020-03-17\|archive-date=2023-02-10\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131909/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/380820\|dead-url=no}}</ref> == Referensi == Baris 81: <ref name="Karachentsevetal2006">{{cite journal \| last1 = Karachentsev \| first1 = Igor D. \| last2 = Kashibadze \| first2 = Olga G. \| date = 2006 \| title = Masses of the Local Group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field \| journal = [[Astrophysics (journal)\|Astrophysics]] \| volume = 49 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 3–18 \| bibcode = 2006Ap.....49....3K \| doi = 10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 \| s2cid = 120973010}}</ref> <ref name="McConnachieetal2005">{{cite journal \| last1 = McConnachie \| first1 = Alan W. \| last2 = Irwin \| first2 = Michael J. \| last3 = Ferguson \| first3 = Annette M. N. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Ibata \| first4 = Rodrigo A. \| last5 = Lewis \| first5 = Geraint F. \| last6 = Tanvir \| first6 = Nial R. \| date = 2005 \| title = Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies \| journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] \| volume = 356 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 979–997 \| bibcode = 2005MNRAS.356..979M \| arxiv = astro-ph/0410489 \| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x}}</ref> <ref name="SIMBAD-M31">{{cite web \| title = M 31 \| url = http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=m31 \| access-date = 30 September 2018 \| archive-date = 2014-05-19 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140519223154/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=M31 \| dead-url = no }}</ref> <ref name="GAXEL">{{cite journal \| date = 2007 \| title = The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies \| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-12_173_2/page/185 \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] \| volume = 173 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 185–255 \| arxiv = astro-ph/0606440 \| bibcode = 2007ApJS..173..185G \| doi = 10.1086/516636 \| last1 = Gil de Paz \| first1 = Armando \| last2 = Boissier \| first2 = Samuel \| last3 = Madore \| first3 = Barry F. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Seibert \| first4 = Mark \| last5 = Joe \| first5 = Young H. \| last6 = Boselli \| first6 = Alessandro \| last7 = Wyder \| first7 = Ted K. \| last8=Thilker \|first8=David A. \| last9=Bianchi \|first9=Luciana \| last10 = Rey \| first10 = Soo‐Chang \| last11 = Rich \| first11 = Robert Michael \| last12 = Barlow \| first12 = Tom A. \| last13 = Conrow \| first13 = Tim \| last14 = Forster \| first14 = Karl \| last15 = Friedman \| first15 = Peter G. \| last16 = Martin \| first16 = D. Christopher \| last17 = Morrissey \| first17 = Patrick \| last18 = Neff \| first18 = Susan G. \| last19 = Schiminovich \| first19 = David \| last20 = Small \| first20 = Todd \| last21 = Donas \| first21 = Jose \| last22 = Heckman \| first22 = Timothy M. \| last23 = Lee \| first23 = Young‐Wook \| last24 = Milliard \| first24 = Bruno \| last25 = Szalay \| first25 = Alex S. \| last26 = Yi \| first26 = Sukyoung \| s2cid = 119085482}}</ref> <ref name="Ribas2005">{{cite journal \| last1 = Ribas \| first1 = Ignasi \| last2 = Jordi \| first2 = Carme \| last3 = Vilardell \| first3 = Francesc \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Fitzpatrick \| first4 = Edward L. \| last5 = Hilditch \| first5 = Ron W. \| last6 = Guinan \| first6 = Edward F. \| date = 2005 \| title = First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal Letters]] \| volume = 635 \| issue = 1 \| pages = L37–L40 \| bibcode = 2005ApJ...635L..37R \| arxiv = astro-ph/0511045 \| doi = 10.1086/499161 \| s2cid = 119522151}}</ref> <ref name="Chapman et al 2006">{{cite journal \| last1 = Chapman \| first1 = Scott C. \| last2 = Ibata \| first2 = Rodrigo A. \| last3 = Lewis \| first3 = Geraint F. \| display-authors=3 \| last4 = Ferguson \| first4 = Annette M. N. \| last5 = Irwin \| first5 = Michael J. \| last6 = McConnachie \| first6 = Alan W. \| last7 = Tanvir \| first7 = Nial R. \| date = 2006 \| title = A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31 \| journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] \| volume = 653 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 255–266 \| arxiv = astro-ph/0602604 \| doi = 10.1086/508599 \| bibcode = 2006ApJ...653..255C \| s2cid = 14774482}} Also see the press release, {{cite press release \| publisher = [[Caltech\|Caltech Media Relations]] \| date = 27 February 2006 \| title = Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way \| url = http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \| access-date = 24 May 2006 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \| archive-date = 9 May 2006 \| url-status = dead \| df = dmy-all }} {{~~Webarchive~~Cite web \|url=http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \|title=Salinan arsip \|access-date=2020-03-17 \|archive-date=2006-05-09 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html \|~~date=2006~~dead-~~05-09~~url=unfit }}</ref> <ref name="trillion-stars">{{cite magazine \| last = Young \| first = Kelly \| date = 6 June 2006 \| title = The Andromeda Galaxy hosts a trillion stars \| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html \| magazine = [[New Scientist]] \| access-date = 6 October 2014}}</ref> }} Baris 91: * [http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 StarDate: M31 Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021459/http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31 \|date=2011-07-22 }} * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 Simbad data on M31] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206111400/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/sim-id.pl?Ident=M+31 \|date=2000-12-06 }} * [http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m031.html Messier 31, SEDS Messier pages] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205045436/http://seds.org/messier/m/m031.html \|date=2006-12-05 }} * [[Astronomy Picture of the Day]] [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html A Giant Globular Cluster in M31] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105113/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html \|date=2004-12-04 }} 1998 October 17. [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html M31: The Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050303012350/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html \|date=2005-03-03 }} 2004 July 18. [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228024604/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html \|date=2005-12-28 }} 2005 December 22. [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html Andromeda Island Universe] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114015405/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html \|date=2010-01-14 }} 2010 January 9. ** [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html WISE Infrared Andromeda] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222201457/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html \|date=2010-02-22 }} 2010 February 19 * [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html Andromeda Galaxy at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, & Spaceflight] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115160115/http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html \|date=2010-11-15 }} * [http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy M31, the Andromeda Galaxy] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229012601/http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy/ \|date=2010-12-29 }} at NightSkyInfo.com * {{cite news \|last = Than Baris 108: \|publisher = Space.com \|url = http://space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html \|access-date = 2014-06-20 }}▼ \|archive-date = 2010-08-08 * [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses▼ \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808175402/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html * [http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html M31 (Apparent) Novae Page] (IAU) \|dead-url = no ▲ }} ▲* [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ Hubble Finds Mysterious Disk of Blue Stars Around Black Hole] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731011456/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/26/full/ \|date=2010-07-31 }} Hubble observations (Sep 20 2005) put the mass of the Andromeda core black hole at 140 million solar masses * [http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html M31 (Apparent) Novae Page] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204305/http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html \|date=2011-07-19 }} (IAU) * {{WikiSky\|messier 31}} Baris 118 ⟶ 122: {{galaksi}} {{Sky\|00\|42.44\|30\|+\|41\|16\|10\|2360000}} ~~{{galaksi-stub}}~~ [[Kategori:Rasi bintang Andromeda]]