Francis Collins: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Francis Collins
| image = Francis Collins official
| caption =
| office = Direktur [[National Institutes of Health]]
| president = [[Barack Obama]]<br />[[Donald Trump]]<br>[[Joe Biden]]
| term_start =
| term_end = 19 Desember 2021
| predecessor = [[:En:Raynard S. Kington|Raynard Kington]]
| successor = [[Lawrence A. Tabak]] (acting)
| birth_name = Francis Sellers Collins
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|04|14}}
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| party =
| spouse = Diane Baker
| alma_mater = [[University of Virginia|Universitas Virginia]]<br />[[Universitas Yale]]<br />[[
| religion = [[Kristen]]
| module = {{Infobox scientist
Baris 34:
Collins juga menulis sejumlah buku dalam bidang sains, kedokteran, dan agama, termasuk buku terlaris menurut ''[[New York Times]]'', ''[[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]]''.
Setelah meninggalkan kepemimpinan NHGRI dan sebelum menjadi direktur NIH, ia mendirikan dan sekaligus menjadi presiden [[The BioLogos Foundation]], yang mempromosikan discourse mengenai [[:En:relationship between science and religion|hubungan antara sains dan agama]] serta mengadvokasi perspektif bahwa kepercayaan [[Kristen]] dapat diselaraskan dengan penerimaan evolusi dan sains, terutama melalui pengembangan [[:En:evolutionary creation|kreasi evolusioner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biologos.org/about |title=About The BioLogos Foundation |publisher=The Biologos Foundation |accessdate=May 3, 2014 |quote=We embrace the historical Christian faith, upholding the authority and inspiration of the Bible. We affirm evolutionary creation, recognizing God as Creator of all life over billions of years. We seek truth, ever learning as we study the natural world and the Bible. |archive-date=2011-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829121912/http://biologos.org/about |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada tahun 2009 [[Paus
== Masa muda ==
Collins dilahirkan di Staunton, [[Virginia]], sebagai yang termuda dari empat putra Fletcher Collins dan Margaret James Collins. Ia dibesarkan di sebuah pertanian kecil di [[Shenandoah Valley]], Virginia, dengan [[:En:home schooled|pendidikan di rumah]] sampai kelas enam.<ref>Google Book Search [[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JcMCmBnpHGsC&dq=%22language+of+god%22+collins+homeschool&pg=PP1&ots=qQM1QRH3B5&source=bn&sig=mdeuF90uw_WdkUokgoXgrtMYBX8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA13,M1 Chapter 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725054807/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcMCmBnpHGsC&dq=%22language+of+god%22+collins+homeschool&pg=PP1&ots=qQM1QRH3B5&source=bn&sig=mdeuF90uw_WdkUokgoXgrtMYBX8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA13,M1 |date=2023-07-25 }}</ref> Kemudian ia bersekolah di [[:En:Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)|Robert E. Lee High School]] di [[Staunton, Virginia]]. Selama masa sekolah menengah atas dan perguruan tinggi ia bercita-cita menjadi kimiawan, dan ia kurang berminat pada bidang biologi yang dianggapnya "messy". Apa yang disebutnya "pendidikan formatif" diperolehnya di [[University of Virginia|Universitas Virginia]], di mana ia meraih gelar [[Bachelor of Science]] dalam bidang [[Kimia]] pada tahun 1970. Ia melanjutkan sampai memperoleh gelar [[Doctor of Philosophy]] dalam bidang [[Kimia Fisik]] di [[
Dari tahun 1978 sampai 1981, Collins bekerja dalam program residensi dan ''chief residency'' pada bagian ''internal medicine'' pada [[North Carolina Memorial Hospital]] di [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]. Kemudian ia kembali ke Yale, di mana ia menjadi [[Fellow]] pada bagian Human Genetics di sekolah kedokteran dari tahun 1981 sampai 1984.
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== Penelitian genetika ==
Di Yale, Collins bekerja di bawah direksi [[Sherman Weissman]],
Collins joined the [[University of Michigan]] faculty in 1984, rising to the rank of professor in internal medicine and human genetics. His gene-hunting approach, which he named "[[positional cloning]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rowan.biology.ualberta.ca/courses/genet302/uploads/winter11/gane/private/genet302-GW-week3_noQ.pdf |title=Positional cloning of human disease genes: a reversal of scientific priorities |publisher=University of Alberta, Department of Biological Science |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Collins F |year=1992 |title=Positional Cloning: Let's not call it reverse anymore |url= |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1038/ng0492-3 |pmid=1301996}}</ref> developed into a powerful<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0959437X95800425 |title=Positional cloning reaches maturity |last=Nelson |first=David L. |date=Jun 1995 |journal=Curr Opin Genet Dev |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |doi=10.1016/0959-437X(95)80042-5 |pmid=7549422 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=298–303}}</ref> component of modern molecular genetics.▼
Several scientific teams worked in the 1970s and 1980s to identify genes and their loci as a cause of [[cystic fibrosis]]. Progress was modest until 1985, when [[Lap-Chee Tsui]] and colleagues at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children identified the locus for the gene.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsui |first=LC |author2=Buchwald M |author3=Barker D |title=Cystic fibrosis locus defined by a genetically linked polymorphic DNA marker |journal=Science |date=November 29, 1985 |volume=230 |issue=4729 |pages=1054–1057 |doi=10.1126/science.2997931 |bibcode = 1985Sci...230.1054T }}<!--|accessdate=May 9, 2014--><!--</ref> It was then determined that a shortcut was needed to speed the process of identification, so Tsui contacted Collins, who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June 1989,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a120.html |title=''Blazing a Genetic Trail/.../Jumping Toward the Gene'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a130.html |title=''Stalking a Lethal Gene:Discovering the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> and the results were published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' on September 8, 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marx |first1=J. |year=1989 |title=The cystic fibrosis gene is found |journal=Science |volume=245 |issue=4921 |pages=923–5 |bibcode=1989Sci...245..923M |doi=10.1126/science.2772644 |pmid=2772644}}</ref> This identification was followed by other genetic discoveries made by Collins and a variety of collaborators. They included isolation of the genes for [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=M |year=1993 |title=A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes |journal=Cell |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=971–83 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E |pmid=8458085}}</ref> [[neurofibromatosis]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundation of Medicine |first1=Raphael |last1=Rubin |first2=David S. |last2=Strayer |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=5th |date=2008 |location=Baltimore |pages=201–3 |isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Fauci|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Small textbook) |edition=16th |pages=2453|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekharappa |first1=S. C. |last2=Guru |first2=S. C. |last3=Manickam |first3=P |last4=Olufemi |first4=S. E. |last5=Collins |first5=F. S. |last6=Emmert-Buck |first6=M. R. |last7=Debelenko |first7=L. V. |last8=Zhuang |first8=Z |last9=Lubensky |first9=I. A. |last10=Liotta |first10=L. A. |last11=Crabtree |first11=J. S. |last12=Wang |first12=Y |last13=Roe |first13=B. A. |last14=Weisemann |first14=J |last15=Boguski |first15=M. S. |last16=Agarwal |first16=S. K. |last17=Kester |first17=M. B. |last18=Kim |first18=Y. S. |last19=Heppner |first19=C |last20=Dong |first20=Q |last21=Spiegel |first21=A. M. |last22=Burns |first22=A. L. |last23=Marx |first23=S. J. |year=1997 |title=Positional Cloning of the Gene for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-Type 1 |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5311 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5311.404 |pmid=9103196}}</ref> inv(16) AML<ref>Science 261 (5124): 1041–4</ref> and [[Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Maria |last2=Brown |first2=W. Ted |last3=Gordon |first3=Leslie B. |last4=Glynn |first4=Michael W. |last5=Singer |first5=Joel |last6=Scott |first6=Laura |last7=Erdos |first7=Michael R. |last8=Robbins |first8=Christiane M. |last9=Moses |first9=Tracy Y. |last10=Berglund |first10=Peter |last11=Dutra |first11=Amalia |last12=Pak |first12=Evgenia |last13=Durkin |first13=Sandra |last14=Csoka |first14=Antonei B. |last15=Boehnke |first15=Michael |last16=Glover |first16=Thomas W. |last17=Collins |first17=Francis S. |year=2003 |title=Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6937 |pages=293–8 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..293E |doi=10.1038/nature01629 |pmid=12714972}}</ref>▼
▲Collins
▲<!--
▲Several scientific teams worked in the 1970s and 1980s to identify genes and their loci as a cause of [[cystic fibrosis]]. Progress was modest until 1985, when [[Lap-Chee Tsui]] and colleagues at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children identified the locus for the gene.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsui |first=LC |author2=Buchwald M |author3=Barker D |title=Cystic fibrosis locus defined by a genetically linked polymorphic DNA marker |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1985-11-29_230_4729/page/1054 |journal=Science |date=November 29, 1985 |volume=230 |issue=4729 |pages=1054–1057 |doi=10.1126/science.2997931 |bibcode = 1985Sci...230.1054T }}<!--|accessdate=May 9, 2014--><!--</ref> It was then determined that a shortcut was needed to speed the process of identification, so Tsui contacted Collins, who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June 1989,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a120.html |title=''Blazing a Genetic Trail/.../Jumping Toward the Gene'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a130.html |title=''Stalking a Lethal Gene:Discovering the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> and the results were published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' on September 8, 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marx |first1=J. |year=1989 |title=The cystic fibrosis gene is found |journal=Science |volume=245 |issue=4921 |pages=923–5 |bibcode=1989Sci...245..923M |doi=10.1126/science.2772644 |pmid=2772644}}</ref> This identification was followed by other genetic discoveries made by Collins and a variety of collaborators. They included isolation of the genes for [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=M |year=1993 |title=A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes |journal=Cell |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=971–83 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E |pmid=8458085}}</ref> [[neurofibromatosis]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundation of Medicine |first1=Raphael |last1=Rubin |first2=David S. |last2=Strayer |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=5th |date=2008 |location=Baltimore |pages=201–3 |isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Fauci|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Small textbook) |edition=16th |pages=2453|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekharappa |first1=S. C. |last2=Guru |first2=S. C. |last3=Manickam |first3=P |last4=Olufemi |first4=S. E. |last5=Collins |first5=F. S. |last6=Emmert-Buck |first6=M. R. |last7=Debelenko |first7=L. V. |last8=Zhuang |first8=Z |last9=Lubensky |first9=I. A. |last10=Liotta |first10=L. A. |last11=Crabtree |first11=J. S. |last12=Wang |first12=Y |last13=Roe |first13=B. A. |last14=Weisemann |first14=J |last15=Boguski |first15=M. S. |last16=Agarwal |first16=S. K. |last17=Kester |first17=M. B. |last18=Kim |first18=Y. S. |last19=Heppner |first19=C |last20=Dong |first20=Q |last21=Spiegel |first21=A. M. |last22=Burns |first22=A. L. |last23=Marx |first23=S. J. |year=1997 |title=Positional Cloning of the Gene for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-Type 1 |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5311 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5311.404 |pmid=9103196}}</ref> inv(16) AML<ref>Science 261 (5124): 1041–4</ref> and [[Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Maria |last2=Brown |first2=W. Ted |last3=Gordon |first3=Leslie B. |last4=Glynn |first4=Michael W. |last5=Singer |first5=Joel |last6=Scott |first6=Laura |last7=Erdos |first7=Michael R. |last8=Robbins |first8=Christiane M. |last9=Moses |first9=Tracy Y. |last10=Berglund |first10=Peter |last11=Dutra |first11=Amalia |last12=Pak |first12=Evgenia |last13=Durkin |first13=Sandra |last14=Csoka |first14=Antonei B. |last15=Boehnke |first15=Michael |last16=Glover |first16=Thomas W. |last17=Collins |first17=Francis S. |year=2003 |title=Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6937 |pages=293–8 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..293E |doi=10.1038/nature01629 |pmid=12714972}}</ref>
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== Genomika ==
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In 1994 Collins founded NHGRI's Division of Intramural Research,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genome.gov/10001036 |title=The Division of Intramural Research |editor=National Human Genome Research Institute |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> a collection of investigator-directed laboratories that conduct genome research on the NIH campus.
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Another major activity at NHGRI during his tenure as director was the creation of the [[haplotype map]] of the human genome. This [[International HapMap Project]] produced a catalog of human genetic variations—called [[single-nucleotide polymorphisms]]—which is now being used to discover variants correlated with disease risk. Among the labs engaged in that effort is Collins' [http://www.genome.gov/27534095 own lab] at NHGRI, which has sought to identify and understand the genetic variations that influence the risk of developing [[type 2 diabetes]].
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=== Nominasi dan konfirmasi ===
[[Berkas:Francis Collins with Kathleen Sebelius after swearing-in ceremony.jpg|
Pada tanggal 8 Juli 2009, Presiden Barack Obama menominasikan Collins sebagai Direktur National Institutes of Health,<ref>
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''[[Science (Journal)|Science]]'' writer Jocelyn Kaiser opined that Collins was "known as a skilled administrator and excellent communicator," that Obama's nomination "did not come as a big surprise" and that the appointment "ignited a volley of flattering remarks from researchers and biomedical groups." Yet, she wrote, Collins "does have his critics," some of them who were concerned with the new director's "outspoken Christian faith."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaiser |first1=J. |year=2009 |title=White House Taps Former Genome Chief Francis Collins as NIH Director |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5938 |pages=250–1 |pmid=19608881 |doi=10.1126/science.325_250a}}</ref>
Baris 85:
In other precedent-setting actions during his time as NIH Director, Collins in June 2013 outlined plans to substantially reduce the use of chimpanzees in NIH-funded [[biomedical research]].<ref>[http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jun2013/od-26.htm "NIH to Reduce Significantly the Use of Chimpanzees in Research," "News and Events," National Institutes of Health, June 26, 2013]</ref> In November 2015, he announced NIH will no longer support any biomedical research involving chimpanzees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-will-no-longer-support-biomedical-research-chimpanzees|title=NIH Will No Longer Support Biomedical Research on Chimpanzees|date=November 18, 2015|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> In January 2013, Collins also created two senior scientific positions as part of the NIH's response to an advisory group's recommendations on [[Big data|Big Data]] and the diversity of the scientific workforce.<ref>[http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/newsletters/2013/02_01_2013/story5.htm "Big Data, Diversity Initiatives Get Acting Directors," ''NIH Record,'' February 1, 2013]</ref> In December 2013, Collins announced the selection of [[Philip Bourne|Philip E. Bourne]] as NIH's first Associate Director for Data Science,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-names-dr-philip-e-bourne-first-associate-director-data-science|title=NIH Names Dr. Philip E. Bourne First Associate Director for Data Science|date=August 10, 2015|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> and, in response to internal NIH working group recommendations, Collins appointed Stanford cardiologist [[Hannah Valantine]] in 2014 as the institution's first Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity.<ref name="nih">{{cite web |title=Hannah Valantine, M.D., named NIH’s first Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity |url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jan2014/od-30.htm |website=News & Events |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=March 8, 2015 |date=January 20, 2014}}</ref> In December 2015 Collins and other NIH leaders released a detailed plan that charted a course for NIH's efforts over the ensuing five years The NIH-Wide Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2016-2020: Turning Discovery Into Health<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/nih-wide-strategic-plan|title=NIH-Wide Strategic Plan|date=October 6, 2015|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> was aimed at ensuring the agency remains well positioned to capitalize on new opportunities for scientific exploration an to address new challenges for human health.
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== Musik ==
== Penghargaan dan kehormatan ==
▲Mention of Collins' love of [[guitar]] playing and [[motor-cycle|motorcycle]] riding can often be found in articles about him.<ref>*[http://www.slate.com/id/2222562 "Jesus Goes to Bethesda: Just how religious is Obama's nominee for director of the NIH?"]. Chris Wilson. [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]. July 9, 2009</ref>
▲While directing NHGRI, he formed a rock band with other NIH scientists. Sometimes the band, called "The Directors," dueled with a rock band from [[Johns Hopkins University]], led by cancer researcher [[Bert Vogelstein]]. Lyrics of The Directors' songs included spoofs of rock and gospel classics re-written to address the challenges of contemporary biomedical research.<ref>*[http://www.nih.gov/catalyst/back/98.01/battle_of_bands.html "Science Writers Entertained By High-Powered Battle Of The Bands"]. ''The NIH Catalyst''. Celia Hooper. Jan/Feb 1998.</ref> Collins has performed at [[TEDMED]] 2012, StandUpToCancer,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/18/science/la-sci-francis-collins-jams-20100918 |title=To scientists, he's the real rock star |last=Kaplan |first=Karen |date=September 18, 2010 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=}}</ref> and Rock Stars of Science.<ref>[http://www.geoffreybeene.com/pdf/RSOS_Program.pdf] Rock S.O.S. program, 2009</ref>
Collins
▲While leading the [[National Human Genome Research Institute]], Collins was elected to the [[Institute of Medicine]] and the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. He was a [[Kilby International Awards]] recipient in 1993, and he received the [[Biotechnology Heritage Award]] with [[J. Craig Venter]] in 2001.<ref name=CHF>{{cite web|title= Biotechnology Heritage Award|url=https://www.chemheritage.org/node/285|website=[[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]|accessdate=February 5, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Strickland>{{cite news |last=Strickland |first=Debbie |title=Genomic Leaders Receive 2001 Biotechnology Heritage Award |url=http://www.bio.org/media/press-release/genomic-leaders-receive-2001-biotechnology-heritage-award |accessdate=February 5, 2014 |publisher=BIO |date=June 13, 2001}}</ref> He received the [[William Allan Award]] from the [[American Society of Human Genetics]] in 2005. In 2007 he was presented with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].<ref>[http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/newsletters/2007/11_30_2007/story4.htm NIH Record – ''Collins Wins Presidential Medal of Freedom'']</ref> In 2008 he was awarded the Inamori Ethics Prize<ref>[http://case.edu/events/inamori/prize/pastrecipients.html "Inamori Ethics Prize, Past Recipients," Case Western Reserve University] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/6AaCjPusF?url=http://case.edu/events/inamori/prize/pastrecipients.html |date=2012-09-10 }}</ref> and [[National Medal of Science]].<ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=5300000000451 National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science]</ref> In the same year, Collins won the [[Trotter Prize (Texas A&M)|Trotter Prize]] where he delivered a lecture called "The Language of God".
Collins
▲Collins and Venter shared the "Biography of the Year" title from [[A&E Network]] in 2000.<ref>"[http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/news/press/00-463.html Montgomery County, Maryland, Press Releases] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013151412/http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/news/press/00-463.html |date=October 13, 2006 }}," December 19, 2000, URL accessed January 30, 2007.</ref> In 2005, Collins and Venter were honored as two of "America's Best Leaders" by [[U.S. News & World Report]] and the Harvard University [[Center for Public Leadership]].<ref>"[http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/leadership/usnews/genome.html U.S. News & World Report]," 2005, URL accessed February 4, 2008.</ref>
Collins
▲Collins received the [[Albany Medical Center Prize]] in 2010 and the Pro Bono Humanum Award of the Galien Foundation in 2012.<ref>[http://www.nih.gov/about/director/10162012_speech_prixgalien.htm "Dr. Collins' Acceptance Remarks on the Pro Bono Humanum Award of the Galien Foundation," National Institutes of Health, October 16, 2012]</ref>
== Pandangan ==
▲Collins was a keynote speaker at the Congress of Future Medical Leaders in 2014.
==
Sampai masa kuliah pasca-sarjana Collins mengaku sebagai seorang [[ateisme|ateis]]. Namun, setelah menangani pasien yang hampir mati ia mempertanyakan pandangan agamawinya sendiri, dan menyelidiki berbagai kepercayaan. Ia mempelajari bukti yang mendukung atau menyangkal adanya Allah dalam kosmologi, dan menggunakan buku ''[[Mere Christianity]]'' tulisan [[C. S. Lewis]] sebagai landasan untuk memeriksa pandangan agamawinya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2006/08/07/collins_6/ |title=Steve Paulson, "The Believer," Salon.com, Aug. 7, 2006 |access-date=2017-04-30 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629071108/https://www.salon.com/2006/08/07/collins_6/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> Akhirnya ia mencapai suatu kesimpulan dan menjadi orang Kristen pada waktu berjalan-jalan di suatu siang pada musim gugur. Ia menyatakan diri sebagai seorang "Kristen yang serius".<ref name=interview />
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▲In his 2006 book ''[[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]]'', Collins wrote that scientific discoveries were an "opportunity to worship" and that he rejected both [[Young Earth creationism]] and [[intelligent design]]. His own belief, he wrote, was [[theistic evolution]] or [[evolutionary creation]], which he preferred to call ''[[BioLogos]]''. He wrote that one can "think of DNA as an instructional script, a software program, sitting in the nucleus of the cell".<ref name="Collins2008">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Francis |title=The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief |date=September 4, 2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781847396150}}</ref> He appeared in December 2006 on [[The Colbert Report]] television show
and in a March 2007 [[Fresh Air]] radio interview to discuss this book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/79238/december-07-2006/francis-collins |title=Francis Collins |date=December 6, 2006 |accessdate=October 18, 2009 |publisher=[[The Colbert Report]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title=Francis Collins on 'The Language of God' |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9207913 |series=Fresh Air |serieslink=Fresh Air |airdate=2007-03-29}}</ref> In an interview with [[D. J. Grothe]] on the [[Point of Inquiry]] podcast he said that the overall aim of the book was to show that "one can be intellectually in a rigorous position and argue that science and faith can be compatible", and that he was prompted to write the book because "most people are seeking a possible harmony between these worldviews [science and faith], and it seems rather sad that we hear so little about this possibility.<ref name=languageofgod>{{cite web|url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/dr_francis_collins_the_language_of_god/|title=''Dr. Francis Collins - The Language of God''|author=[[D.J. Grothe]]|publisher=[[Point of Inquiry]]|date=August 31, 2007|accessdate=September 3, 2015}}</ref>
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[[Christopher Hitchens]] referred to Francis Collins as a 'Great American' and stated that Collins was one of the most devout believers he had ever met.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc6UdA3TtWY</ref> He further stated that Collins was sequencing the genome of the cancer that would ultimately claim Hitchens's life, and that their friendship despite their differing opinion on religion was an example of the greatest armed truce in modern times.
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In an interview with ''National Geographic'' in February 2007, writer [[John Horgan (American journalist)|John Horgan]] criticized Collins' description of [[agnosticism]] as "a cop-out". In response, Collins clarified his position on agnosticism so as to exclude
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<blockquote>earnest agnostics who have considered the evidence and still don't find an answer. I was reacting to the agnosticism I see in the scientific community, which has not been arrived at by a careful examination of the evidence. I went through a phase when I was a casual agnostic, and I am perhaps too quick to assume that others have no more depth than I did.<ref>[http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0702/voices.html Francis Collins: The Scientist as Believer] Feb. 2007</ref></blockquote>
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In a 1998 interview with ''[[Scientific American]]'', Collins stated that he is "intensely uncomfortable with abortion as a solution to anything" and does not "perceive a precise moment at which life begins other than the moment of conception". However, in the same interview it was clarified that Collins also "does not advocate changing the law".<ref>{{cite journal|first=|date=|year=1998|title=Profile: Where Science and Religion Meet|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1998-02_278_2/page/28|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=278|issue=2|pages=28–29|author=Beardsley T}}</ref>
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== Buku ==
* ''Principles of Medical Genetics, 2nd Edition, ''with T.D. Gelehrter and D. Ginsburg (Williams & Wilkins, 1998)
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== Pustaka tambahan ==
* [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_19/b3932026.htm "Dr. Francis S. Collins: On The Trail Of Disease Genes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502154804/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_19/b3932026.htm |date=2005-05-02 }}. ''Businessweek''. John Carey. May 9, 2005
* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/newsletter/julaug09.pdf "Collins Forms BioLogos Foundation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411085243/https://www.asa3.org/ASA/newsletter/julaug09.pdf |date=2023-04-11 }}. ''Newsletter of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]]''. Jul/Aug 2009
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote|Francis Collins|Francis Collins}}
* [http://www.biologos.org/ The BioLogos Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416171351/http://www.biologos.org/ |date=2021-04-16 }}
* [http://www.nih.gov/about/director/directorbio.htm NIH Bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015214016/http://www.nih.gov/about/director/directorbio.htm |date=2015-10-15 }}
* [http://www.genome.gov/10001018 NHRGI Bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001153355/http://www.genome.gov/10001018 |date=2008-10-01 }}
* {{C-SPAN|Francis Collins}}
* {{TED speaker}}
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{{Authority control}}
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