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{{Distinguish|Gas minyak cair}}
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
'''Gas alam cair''' ('''Liquefied{{lang-en|liquefied natural gas}}, disingkat '''LNG''', atau '''LNGLN gas''') adalah [[gas alam]] yang telah diproses untuk menghilangkan ketidakmurnianpengotor (impuritas) dan [[hidrokarbon]] fraksi berat dan kemudian [[kondensasi|dikondensasi]] menjadi [[cairan]] pada tekan atmosfer dengan mendinginkannya sekitar -160° [[Celcius]]. LNGGas alam cair yang berasal dari alam, berbeda dengan [[gas minyak cair]] (LPG) yang berasal dari olahan Petroleum. Gas alam cair ditransportasi menggunakan kendaraan yang dirancang khusus dan ditaruh dalam tangki yang juga dirancang khusus. LNGGas alam cair memiliki isi sekitar 1/640 dari gas alam pada [[Suhu dan Tekanan Standar]], membuatnya lebih hemat untuk ditransportasi jarak jauh di mana jalur pipa tidak ada. Ketika memindahkan gas alam dengan jalur pipa tidak memungkinkan atau tidak ekonomis, dia dapat ditransportasi oleh kendaraan LNGgas alam cair, di mana kebanyakan jenis tangki adalah membran atau "moss".
[[Berkas:Methanier aspher LNGRIVERS.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|250px|[[Kapal tanker]] LNG RIVERS yang mengangkut LNG di Prancis]]
== Fakta dasar LNG ==
LNG menawarkan [[kepadatan energi]] yang sebanding dengan bahan bakar [[petrol]] dan [[diesel]] dan menghasilkan polusi yang lebih sedikit, tetapi biaya produksi yang relatif tinggi dan kebutuhan penyimpanannya yang menggunakan tangki cryogenic yang mahal telah mencegah penggunaannya dalam aplikasi komersial.
 
== Fakta dasar LNGgas alam cair ==
Kondisi yang dibutuhkan untuk memadatkan gas alam bergantung dari komposisi dari gas itu sendiri, pasar yang akan menerima serta proses yang digunakan, namun umumnya menggunakan suhu sekitar 120 and -170 derajat celsius (methana murni menjadi cair pada suhu -161.6 C) dengan tekanan antara 101 dan 6000 [kilopascal|kPa]] (14.7 and 870 lbf/in²).Gas alam bertakanan tinggi yang telah didapat kemudian diturunkan tekanannya untuk penyimpanan dan pengiriman.
Gas alam cair (LNG) menawarkan [[kepadatan energi]] yang sebanding dengan bahan bakar [[petrol]] dan [[diesel]] dan menghasilkan polusi yang lebih sedikit, tetapi biaya produksi yang relatif tinggi dan kebutuhan penyimpanannya yang menggunakan tangki cryogenic yang mahal telah mencegah penggunaannya dalam aplikasi komersial.
 
Kondisi yang dibutuhkan untuk memadatkan gas alam bergantung dari komposisi dari gas itu sendiri, pasar yang akan menerima serta proses yang digunakan, namun umumnya menggunakan suhu sekitar 120 andhingga -170 derajat celsius (methana murni menjadi cair pada suhu -161.6 C) dengan tekanan antara 101 danhingga 6000 [kilopascal[Kilopascal|kPa]] (14.7 anddan 870  lbf/in²²).Gas alam bertakananbertekanan tinggi yang telah didapat kemudian diturunkan tekanannya untuk penyimpanan dan pengiriman.
Kepadatan LNG kira-kira 0,41-0,5 kg/L, tergantung suhu, tekanan, dan komposisi. Sebagai perbandingan, [[air]] memiliki kepadatan 1,0 kg/L.
 
Kepadatan LNGgas alam cair kira-kira 0,41-0,5  kg/L, tergantung suhu, tekanan, dan komposisi. Sebagai perbandingan, [[air]] memiliki kepadatan 1,0  kg/L.
LNG berasal dari gas alam yang merupakan campuran dari beberapa gas yang bereda sehingg tidak memililiki nilai panas yang spesifik.Nilai panasnya bergantung pada sumber gas yang digunakan dan proses yang digunakan untuk mencairkan bentuk gasnya. Nilai panas tertinggi LNG berkisar sekitar 24MJ/L pada suhu -164 derajat Celsius dan nilai terendahnya 21ML/L.
 
LNGGas alam cair berasal dari gas alam yang merupakan campuran dari beberapa gas yang beredaberbeda sehinggsehingga tidak memililiki nilai panas yang spesifik. Nilai panasnya bergantung pada sumber gas yang digunakan dan proses yang digunakan untuk mencairkan bentuk gasnya. Nilai panas tertinggi LNGgas alam cair berkisar sekitar 24MJ/L pada suhu -164 derajat Celsius dan nilai terendahnya 21ML/L.
 
<!--LNG does not have a specific heat value as it is made from natural gas, which is a mixture of different gases. The heat value depends on the source of gas that is used and the process that is used to liquefy the gas. The [[higher heating value]] of LNG is estimated to be 24MJ/L at -164 degrees Celsius. This corresponds to a [[lower heating value]] of 21MJ/L.
Baris 17 ⟶ 18:
The most important infrastructure needed for LNG production and transportation is an LNG plant consisting of one or more LNG trains, each of which is an independent unit for gas liquefaction. The largest LNG train is the SEGAS Plant in Egypt with a capacity of 5mtpa[[Exxon Mobil]] operating Qatargas stage 2, of which one train has a production ability of 5 million ton per annum (mpta). Other facilities needed are load-out terminals for loading the LNG onto vehicles, LNG vessels for transportation, and a receiving terminal at the destination for discharge and regasification, where the LNG is reheated and turned into gas. Regasification terminals are usually connected to a storage and pipeline distribution network to distribute natural gas to local distribution companies (LDCs) or Independent Power Plants (IPPs).-->
 
Pada 1964 [[Kerajaan BersatuInggris]] dan [[Prancis]] adalah pembeli LNG dalam perdagangan LNG pertama dunia dari [[Aljazair]], sebagai saksi dari era baru energi. Karena kebanyakan pabrik LNG terletak di wilayah "terpencil" yang tidak memiliki jalur pipa, biaya perawatan dan transportasi LNG sangat besar sehingga pengembangannya melambat pada setengah abad terakhir.
 
Pembangunan pabrik LNG menghabiskan biaya AS$1-31–3 milyarmiliar, biaya terminal penerimaan AS$0,5-1 milyarmiliar, dan pengangkut LNG AS$0,2-0,3 milyarmiliar. Dibandingkan dengan minyak mentah, pasar gas alam kecil namun matang. Pengembangan komersial LNG adalah sebuah gaya yang disebut rantai niai, yang berarti pensuplai LNG awalnya memastikan pembeli bawah dan kemudian menandatanganni kontrak 20-25 tahun dengan isi perjanjian yang ketat dan struktur penghargaan gas.
 
=== Perdagangan LNGgas alam cair ===
<!--
been slow during the past half century. The construction of an LNG plant costs USD 1-3 billion, a receiving terminal costs USD 0.5-1 billion, and LNG vessels cost USD 0.2-0.3 billion. Compared with the crude oil, the natural gas market is small but mature. The commercial development of LNG is a style called value chain, which means LNG suppliers first confirm the downstream buyers and then sign 20-25 year contracts with strict terms and structures for gas pricing. Only when the customers were confirmed and the development of a greenfield project deemed economically feasible could the sponsors of an LNG project invest in their development and operation. Thus, the LNG business has been regarded as a game of the rich, where only players with strong financial and political resources could get involved. Major international oil companies (IOCs) such as [[BP]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]]; and national oil companies (NOCs) such as [[Pertamina]], [[Petronas]] were active players. [[Japan]], [[South Korea]] and [[Taiwan]] imported large sums of LNG due to their shortage of energy. In 2002 Japan imported 54 million tons of LNG, representing 48% of the LNG trade around the world that year. Also in 2002, South Korea imported 17.7 million tons and Taiwan 5.33 million tons. These three major buyers purchase approximately 70% of the world's LNG demand.
 
In recent years, as more players take part in investment, both in downstream and upstream, and new technologies are adopted, the prices for construction of LNG plants, receiving terminals and vessels have fallen, making LNG a more competitive means of energy distribution. The standard price for a 125,000-cubic-meter LNG vessel built in European and Japanese shipyards used to be USD 250 million. When Korean and Chinese shipyards entered the race, increased competition reduced profit margins and improved efficiency, reducing costs 60%. The per-ton construction cost of a LNG liquefaction plant fell steadily from the 1970s through the1990s, with the cost reduced to approximately 35%.
 
Due to energy shortage concerns, many new LNG terminals are being contemplated in the United States. Concerns over the safety of such facilities has created extensive controversy in the regions where plans have been created to build such facilities. One such location is in the Long Island Sound between Connecticut and Long Island. Broadwater Energy, an effort between Trans Canada and Shell (A British-Dutch Corporation) wishes to build a LNG terminal in the sound on the New York side. Local politicans including the Suffolk County Executive have raised questions about the terminal. New York Senators Chuck Schumer and Hillary Clinton have both announced their opposition to the project.
 
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Berkas:LNG3.jpg|right|frame|LNG storage tank: full containment type]] -->
 
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Berkas:LNG4.jpg|right|frame|LNG storage tank: underground type]] -->
 
=== Perdagangan LNG ===
Perdagangan LNG sebagian besar dilakukan berdasarkan kontrak jangka panjang 20 tahun atau lebih. Meskipun demikian, saat ini juga telah terdapat kontrak jangka menengah 3 sampai 10 tahun. Pada tahun 2004, volume kontrak jangka menengah dan panjang ini mencapai 138.79 MT, di mana [[Asia]] memiliki porsi yang cukup signifikan dalam kontrak tersebut.
 
Sebagian kecil LNG diperdagangkan pada pasar spot. Pada tahun 2003, volume LNG yang diperdagangkan di pasar spot mencapai 14,8 Bcm (10,8 MT). Meskipun baru mencapai 8,7% dari perdagangan total LNG, dengan besarnya ekspansi kapasitas produksi dan penggunaan yang lebih efektif dari kapasitas tersebut, sangat dimungkinkan bahwa perdagangan spot LNG akan meningkat pesat.
 
Penentuan harga LNG berbeda setiap wilayah. Di Asia, harga umumnya dikaitkan dengan JCC (''Japan Crude Oil''), yang mana adalah harga ''Cost, Insurance, Freight'' (CIF) rata-rata minyak mentah [[Jepang]]. Di [[Eropa]], harga impor LNG biasanya dikaitkan dengan produk perminyakan dan harga minyak mentah Brent. Di Eropa, harga LNG juga bersaing dengan harga gas pipa. Di Amerika Serikat, harga lebih ditentukan oleh penawaran dan permintaan berdasarkan perdagangan gas alam pada berbagai hub seperti ''Henry hub'' (titik yang terdapat di [[Lousiana]] di mana 17 pipa gas bertemu, sehingga menciptakan titik referensi kompetitif) ditambah faktor perbedaan geografi.
 
<!-- LNG disebarkan keseluruh dunia dalam bentuk khusus [ LNG carrier|kendaraan antarbenua].Perdagangan LNG dilakukan mulai dari penandatanganan parjanjian jual beli antara suplier dan terminal penerima, kemudian penandatangan perjanjian penjualan gas antara terminal penerima dengan pemakai akhir. Bentuk kontrak yang umum digunakan adalah [[Delivered Ex Ship|DEX]] atau [[Ex Ship]], yang berarti penjual bertangggung jawab dalam transportasi.Namun dengan rendahnya biaya pembuatan kapal dan pembeli lebih menginginkan kepastian suplay yang stabil dan pasti, bertambahlah kontrak baru [Free On Board|FOB]], dimana pembeli bertanggung jawab terhadap transportasi, yang direalisasikan dengan kepemilikan kapal atau perjanjian jangka panjang dengan pengangkut mandiri.
Perjanjian perdagangan LNG biasanya berupa portfolios panjang yang relatif tidak flexible baik dalam hal harga atau volume.Jika jumlah dalam kontrak telah disetujui, pembeli berkewajiban untuk mengambil dan membayar produk, atau membayar saja walaupun tidak diambil, yang disebut juga kewajiban untuk [[take or pay]] (TOP).
 
LNG is shipped around the world in specially constructed [[LNG carrier|seagoing vessels]]. The trade of LNG is completed by signing a sale and purchase agreement (SPA) between a supplier and receiving terminal, and by signing a gas sale agreement (GSA) between a receiving terminal and end-users. Most of the contract terms used to be [[Delivered Ex Ship|DEX]] or [[Ex Ship]], which meant the seller was responsible for the transportation. But with low shipbuilding costs, and the buyer preferring to ensure reliable and stable supply, there are more and more contract terms of [[Free On Board|FOB]], under which the buyer is responsible for the transportation, which is realized by the buyer owning the vessel or signing a long-term charter agreement with independent carriers.
 
The agreements for LNG trade used to be long-term portfolios that were relatively inflexible both in price and volume. If the annual contract quantity is confirmed, the buyer is obliged to take and pay for the product, or pay for it even if not taken, which is called the obligation of [[take or pay]] (TOP).
 
In contrast to LNG imported to North America, where the price is pegged to [[Henry Hub]], most of the LNG imported to Asia is pegged to crude oil prices by a formula consisting of indexation called the Japan Crude Cocktail (JCC).
 
The pricing structure that has been widely used in Asian LNG SPAs is as follows: PLNG = A+B×Pcrude oil, where A refers to a term that represents various non-oil factors, but usually a constant determined by negotiation at a level that can prevent LNG prices from falling below a certain level. It thus varies regardless of oil price fluctuation. Typical figures of ex-ship contracts range from USD 0.7 to 0.9. B is a degree of indexation to oil prices; typical figures are 0.1485 or 0.1558, and Pcrude oil usually denominated in JCC. PLNG and Pcrude oil stand for price of oil in USD per million British Thermal Unit (MMBTU (in the fuel industry, M stands for 1000 and MM for 1 000 000)). With the demand of LNG moving up and down, the price of LNG moves in a "S" curve. With new demand from China, India and US increasing dramatically, and crude oil price skyrocketing, the LNG price is on the rise too.
 
In the mid 1990s LNG was a buyer's market. At the request of buyers, the SPAs began to adopt some flexibilities on volume and price. The buyers had more upward and downward flexibilities in TOP, and short-term SPAs less than 15 years came into effect. At the same time, alternative destinations for cargo and arbitrage were also allowed. By the turn of the 21st century, the market was again in favor of sellers. Sellers now propose rigid SPAs and would like an association similar to [[OPEC]] to be established to protect their interests. It is certain that the competition between sellers and buyers will go on.
 
Receiving terminals exist in several countries (see the list of '''''importing''''' countries in table below; China is expected to move onto the list by 2006), allowing gas imports from other areas (see list of '''''exporting''''' countries in table below).
-->
Administrasi Informasi Energi dari [[Departemen Energi]] [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan perkiraan perdagangan LNG pada 2002 sebagai berikut:
 
Baris 62 ⟶ 37:
|align="center" bgcolor="darkseagreen" style="color:black" colspan="2"|Volume impor
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="darkseagreen" style="color:black"|(10<sup><small>9</small></sup> [[kaki kubik|ft³]])
|align="center" bgcolor="darkseagreen" style="color:black"|(10<sup><small>6</small></sup> t)
|align="center" bgcolor="darkseagreen" style="color:black"|(10<sup><small>9</small></sup> ft³)
|align="center" bgcolor="darkseagreen" style="color:black"|(10<sup><small>6</small></sup> t)
|-
|align="center"|[[Indonesia]]
Baris 84 ⟶ 59:
|align="right"|741 &nbsp;
|align="right"|15.6 &nbsp;
|align="center"|[[PerancisPrancis]]
|align="right"|511 &nbsp;
|align="right"|10.7 &nbsp;
Baris 91 ⟶ 66:
|align="right"|726 &nbsp;
|align="right"|14.9 &nbsp;
|align="center"|[[Republik Cina|TaiwanTiongkok]]
|align="right"|363 &nbsp;
|align="right"|7.5 &nbsp;
Baris 153 ⟶ 128:
|}
 
{{Clear}}
<br style="clear:both;">
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[gas alam terkompresi]] (Compressed natural gas, CNG)
* [http://energyway.me LNG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610130201/http://energyway.me/ |date=2014-06-10 }}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/global/index.html The Global Liquefied Natural Gas Market: Status and Outlook @ the EIA - DOE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050929123937/http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/global/index.html |date=2005-09-29 }}
* [http://www.ferc.gov/industries/lng.asp Liquefied Natural Gas in the US: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029174829/http://www.ferc.gov/industries/lng.asp |date=2005-10-29 }}
* [http://www.naftc.wvu.edu Alternative Fuel Vehicle Training] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311095002/http://www.naftc.wvu.edu/ |date=2021-03-11 }} From the National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium.
* [http://www.timrileylaw.com/LNG.htm LNG: Danger to Our Communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421060150/https://www.timrileylaw.com/LNG.htm |date=2023-04-21 }} Film about the dangers of LNG.
* [http://www.VenturaLNGtaskForce.com Ventura LNG Task Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630033221/http://www.venturalngtaskforce.com/ |date=2007-06-30 }} A local community group in Ventura CA working on LNG issues.
* [http://www.LNGLawBlog.com/Blog.aspx LNG Law Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812085031/http://www.lnglawblog.com/Blog.aspx |date=2013-08-12 }} Your Daily Online Source for Liquefied Natural Gas
* LNG at the majors:
 
** [http://www.bp.com/modularhome.do?categoryId=4200&contentId=3050461 Global LNG @ BP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312045018/http://www.bp.com/modularhome.do?categoryId=4200&contentId=3050461 |date=2006-03-12 }}
*LNG at the majors:
*** [http://www.bp.com/modularhomesectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=42003050105&contentId=3050461 Global3050133 LNG North America @ BP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220151539/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=3050105&contentId=3050133 |date=2006-02-20 }}
** [http://www.chevron.com/about/our%5Fbusinesses/lng.asp LNG @ Chevron] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060403144205/http://www.chevron.com/about/our%5Fbusinesses/lng.asp |date=2006-04-03 }}
*** [http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=3050105&contentId=3050133 LNG North America @ BP]
** [http://lnglicensing.conocophillips.com/index.htm Licensing LNG technology from ConocoPhillips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320085548/http://lnglicensing.conocophillips.com/index.htm |date=2006-03-20 }}
** [http://www.chevron.com/about/our%5Fbusinesses/lng.asp LNG @ Chevron]
** [http://www2.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Campaign/Campaign_energydemand_LNG.asp LNG @ ExxonMobil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313021639/http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Campaign/Campaign_energydemand_LNG.asp |date=2006-03-13 }}
** [http://lnglicensing.conocophillips.com/index.htm Licensing LNG technology from ConocoPhillips]
** [http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=shellgasandpower-en&FC2=/shellgasandpower-en/html/iwgen/products_and_services/liquefied_natural_gas/zzz_lhn.html&FC3=/shellgasandpower-en/html/iwgen/products_and_services/liquefied_natural_gas/dir_lng_300505.html LNG @ Shell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421104041/http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=shellgasandpower-en&FC2=%2Fshellgasandpower-en%2Fhtml%2Fiwgen%2Fproducts_and_services%2Fliquefied_natural_gas%2Fzzz_lhn.html&FC3=%2Fshellgasandpower-en%2Fhtml%2Fiwgen%2Fproducts_and_services%2Fliquefied_natural_gas%2Fdir_lng_300505.html |date=2008-04-21 }}
** [http://www2.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Campaign/Campaign_energydemand_LNG.asp LNG @ ExxonMobil]
** [http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=shellgasandpower-en&FC2=/shellgasandpower-en/html/iwgen/products_and_services/liquefied_natural_gas/zzz_lhn.html&FC3=/shellgasandpower-en/html/iwgen/products_and_services/liquefied_natural_gas/dir_lng_300505.html LNG @ Shell]
 
[[Kategori:Gas alam]]
 
[[af:Vloeibare aardgas]]
[[ar:غاز طبيعي مسال]]
[[cs:Liquefied Natural Gas]]
[[da:Liquified Natural Gas]]
[[de:Flüssigerdgas]]
[[en:Liquefied natural gas]]
[[eo:Likvigita natura gaso]]
[[es:Gas natural licuado]]
[[eu:Likidoturiko gas naturala]]
[[fi:Nesteytetty maakaasu]]
[[fr:Gaz naturel liquéfié]]
[[hr:Ukapljeni zemni plin]]
[[it:Gas naturale liquefatto]]
[[nl:LNG]]
[[nn:LNG]]
[[no:LNG]]
[[pl:LNG]]
[[pt:Gás natural liquefeito]]
[[ru:Сжиженный природный газ]]
[[sk:Skvapalnený zemný plyn]]
[[sl:Utekočinjeni zemeljski plin]]
[[sr:Tečni prirodni gas]]
[[sv:Flytande naturgas]]
[[tr:Sıvılaştırılmış doğal gaz]]
[[uk:Скраплений газ]]
[[zh:液化天然气]]