Skanderbeg: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{terjemah|Inggris}}

 

 

== Biografi ==

 

 

Skanderbeg yang dilahirkan di [[Krujë]], adalah keturunan dari keluarga Kastriotis, yang merupakan salah satu keluarga utama dari apa yang dulu dikenal sebagai Arberia (kini Albania).

 

 

<!--He earned distinction as an officer in several Ottoman campaigns both in [[Asia Minor]] and in [[Europe]], and the Sultan appointed him to the rank of General by giving him a cavalry force of 5,000 men. Some sources claim that he maintained secret links with [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]], [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus V]] of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]] of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]].

 

===Fighting for freedom ===

In November 28th, [[1443]], Skanderbeg saw his opportunity to rebel during a battle against the Hungarians led by [[John Hunyadi]] in [[Niš]]. He switched sides along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. After a long trek to Albania he eventually captured Krujë by forging a letter<ref name="Tennent1845" /> from the Sultan to the Governor of Krujë, which granted him control of the territory. After capturing the castle, Skanderbeg<ref name="gibbon" /> abjured the prophet and the sultan, and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country. He raised his standard (that later became the [[Flag of Albania|Albanian flag]]) above the castle and reportedly pronounced: ''"I have not brought you freedom, I found it here, among you."'' Skanderbeg allied with George Arianite<ref name="Fine1994">John V Fine, 1994, ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', ISBN 0-472-08260-4</ref> and married his daughter Andronike.

 

Although it is commonly believed that Skanderbeg took part in the [[Battle of Kosovo (1448)|Second Battle of Kosovo]] in [[1448]], he actually never arrived. He and his army were en route to reinforce the mainly [[Magyars|Hungarian]] army of [[John Hunyadi]], but the Albanians were intercepted and defeated by [[Đurađ Branković]] of [[Serbia]]. Although Hunyadi was defeated in the campaign, Hungary successfully resisted and defeated the Ottoman campaigns during his lifetime.

 

 

For the next five years Albania was allowed some respite as the new sultan set out to conquer the last vestiges of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The first test between the armies of the new sultan and Skanderbeg came in [[1455]] during the [[Siege of Berat]], and would end in the most disastrous defeat Skanderbeg would suffer. Skanderbeg had sieged the town's castle for months, causing the demoralized Turkish officer in charge of the castle to promise his surrender. At that point Skanderbeg relaxed the grip and left the siege location. He left behind one of his generals and half of his cavalry at the bank of the river [[Osam]] to finalize the surrender.

 

 

 

In [[1457]], an Ottoman army numbering approximately 80,000 men invaded Albania with the hope of destroying Albanian resistance once and for all; this army was led by [[Isa beg Evrenoz]], the only commander to have defeated Skanderbeg in battle, and [[Hamza Kastrioti]], Skanderbeg’s nephew. After wreaking much damage to the countryside{{fact}}, the Ottoman army set up camp at the [[Ujebardha]] field (literally translated as "Whitewater"), halfway between Lezhë and Krujë. After having evaded the enemy for months, Skanderbeg attacked there and defeated the Ottomans in September.

In [[1461]] the Sultan proposed<ref name="Tennent1845" /> terms of accommodation with Skanderbeg and a peace was concluded between them on June 22. In the same year, Skanderbeg launched a successful campaign<ref name="jensen" /> against the [[Angevin]] noblemen and their allies who sought to destabilize King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]]. For his services<ref name="cwe1876" /> he gained the title '''Duke of San Pietro''' in the kingdom of Naples. After securing the Neapolitan kingdom, a crucial ally in his struggle, he returned home. In [[1464]] Skanderbeg fought and defeated [[Ballaban Badera]], an Albanian renegade who had captured a large number of Albanian army commanders <ref name="musachi">John Musachi, 1515, ''[http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts/AH11.html Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty]''</ref>, including [[Moisi Arianit Golemi]], a cavalry commander; [[Vladan Giurica]], the chief army economist (maybe quartermaster? ) [[Muzaka of Angelina]], a nephew of Skanderbeg, and 18 other noblemen and army captains. These men, after they were captured, were sent immediately to [[Istanbul]] and tortured for fifteen days<ref name="musachi" />. Skanderbeg’s pleas to have these men back, by either ransom or prisoner exchange, failed.

 

 

A few months later in [[1467]], Mehmed, frustrated by his inability to subdue Albania, again led the largest army of its time into Albania. Krujë was besieged for a third time, but on a much grander scale. While a contingent kept the city and its forces pinned down, Ottoman armies came pouring in from [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]], [[Serbia]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and [[Greece]] with the aim of keeping the whole country surrounded, thereby strangling Skanderbeg’s supply routes and limiting his mobility. During this conflict, Skanderbeg fell ill with [[malaria]] in the Venetian-controlled city of Lezhë, and died on [[January 17]] [[1468]], just as the army under the leadership of [[Leke Dukagjini]] defeated the Ottoman force in [[Shkodër]].

 

=== Papal relations ===

Skanderbeg's military successes evoked a good deal of interest and admiration from the [[Papal States]], Venice, and Naples, themselves threatened by the growing Ottoman power across the [[Adriatic Sea]]. Skanderbeg managed to arrange for support in the form of money, supplies, and occasionally troops from all three states through his diplomatic skill. One of his most powerful and consistent supporters was [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso the Magnanimous]], the king of Aragon and Naples, who decided to take Skanderbeg under his protection as a vassal in [[1451]], shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. In addition to financial assistance, the King of Naples supplied the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment, and sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. As an active defender of the Christian cause in the Balkans, Skanderbeg was also closely involved with the politics of four Popes, including [[Pope Pius II]], who hailed him as the Christian [[Gideon]]<ref name="cwe1876" />.

 

 

=== After death ===

 

The Albanian resistance went on after the death of Skanderbeg for an additional ten years under the leadership of Dukagjini, though with only moderate success and no great victories. In [[1478]], the fourth siege of Krujë finally proved successful for the Ottomans; demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the defenders surrendered to Mehmed, who had promised them to leave unharmed in exchange. As the Albanians were walking away with their families, however, the Ottomans reneged on this promise, killing the men and enslaving the women and children<ref name="Babinger" />.

 

==Seal of Skanderbeg==

A seal, that is assumed to be a seal of Skanderbeg, has been kept in [[Denmark]] since it was discovered in [[1634]]. It was bought by the National Museum in [[1839]]. According to the interpretation of the symbols and inscriptions on the seal as they have been studied and analysed by Danish scholars, the seal is made of brass, is 6 cm in length and weighs 280 g. The inscription is in [[Greek language|Greek]] and reads ''Alexander (Skender) is an Emperor and a King. Emperor of the [[Byzantine Empire|Romaic nation]] (Greeks) and King of the [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]], the [[Albanians]], the [[Serbs]] and the [[Bulgarians]].'' It naturally follows the inscription is laterally reversed. It is possible that the seal was made after the fall of Constantinople in [[1453]], since Skanderbeg is referred to as an Emperor of the [[Byzantines]]. The double eagle in the center of the seal is derived from the eagle of the Byzantine emperor, and this fact is also the most agreed upon among educated Albanians. Some claim it is a famous ancient Illyrian symbol. This seal is the origin of the flag of modern [[Albania]]. Furthermore, Skanderbeg never was a King of the Serbs or the Bulgars. It is possible the seal was 'designed' while Skanderbeg was organizing a crusade against the Ottomans or that it was manufactured when Skanderbeg served as a vassal to the King of Naples. It is also possible the seal was commissioned by the family of Skanderbeg some time in the 16th century, or even that it is a fake from the 15th or 16th century.

 

{{Sectstub}}

 

 

When the Ottomans found the grave of Skanderbeg in [[Saint Nicholas]] church of Lezhë, they opened it and made [[amulets]] of his bones<ref name="gibbon" />, believing that these would confer bravery on the wearer.

 

 

Skanderbeg today is the national hero of [[Albania]]. Many museums and monuments, such as the [[Skanderbeg Museum]] next to the castle in Krujë, are raised in his honor around Albania and in the predominantly Albanian-populated [[Kosovo]]. A monument is planned to be raised in [[Skopje]], the capital city of [[Republic of Macedonia]]{{fact}}. Skanderbeg's struggle against the Ottoman Empire became highly significant to the Albanian people, as it strengthened their solidarity, made them more conscious of their national identity, and served later as a great source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom, and independence.

 

== Skanderbeg in literature ==

 

Skanderbeg gathered quite a posthumous reputation in Western Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. With virtually all of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and with the Turks at the gates of Vienna in 1683, nothing could have captivated readers in the West more than an action-packed tale of heroic Christian resistance to the "Moslem hordes".

 

== Daftar pertempuran yang dipimpin Skanderbeg ==

 

* [[Pertempuran Ujebardha]]

 

== Lihat pula ==

 

== Rujukan ==

{{reflist|2}}

 

 

* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/albania.htm Sumber kisah kepahlawanan tentang Scanderbeg]

* [http://www.gctechgroup.com/leita/csociety.htm The Arbreshe and Contessa Entellina]

* [[Benjamin Disraeli]], 1833, ''[http://www.ibiblio.org/disraeli/iskander.pdf The Rise of Iskander]'', (Perhatian: ini adalah sebuah fiksi sejarah)

 

 

[[Kategori:Sejarah Albania]]

[[Kategori:Tokoh Albania]]