Paul Kagame: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k robot Adding: ru |
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) |
||
| (55 revisi perantara oleh 34 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox_President
|name=Paul Kagame
|nationality= [[Rwanda]]
|image=Paul Kagame 2014.jpg
|office= [[Presiden Rwanda]]
|term_start=[[24 Maret]] [[2000]]
|term_end=
|predecessor=[[Pasteur Bizimungu]]
|successor=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1957|10|23}}
|birth_place=[[Gitarama]], Rwanda
|dead=alive
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=
|party=[[Front Patriotik Rwanda]]
|vicepresident=
|religion=[[Katolik Roma]] [http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=43261]
}}
'''Paul Kagame''' ({{lahirmati||23|10|1957}}) adalah [[Presiden Rwanda|Presiden]] [[Rwanda]] saat ini. Ia adalah seorang pendiri [[Front Patriotik Rwanda]] dan terkenal karena berhasil menghentikan [[Pembantaian Rwanda]].
<!--
==Kisah Kehidupan==
Kagame lahir di [[Gitarama]], [[Rwanda]] pada [[23 Oktober]] [[1957]]. Pada November [[1959]], an increasingly restive [[Hutu]] population, encouraged by the [[Belgium|Belgian]] military and the Catholic Church, sparked a revolt, resulting in the overthrow of [[Mwami]] [[Kigeri V of Rwanda|Kigeri V Ndahindurwa]], the last monarch.
During the [[1959]] revolt and its aftermath, more than 160,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries. In all, some 20,000 Tutsis were killed. Kagame left with his family at the age of four and moved to [[Uganda]] with many other Tutsis.
==Military service in Uganda==
His military career started in [[1979]], when he joined [[Yoweri Museveni]]'s [[National Resistance Army]] (NRA) and spent years fighting as a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] throughout Uganda.
On [[July 27]], [[1985]], the NRA succeeded in overthrowing [[Milton Obote]] and the NRA leader [[Yoweri Museveni]] became president of Uganda.
This same year, Kagame was instrumental in forming, along with his close friend [[Fred Rwigema]], the [[Rwandese Patriotic Front]] (RPF), which was composed mainly of expatriate Rwandan [[Tutsi]] soldiers that had also fought with the NRA; the RPF was also based in Uganda.
In [[1986]], Kagame became the head of [[military intelligence]] in the NRA, and was regarded as one of Museveni's closest allies. He also joined the official [[Military of Uganda|Ugandan military]].
== Rwandan invasions and genocide ==
{{main|Rwandan Genocide}}
In [[October]] [[1990]], while Kagame was participating in a military [[training]] program at [[Fort Leavenworth, Kansas]], the RPF invaded Rwanda. Only two days into the invasion, Rwigema was killed, making Kagame the military commander of the RPF. Despite initial successes, a force of [[Military of France|French]], [[Military of Belgium|Belgian]], [[Hutu]], and [[Zaire|Zairan]] soldiers forced the RPF to retreat. A renewed invasion was attempted in late [[1991]], but also had limited success.
The invasion increased ethnic tension throughout the region, including in neighbouring [[Burundi]] where similar tensions existed. Peace talks between the RPF and the Rwandese government resulted in the [[Arusha accords]], including political participation of the RPF in Rwanda. Despite the agreement, ethnic tensions still flared dangerously.
On [[6 April]] [[1994]], a plane carrying both the Rwandese [[President]] [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] and [[Burundi|Burundese]] President [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]] was shot down by a surface-to-air missile as it approached [[Kigali]] airport. All on board were killed. Mystery still surrounds the identity of those responsible. Some have accused Kagame of ordering the attack, while others contend that Hutu-extremists within Habyarimana's own government were responsible.
The deaths sparked the [[Rwandan Genocide]]. An estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsi, were systematically killed by Rwanda's Hutu-extremist government, and thousands more women were deliberately infected with HIV through rape. In response, Paul Kagame's RPF stepped up its efforts to overthrow the genocidal government. In July 1994 they succeeded, driving the killers from power and bringing the genocide of Tutsis to an end. But they too are believed to have attacked unarmed civilians. Estimates of the number of Hutu civilians killed in reprisal massacres by the RPF in Rwanda range from 25,000 to over 100,000.
== The Second Congo War ==
{{main|Second Congo War}}
Kagame was part of the cabinet of [[President of Rwanda|President]] [[Pasteur Bizimungu]] which came to power in the aftermath of the genocide. Kagame was made Vice President of Rwanda and [[Defense Minister]]. Bizimungu was also a member of the RPF, and as its military leader, Kagame was viewed as the power behind the throne, and eventually became President when Bizimungu was deposed in March 2000.
In [[1998]], Rwanda got heavily involved in the [[Second Congo War]], supporting a well-armed rebel group in Congo, the [[Congolese Rally for Democracy]]. Together with [[Uganda]], Rwandan forces invaded the mineral-rich north and east of [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], citing Congolese anti-[[Tutsi]] policies and historical Rwandan heritage in the area. The government of Congo soon found itself supported by several other African nations, and mounted a counter attack.
An April 2001 United Nations report alleged "mass scale looting" of Congolese mineral resources. The report claimed that senior members of the Rwandan government had made hundreds of millions of dollars from illegal mineral trading, and that:
:''Presidents Kagame and [Uganda's President] Museveni are on the verge of becoming the godfathers of the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.''
A June 2001 Amnesty International report implicated Rwandan and Rwandan-backed forces (amongst others) in the deliberate killing of thousands of Congolese civilians.
An un-named Congolese Church leader was quoted in the report as saying:
:''The genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994 is something horrible, but why should every Hutu feel guilty and why take revenge on us, the Congolese? Rwanda has succeeded in making the West guilty, so they send money and guns. Now, Rwanda can chase the militia, exploit the richness of our country, and us ? We will just be sacrificed, it will be too late for us''
Although the Rwandan and Ugandan governments claim to have withdrawn their forces from Congo, there are consistent reports of ongoing Rwandan involvement. Rwandan and Ugandan-backed militia groups continue to commit grave human rights abuses. The conflict has so far claimed approximately 3.8 million lives.
Critics allege that the Rwandan occupation of the Eastern Congo has been motivated chiefly by a desire to exploit Congolese mineral resources. Paul Kagame has, in turn, claimed that these criticisms are based on Hutu-extremist propaganda, and that Rwanda's sole reason for occupying the Congo has been to defeat the remnants of the Hutu-extremist militia who fled there from Rwanda after the 1994 genocide.
A 2002 United Nations report elaborated on the allegations of illegal profiteering by Rwandan and Ugandan forces in Congo:
:''The claims of Rwanda concerning its security have justified the continuing presence of its armed forces, whose real long-term purpose is, to use the term employed by the Congo Desk of the Rwandan Patriotic Army, to "secure property". Rwanda's leaders have succeeded in persuading the international community that their military presence in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo protects the country against hostile groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, who, they claim, are actively mounting an invasion against them.
:''The Panel has extensive evidence to the contrary. For example, the Panel is in possession of a letter, dated 26 May 2000, from Jean-Pierre Ondekane, First Vice-President and Chief of the Military High Command for [the Rwandan-backed rebel group] RCD-Goma, urging all army units to maintain good relations "with our Interahamwe and Mayi-Mayi brothers", and further, "if necessary to let them exploit the sub-soil for their survival"...
:''A 30-year-old Interahamwe combatant living in the area of Bukavu described the situation in a taped interview with a United Nations officer in early 2002:
:''We haven't fought much with the RPA in the last two years. We think they are tired of this war, like we are. In any case, they aren't here in the Congo to chase us, like they pretend. I have seen the gold and coltan mining they do here, we see how they rob the population. These are the reasons for their being here. The RPA come and shoot in the air and raid the villagers' houses but they don't attack us any more.''
== President Kagame ==
Paul Kagame became President of Rwanda in March 2000, after Bizimungu was deposed. Three and a half years later, on [[August 25]], [[2003]], he won a landslide victory in the first national elections since his government took power in 1994, amid reports by EU observers of voting irregularities and harassment of opposition parties. In [[March]] of that year, he had been awarded the [[Young Presidents Organization]]'s [[Global Leadership Award]] for his role in leading and rebuilding Rwanda.
Kagame tends to downgrade the importance of his ethnic background (he is a [[Tutsi]]), portraying himself as simply a Rwandan. Sceptics point to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the current Rwandan government are, like Kagame, Tutsis raised in Uganda.
The human rights organisation Freedom House lists Rwanda as "not free", noting that, despited limited democratic reforms, Rwandans do not have the power to change their government. The 2004 "Reporters Sans Frontieres" Press Freedom index rated Rwanda 113th out of 167 countries. Their 2005 report concluded that:
:''Despites its claims to support freedom of the press, the Kagame government continues to behave like a predator. Ten years after the genocide of the Tutsis, in which "hate media" played such a grim role, Rwanda is still a country where press freedom does not exist.
Kagame is highly critical of the [[United Nations]] and its role in the 1994 genocide. In [[March]] [[2004]], his public criticism of [[France]] for its role in the genocide and its lack of preventative actions caused a diplomatic row. Critics have accused Kagame of exploiting Western guilt over the genocide to deflect public criticism of corruption and human rights abuse by his government.
==Sources==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/689405.stm BBC Biography of Paul Kagame]
*[http://www.comebackalive.com/df/dplaces/rwanda/player4.htm Paul Kagame - A Biography]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter.html A PBS Timeline of the Genocide]
*[http://www.sonriseorphansministry.org/genocide.htm The 1994 Genocide]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3148122.stm BBC News, October 1993 - Rwandan ruling party wins election]
*[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/ab11819fbac78bf985256a3000655c44 United Nations, April 2001: Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAFR620112001!Open Amnesty International, June 2001: Democratic Republic of Congo - Rwandese-Controlled East - Devastating Human Death Toll]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4039063.stm BBC News, UN boosts DR Congo border force]
*[http://www.gendercide.org/case_rwanda.html Gendercide Watch, Case Study: Genocide in Rwanda, 1994]
*[http://wwww.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/706b89b947e5993dc1256c590052b353 United Nations, October 2002: Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of DR Congo]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/rwanda/story/0,14451,1190789,00.html George Monbiot, The Guardian, April 2004: "The Victim's License"]
*[http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6819&pf Freedom House entry on Rwanda, 2005]
-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pembantaian Rwanda]]
* [[Perang Kongo Kedua]]
* [[Militer Rwanda]]
{{start box}}
{{succession box |before = [[Augustin Bizimana]] |title = [[Menteri Pertahanan Rwanda]] |years = [[19 Juli]] [[1994]] – [[23 Maret]] [[2000]] |after = [[Emmanuel Habyarimana]]}}
{{succession box |before = ??? |title = [[Wakil Presiden Rwanda]] |years = [[19 Juli]] [[1994]] – [[23 Maret]] [[2000]] |after = ???}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Presiden Rwanda]]|
years=[[24 Maret]] [[2000]]-Sekarang|
before=[[Pasteur Bizimungu]]|
}}
{{end box}}
{{lifetime|1957||}}
{{Presiden Rwanda}}
[[Kategori:Presiden Rwanda|Kagame]]
{{politikus-stub}}
| |||