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{{Jamaika infobox}}
 
'''Jamaika''' adalah salah satu negara penghasil [[bauksit]] terbesar di dunia. Dalam urutan dunia lainnya negara ini masih tergolong pada kelas menengah ke bawah. Jamaika berada pada urutan pulau terbesar setelah [[Kuba]] dan [[Hispaniola]] di [[Laut Karibia]], [[Amerika Tengah]]. Negara-negara tetangganya ialah Kuba terletak di utara, [[Haiti]], [[Republik Dominika]], yang terletak di sebelah timur laut, sedangkan [[Honduras]], [[Nikaragua]], [[Kosta Rika]] terletak di barat daya, dan [[Panama]] terletak di selatan. Luas wilayahnya kurang lebih sebesar Pulau [[Bangka]].
 
== Sejarah ==
{{utama|Sejarah Jamaika}}
 
Orang asli [[Arawak]] atau [[Taino]] dari [[Amerika Selatan]] pertama kali menetap di pulau ini antara tahun [[1000]] dan [[400]] SM. Meskipun beberapa mengklaim mereka hampir punah setelah kontak dengan [[Eropa]], kelompok lain mengklaim bahwa beberapa selamat. Jamaika diklaim oleh [[Spanyol]] setelah [[Christopher Columbus]] pertama kali mendarat di sana pada tahun 1494. Columbus menggunakan pulau tersebut sebagai tanah pribadi keluarganya. Laksamana [[Protektorat|Inggris]] [[William Penn (admiral)|William Penn]] (ayah dari [[William Penn]] dari Pennsylvania) dan Jenderal Venables merebut pulau itu pada 1655. Selama 200 tahun pertama pemerintahan Inggris, Jamaika menjadi negara pengekspor [[gula]] terbesar di dunia dan menghasilkan lebih dari 77.000 ton gula setiap tahun antara tahun 1820 - 1824, yang dicapai melalui penggunaan impor [[perbudakan|budak]] [[Afrika]] sebagai tenaga kerja.
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[[Berkas:Jm-map.png|jmpl|ka|199px|MapPeta of JamaicaJamaika]]▼
The original [[Arawak]] or [[Taino]] people from [[South America]], first settled on the island between [[1000]] and [[400]] BC. Although some claim they became virtually extinct following contact with [[Europeans]], another group claim that some survived.
===Masa pasca kemerdekaan===
Jamaica was claimed for [[Spain]] after [[Christopher Columbus]] first landed there in [[1494]]. Columbus used it as his family's private estate. The [[The Protectorate|British]] Admiral [[William_Penn_(admiral)|William Penn]] (father of [[William Penn]] of Pennsylvania) and General Venables seized the island in [[1655]]. During its first 200 years of British rule, Jamaica became the world's largest [[sugar]] exporting nation and produced over 77,000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 - 1824, which was achieved through the massive use of imported [[Africa]]n [[slavery|slave]] labor.
Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat rata-rata sekitar 6% per tahun, menandai sepuluh tahun pertama kemerdekaan di bawah pemerintahan konservatif JLP; dan dipimpin oleh Perdana Menteri Alexander Bustamante, [[Donald Sangster]] (yang meninggal karena sebab alami dalam waktu dua bulan setelah menjabat) dan [[Hugh Shearer]]. Pertumbuhan tersebut didorong oleh tingginya tingkat investasi swasta di produk [[bauksit]]/[[Aluminium oksida|alumina]], [[pariwisata]], dan industri manufaktur, kemudian pada tingkat yang lebih rendah yaitu sektor pertanian. Dalam [[pemilihan umum Jamaika 1967]], JLP menang lagi, dan memenangkan 33 dari 53 kursi, dengan PNP mengambil 20 kursi.<ref name="Dieter Nohlen 2005 p. 430">Dieter Nohlen (2005), ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook'', Volume I, p. 430.</ref>
 
Dalam hal kebijakan luar negeri, Jamaika menjadi anggota [[Gerakan Non-Blok]], dan berusaha untuk mempertahankan hubungan yang kuat dengan Inggris dan Amerika Serikat, sementara mereka juga mengembangkan hubungan dengan negara-negara Komunis seperti Kuba.
By the beginning of the [[19th century]], the United Kingdom's heavy reliance on slavery resulted in blacks outnumbering whites by a ratio of almost 20 to one, leading to constant threat of revolt. Following a series of rebellions, slavery was formally abolished in [[1834]], with full [[emancipation]] from chattel slavery declared in [[1838]].
 
Jamaica slowly gained increasing independence from the [[United Kingdom]], and in [[1958]] Jamaica became a province in the [[Federation of the West Indies]], a federation between all the [[British West Indies]]. Jamaica attained full independence by leaving the federations in [[1962]].
 
However, the initial optimism following Jamaican independence for the next decade or so vanished as Jamaica lagged economically. Rising foreign debt under the government of [[Michael Manley]], who was determined to alleviate Jamaica's severe economic inequality, led to the imposition of [[IMF]] austerity measures. Deteriorating economic conditions and the involvement of the Central Intelligence Agency due to Manley's international socialism and friendship with Fidel Castro, led to a desperately fought re-election campaign between Manley's [[People's National Party]] and the main opposition, the [[Jamaican Labour Party]]. Both political parties became linked with rival gangs in Kingston which were duly armed. This policy, along with the increasing emergence of Jamaica as a smuggling point for cocaine during the [[1980s]], led to recurrent violence and only served to increase the impoverishment of a large section of the Jamaican populace. The ultimate result of this cycle of violence, drugs and poverty has been the brutal gun warfare seen on Kingston's streets from the mid-[[1990s]] onwards. The Jamaican police force has also been accused of complicity in this murderous side of the island. It must be noted however that the rural sections of the island, especially in and around the resort towns of Negril, Montego Bay and Ocho Rios, remain quite safe.
 
Former capitals of Jamaica include [[Port Royal]], where the pirate [[Henry_Morgan|Governor Morgan]] held sway, and which was destroyed by a storm and earthquake, and [[Spanish Town]], in St. Catherine parish, the site of the old Spanish colonial capital and the English capital during the 18th and 19th century.-->
▲[[Berkas:Jm-map.png|jmpl|ka|199px|Map of Jamaica]]
 
== Geografi ==
Baris 26 ⟶ 20:
[[File:Dunns River Falls Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|[[Air Terjun Sungai Dunn]] yang indah di [[Ocho Ríos]]]]
 
Jamaika adalah pulau terbesar ketiga di [[Kepulauan Karibia|Karibia]].<ref name="jamaica background">{{cite web|title=County Background – Jamaica|url=http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsana/e/fulltext/perfiles/jamaica.pdf|publisher=Pan American Health Organization|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130153040/http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsana/e/fulltext/perfiles/jamaica.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Itu terletak di antara garis lintang 17° dan 19°LU, dan garis bujur 76° dan 79°B. Pegunungan mendominasi interior: pegunungan Don Figuerero, Santa Cruz, dan May Day di barat, [[Pegunungan Dry Harbour]] di tengah, dan [[Pegunungan John Crow]] dan [[Pegunungan Biru Jamaika|Pegunungan Biru]] di timur, yang terakhir berisi [[Puncak Gunung Biru]], gunung tertinggi di Jamaika pada ketinggian 2.256 m.<ref name="CIA World Factbook – Jamaica">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ |title=CIA World Factbook – Jamaica |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023238/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EBJ">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – Jamaica |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930100130/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mereka dikelilingi oleh dataran pantai yang sempit.<ref name="CIA World Factbook – Jamaica"/><ref name="Geogofjam">{{cite web|title=Geography of Jamaica|url=http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/geography.htm|publisher=Jamaica Gleaner|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518020038/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/geography.htm|archive-date=18 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CIA World Factbook – Jamaica"/> Jamaika hanya memiliki dua kota, yang pertama adalah [[Kingston, Jamaika|Kingston]], ibu kota dan pusat bisnis, yang terletak di pantai selatan dan yang kedua adalah [[Montego Bay]], salah satu kota paling terkenal di Karibia untuk pariwisata, yang terletak di pantai utara. [[Pelabuhan Kingston]] adalah pelabuhan alami terbesar ketujuh di dunia,<ref name="portauthority">{{cite web|title=Port Authority History|url=http://www.portjam.com/nmCMS.php?p=history|publisher=Port Authority of Jamaica|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509235846/http://www.portjam.com/nmCMS.php?p=history|archive-date=9 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> yang berkontribusi pada penetapan kota ini sebagai ibu kota pada tahun 1872. Kota-kota lain yang perlu diperhatikan termasuk [[Portmore, Jamaika|Portmore]], [[Spanish Town]], [[Savanna la Mar]], [[Mandeville, Jamaika|Mandeville]], dan kota resor [[Ocho Ríos]], [[Port Antonio]] dan [[Negril]].<ref name="majortownsandcities">{{cite web|title=Jamaican Cities|url=http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/jamaican_cities.html|publisher=My Island Jamaica|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917103147/http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/jamaican_cities.html|archive-date=17 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Daya tarik turis meliputi [[Air Terjun Sungai Dunn]] di St. Ann, Air Terjun YS di St. Elizabeth, Laguna Biru di [[Paroki Portland, Jamaika|Portland]], kawah gunung berapi yang tidak aktif,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Blue Lagoon |url=https://portlandmc.gov.jm/attractions/blue-lagoon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617151241/https://portlandmc.gov.jm/attractions/blue-lagoon |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=[[Portland Parish|Portland]] Municipal Corporation}}</ref> dan [[Port Royal]], tempat gempa bumi besar pada tahun 1692 yang membantu membentuk tombolo [[Palisadoes]] di pulau itu.<ref name="kingston">{{cite web|title=Kingston tourist destinations|url=http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/kingston-jam-jam-jk.htm|publisher=Planet Aware|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716174927/http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/kingston-jam-jam-jk.htm|archive-date=16 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="jamtourist">{{cite web|title=Jamaican tourist attractions|url=http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/jamaica-jam-jam-jam.htm|publisher=Planet Aware|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209073214/http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/jamaica-jam-jam-jam.htm|archive-date=9 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="portantonio">{{cite web|title=Port Antonio tourist attractions|url=http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/port-antonio-jam-jam-jpa.htm|publisher=Planet Aware|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203044010/http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/port-antonio-jam-jam-jpa.htm|archive-date=3 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ochorios">{{cite web|title=Ocho Rios tourist attractions|url=http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/ocho-rios-jam-jam-joch.htm|publisher=Planet Aware|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221225525/http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/ocho-rios-jam-jam-joch.htm|archive-date=21 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baris 33 ⟶ 27:
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map JAM present.svg|thumb|[[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] Jamaika.]]
 
Iklim di Jamaika adalah [[Tropika|tropis]], dengan cuaca panas dan lembap, meskipun daerah pedalaman yang lebih tinggi lebih beriklim [[Iklim sedang|sedang]].<ref name="EBJ"/><ref name="climate">{{cite web|title=Jamaica Climate and Weather|url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Jamaica/Climate|publisher=Word Travels|access-date=11 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627015148/http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Jamaica/Climate/|archive-date=27 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EBJ"/> Beberapa daerah di pesisir selatan, seperti Dataran Liguanea dan Dataran Pedro, merupakan daerah [[bayangan hujan]] yang relatif kering.<ref name="Gleaner Climate">{{cite web |title=Climate of Jamaica |url=http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/climate.htm |publisher=Jamaica Gleaner |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091454/http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/climate.htm |archive-date=29 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Jamaika terletak di [[sabuk badai]] [[Samudra Atlantik]] dan karena itu, pulau ini terkadang mengalami kerusakan akibat badai yang signifikan.<ref name="EBJ"/><ref name="jamhurricanes">{{cite web |title=Construction and Building in Jamaica |url=http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-in-latin-america/building/jamaica/ |publisher=Projects Abroad |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205171026/http://www.projects-abroad.org/volunteer-in-latin-america/building/jamaica/ |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="EBJ"/> Badai [[Badai Charlie (1951)|Charlie]] dan [[Badai Gilbert|Gilbert]] menghantam Jamaika secara langsung pada tahun 1951 dan 1988, menyebabkan kerusakan besar dan banyak kematian. Pada tahun 2000-an (dekade), badai [[Badai Ivan|Ivan]], [[Badai Dean|Dean]], dan [[Badai Gustav|Gustav]] juga membawa cuaca buruk ke pulau itu.
 
== Politik ==
Baris 80 ⟶ 74:
Jamaika adalah ekonomi campuran dengan perusahaan negara dan bisnis sektor swasta. Sektor utama ekonomi Jamaika meliputi pertanian, pertambangan, manufaktur, pariwisata, [[penyulingan minyak bumi]], jasa keuangan dan asuransi.<ref name="EBJ"/> Pariwisata dan pertambangan adalah penghasil [[devisa]] terbesar. Separuh ekonomi Jamaika bergantung pada jasa, dengan separuh pendapatannya berasal dari jasa seperti pariwisata. Diperkirakan 4,3 juta turis asing mengunjungi Jamaika setiap tahun.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/record-4-3-million-tourist-arrivals-2017/ |title=Record 4.3 Million Tourist Arrivals in 2017 |publisher=[[Jamaica Information Service]] (Government of Jamaica) |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112339/https://jis.gov.jm/record-4-3-million-tourist-arrivals-2017/ |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Menurut [[Bank Dunia]], Jamaika adalah negara berpenghasilan menengah ke atas yang, rentan terhadap dampak perubahan iklim, banjir, dan angin topan; seperti tetangganya di Karibia.<ref name="Jamaica country">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica/overview |title=Jamaica (country) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041845/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica/overview |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 2018, Jamaika mewakili [[Komunitas Karibia|CARICOM]] pada pertemuan tahunan [[G20]] dan [[G7]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit |title=Ja/Caricom and the G20 Summit |publisher=Jamaica Gleaner newspaper |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042130/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/commentary/20181201/elizabeth-morgan-jamaica-caricom-and-g20-summit |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada tahun 2019 Jamaika melaporkan tingkat pengangguran terendah dalam 50 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/|title=Lowest Unemployment in 50 Years|publisher=[[Jamaica Information Service]] (Government of Jamaica)|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112222/https://jis.gov.jm/features/lowest-unemployment-in-50-years/|archive-date=21 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Didukung oleh lembaga keuangan multilateral, Jamaika, sejak awal 1980-an, berupaya menerapkan reformasi struktural yang bertujuan mendorong aktivitas sektor swasta dan meningkatkan peran kekuatan pasar dalam alokasi sumber daya.<ref name="mof.gov.jm">{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html |title=GOJ Divestment and Projects Programme to Generate Billions in Investment Opportunities for Jamaican Capital |publisher=Government of Jamaica Ministry of Finance and Public Services |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062403/http://www.mof.gov.jm/mof-media/media-centre/press/2569-goj-divestment-and-projects-programme-to-generate-billions-in-investment-opportunities-for-jamaican-capital.html |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jamaica Observer newspaper">{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica |title=Holness says divestment of state assets good thing for Jamaica |publisher=Jamaica Observer newspaper |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224062310/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Holness_says_divestment_of_state_assets_good_thing_for_Jamaica |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jamaica Gleaner newspaper">{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment|title=DBJ Bats For Small Investors in Wigton Divestment|date=14 November 2018|publisher=Jamaica Gleaner newspaper|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003542/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20181114/dbj-bats-small-investors-wigton-divestment|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Sejak 1991, pemerintah telah mengikuti program liberalisasi dan stabilisasi ekonomi dengan menghilangkan kontrol devisa,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls |title=Jamaica – Foreign Exchange Controls |website=export.gov |publisher=Government of the United States |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002029/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Foreign-Exchange-Controls |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664 |title=No Legal Restrictions of Foreign Currency Quotes |website=Jamaica Observer |publisher=Jamaica Observer Newspaper |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002109/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/-No-legal-restrictions-on-foreign-currency-quotes-_15570664 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> mengambangkan nilai tukar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp |title=Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre |publisher=Trade Reference Centre – Jamaica – Caribbean Trade Reference Centre |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228010302/http://ctrc.sice.oas.org/trc/Jamaica/JamaicaTP.asp |archive-date=28 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="state1">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157299.htm |title=2011 Investment Climate Statement — Jamaica |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2023-02-08 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208230306/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/157299.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> pemotongan [[bea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs |title=Jamaica – Import Tariffs |website=export.gov |publisher=Government of the United States |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001921/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Import-Tariffs |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> menstabilkan [[dolar Jamaika]], mengurangi inflasi<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target |title=Jamaica Turns to Reggae Videos to Promote Inflation Target |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222151944/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-17/no-inflation-no-cry-jamaica-turns-to-reggae-to-promote-target |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> dan menghapus pembatasan [[Investasi asing langsung|investasi asing]].<ref name="state1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment |title=Jamaica – 1-Openness to & Restriction on Foreign Investment |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224002016/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Jamaica-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Penekanan ditempatkan pada pemeliharaan disiplin fiskal yang ketat, keterbukaan yang lebih besar terhadap arus perdagangan dan keuangan, liberalisasi pasar dan pengurangan ukuran pemerintahan. Selama periode ini, sebagian besar ekonomi dikembalikan ke kepemilikan sektor swasta melalui program [[divestasi]] dan [[privatisasi]].<ref name="mof.gov.jm"/><ref name="Jamaica Observer newspaper"/><ref name="Jamaica Gleaner newspaper"/> Zona perdagangan bebas di Kingston, Montego Bay, dan Spanish Town memungkinkan impor bebas bea, keuntungan bebas pajak, dan repatriasi pendapatan ekspor secara gratis.<ref name="Jamaica Economy">{{cite web |url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy |title=Jamaica (Economy) |publisher=Official Commonwealth Website (UK) |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001931/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/jamaica/economy |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Perekonomian Jamaika tumbuh kuat setelah tahun-tahun kemerdekaan,<ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> tetapi kemudian mengalami stagnasi pada tahun 1980-an, karena jatuhnya harga bauksit dan fluktuasi harga pertanian.<ref name="Jamaica EconomyEBJ"/><ref name="EBJJamaica Economy"/> Sektor keuangan bermasalah pada tahun 1994, dengan banyak bank dan perusahaan asuransi menderita kerugian besar dan masalah likuiditas.<ref name="EBJ"/><ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> Menurut Sekretariat [[Persemakmuran Bangsa-Bangsa|Persemakmuran]], "Pemerintah mendirikan Perusahaan Penyesuaian Sektor Keuangan (Finsac) pada Januari 1997 untuk membantu bank dan perusahaan ini, menyediakan dana dengan imbalan ekuitas, dan mengakuisisi kepemilikan substansial di bank dan perusahaan asuransi dan perusahaan terkait", tetapi itu hanya memperburuk masalah, dan membawa negara itu ke dalam utang luar negeri yang besar. Sejak tahun 2001, setelah memulihkan bank dan perusahaan ini ke kondisi keuangan yang sehat, Finsac mendivestasikannya.<ref name="Jamaica Economy"/> [[Politik Jamaika|Pemerintah Jamaika]] tetap berkomitmen untuk menurunkan inflasi, dengan tujuan jangka panjang untuk menyelaraskannya dengan mitra perdagangan utamanya.<ref name="Bloomberg"/>
 
== Demografi ==
Baris 93 ⟶ 87:
 
Gereja Mandeville, di paroki [[Manchester]] , dibangun pada tahun [[1816]].
Kekristenan adalah agama yang paling dipraktikkan di Jamaika. Protestan merupakan mayoritas sekitar 70%, dan Katolik adalah minoritas 2% dari populasi. Menurut sensus 2001, cabang-cabang Protestan terbesar di Jamaika adalah Gereja Allah (24%), Gereja Masehi Advent Hari Ketujuh (11%), [[Pentakosta]] (10%), Baptis (7%), [[Anglikanisme]] (4%), Gereja Persatuan (2%), [[Metodisme]] (2%), Persaudaraan Moravia (1%) dan Plymouth Brothers (1%). Iman Kristen diterima, karena orang-orang Kristen abolisionis [[Inggris]] dan [[misionaris]] Baptis mendidik para budak sebelumnya. Ini dilihat sebagai pertarungan melawan perbudakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jis.gov.jm/|title=Jamaica Information Service - The Voice of Jamaica|last=|first=|first2=|date=|website=Jamaica Information Service|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=2020-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130195705/https://jis.gov.jm/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== Budaya ==
Baris 105 ⟶ 99:
 
=== Literatur ===
Wartawan dan penulis [[H. G. de Lisser]] (1878–1944) menggunakan negara asalnya sebagai latar untuk banyak novelnya.<ref name=Hughes>Michael Hughes, "De Lisser, Herbert G.", ''A Companion to West Indian Literature'', Collins, 1979, pp. 40–42.</ref> Lahir di [[Falmouth, Jamaika]], de Lisser bekerja sebagai reporter untuk ''[[Jamaika Times|]]''Jamaika Times'']] di usia muda dan pada tahun 1920 mulai menerbitkan majalah ''[[Planters' Punch]]''. ''The White Witch of Rosehall'' adalah salah satu novelnya yang terkenal. Dia diangkat sebagai Presiden Kehormatan Asosiasi Pers Jamaika; dia bekerja sepanjang karir profesionalnya untuk mempromosikan industri gula Jamaika.
 
[[Roger Mais]] (1905 – 1955), seorang jurnalis, penyair, dan penulis drama menulis banyak cerita pendek, drama, dan novel, termasuk ''The Hills Were Joyful Together'' (1953), ''Brother Man'' (1954), dan ''Black Lightning'' (1955).<ref name="Hawthorne 7">Hawthorne, Evelyn J. "The Writer and the Nationalist Model", ''Roger Mais and the Decolonization of Caribbean Culture'', NY: Peter Lang, 1989, p. 7.</ref>
 
[[Marlon James]] (1970), novelis yang telah menerbitkan tiga novel: ''John Crow's Devil'' (2005), ''[[The Book of Night Women|]]''The Book of Night Women'']] (2009) dan ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]'' (2014), pemenang [[Penghargaan Booker|Man Booker Prize]] 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html|title=From Jamaica to Minnesota to Myself|last=James|first=Marlon|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 March 2015|access-date=27 June 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731160335/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/magazine/from-jamaica-to-minnesota-to-myself.html|archive-date=31 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== Kuliner ===
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Jamaika"