The Ocean Cleanup: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rudiwaka (bicara | kontrib)
+info
Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
Taylor 49 (bicara | kontrib)
typo
(3 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Sedang ditulis}}
{{Short description|Organisasi nirlaba lingkungan Belanda yang menciptakan teknologi bersih untuk membersihkan lautan dan sungai dari plastik}}
{{Infobox organization
Baris 65 ⟶ 64:
'''The Ocean Cleanup''' adalah [[organisasi]] [[Organisasi nirlaba|nirlaba]] rekayasa lingkungan yang berbasis di [[Belanda]], yang mengembangkan teknologi untuk mengekstraksi [[polusi plastik]] dari lautan dan mencegatnya di sungai sebelum dapat mencapai laut. Setelah pengujian awal dan pembuatan prototipe di [[Laut Utara]], Cleanup menerapkan prototipe skala penuh pertama mereka di [[Pusat sampah Pasifik Besar|Pusat Sampah Pasifik Besar]]. Namun mengalami kesulitan setelah dua bulan dan ditarik ke Hawaii untuk diperiksa dan diperbaiki. Pada Juni 2019, sistem prototipe kedua mulai digunakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1071|title=Tackling the Great Pacific Garbage Patch with The Ocean Cleanup Project|date=March 10, 2020|website=AZoCleantech.com|access-date=April 1, 2021|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302200500/https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1071|url-status=live}}</ref> Cleanup juga menerapkan teknologi rekayasa sungai bernama Interceptor, di dua lokasi pada 2019. Cleanup mengumumkan proyek tersebut ke publik pada Oktober 2019. Selanjut alat yang sama dininstall pada 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-river-vessel|title=The Ocean Cleanup Unveils River Vessel|website=The Maritime Executive|access-date=2021-04-01|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055237/https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-ocean-cleanup-unveils-river-vessel|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada tahun 2021, mereka mengumumkan bahwa pengujian prototipe Sistem 002 berhasil.<ref name="cohen">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Li|date=2021-10-16|title=Nearly 20,000 pounds of trash removed from one of the biggest accumulations of ocean plastic in the world|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trash-removed-from-great-pacific-garbage-patch/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref> Pada tahun 2022, Interceptor Original pertama yang digunakan di [[Amerika Serikat]] dipasang di [[Ballona Creek]] dekat [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://theoceancleanup.com/dashboard/#interceptorforlacounty|title=Interceptor for LA County|website=www.theoceancleanup.com}}</ref>
 
Organisasi ini melakukan penelitian ilmiah tentang polusi plastik di lautan. Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 2013 oleh [[Boyan Slat]], seorang penemu kelahiran Belanda-[[pengusaha]] dari [[Kroasia]] dan asal Belanda<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/life/znanost/hrvat-koji-cisti-oceane-moj-tata-zivi-u-istri-a-ja-sam-s-ustedevinom-od-200-%E2%82%AC-ostvario-san/4632887/|title=Hrvat Koji Čisti Oceane – Moj tata živi u Istri, a ja sam s ušteđevinom od 200 € ostvario san|work=jutarnji.hr|access-date=2017-04-13|language=en|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071704/https://www.jutarnji.hr/life/znanost/hrvat-koji-cisti-oceane-moj-tata-zivi-u-istri-a-ja-sam-s-ustedevinom-od-200-%E2%82%AC-ostvario-san/4632887/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.hr/vijesti/nizozemac-hrvatskog-podrijetla-izumio-sustav-koji-elimira-plasticni-otpad-iz-mora/346501/|title=Nizozemac hrvatskog podrijetla izumio sustav koji elimira plastični otpad iz mora|website=www.monitor.hr|access-date=2017-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153647/http://www.monitor.hr/vijesti/nizozemac-hrvatskog-podrijetla-izumio-sustav-koji-elimira-plasticni-otpad-iz-mora/346501/|url-status=dead}}</ref> yang menjabat sebagai CEO-nya. Cleanup telah melakukan dua ekspedisi ke [[North Pacific Gyre]], Ekspedisi Mega dan Ekspedisi Udara, dan terus menerbitkan karya ilmiah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cleanup|first=The Ocean|title=The Ocean Cleanup Launches Mega Expedition, Largest Research Expedition In History|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-launches-mega-expedition-largest-research-expedition-in-history-300068351.html|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312013202/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-ocean-cleanup-launches-mega-expedition-largest-research-expedition-in-history-300068351.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=jason|date=2018-07-27|title=The Ocean Cleanup Aerial Expedition [All You Need To Know]|url=https://internationalairresponse.com/the-ocean-cleanup-aerial-expedition-all-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2020-08-10|website=International Air Response|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032032/https://internationalairresponse.com/the-ocean-cleanup-aerial-expedition-all-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Qiqing|date=November 2017|title=Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=446–456|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b04682|pmid=29185716|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lebreton|first=L.|date=March 2018|title=Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|pages=4666|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w|pmid=29568057|pmc=5864935|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.4666L}}</ref> Sistem samudra mereka terdiri dari penghalang terapung di permukaan air di [[pilin samudra|pilin samudra]], yang mengumpulkan [[|puing|puing-puing di laut]] saat sistem didorong oleh angin, ombak, dan arus, dan diperlambat dengan jangkar laut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-16|title=Into the Twilight Zone|url=https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/into-the-twilight-zone/|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Ocean Cleanup|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928012618/https://theoceancleanup.com/updates/into-the-twilight-zone/|url-status=live}}</ref> The project aims to launch a total of 60 such systems, and they predict this capability could clean up 50% of the debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years from full scale deployment.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/08/scientists-get-ready-to-begin-great-pacific-garbage-patch-cleanup|title=Scientists get ready to begin Great Pacific Garbage Patch cleanup|last=Summers|first=Hannah|date=2018-09-08|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=2018-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102040708/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/08/scientists-get-ready-to-begin-great-pacific-garbage-patch-cleanup|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=CNET|title=The Ocean Cleanup launches to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch|date=2018-09-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYC4Q-0wcAc&t=247s|access-date=2018-11-02|archive-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107143047/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYC4Q-0wcAc&t=247s|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Pada akhir Oktober 2019, organisasi ini mengumumkan inisiatif baru, Interceptor, yang bertujuan untuk secara signifikan mengurangi jumlah plastik yang mengalir ke lautan dari sungai, Slat menjelaskan bagaimana "1% sungai bertanggung jawab atas 80% polusi di lautan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/dutch-foundation-launches-project-tackle-184500487.html|title=Dutch foundation launches project to tackle river plastic pollution|date=2019-10-26|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-26|ref=Yahoo Interceptor 2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026191549/https://news.yahoo.com/dutch-foundation-launches-project-tackle-184500487.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Rivers {{!}} The Interceptor, Explained {{!}} The Ocean Cleanup|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm1rH70wfJo|language=en|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=2019-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030094018/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm1rH70wfJo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation|title=Boyan Slat talks up his latest invention, The Interceptor|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMenLxORN6M|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMenLxORN6M|url-status=live}}</ref>
Baris 84 ⟶ 83:
=== Ocean system ===
[[File:Floating barrier side view.svg|thumb|right|Diagram tampak samping:<br/>A: Angin<br/>B: Gelombang<br/>C: Arus<br/>D: Penghalang mengambang]]
Desain Jenny terbaru menggunakan struktur yang ditarik dan mengambang. Struktur berfungsi sebagai [[Boom (containment)|boom penahanan]]. Layar permeabel di bawah pelampung menangkap serpihan sampah di bawah permukaan air.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Lavars|first=Nick|date=2021-08-13|title=Ocean Cleanup's biggest system sweeps into Great Pacific Garbage Patch|url=https://newatlas.com/environment/ocean-cleanup-pacific-garbage-patch-jenny-active-propulsion/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-14|website=New Atlas|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813222626/https://newatlas.com/environment/ocean-cleanup-pacific-garbage-patch-jenny-active-propulsion/}}</ref> Layar dengan ukuran {{Convert|800|m|abbr=on}} menjadi penghalang dan menambahkan propulsi aktif untuk memungkinkan sistem beroperasi pada kecepatan yang lebih tinggi. Kapal berawak menarik penghalang berbentuk U melalui air dengan kecepatan 1,5 knot. Kapal juga dapat dikemudikan ke daerah dengan kepadatan sampah yang lebih tinggi.<ref name=":12" /> Pada Juli 2022, sistem terapung telah menangkap 100.000&nbsp;kg plastik dari Great Pacific Garbage Patch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TheOceanCleanup/status/1551599038402805761|title=Today we reached an exciting milestone: over 100,000kg of plastic removed from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch|website=twitter.com}}</ref>
 
=== River system ===
Baris 91 ⟶ 90:
==Penelitian==
=== Ekspedisi laut===
[[File:Great Pacific Garbage Patch-Map-2017.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Konsentrasi berat sampah plastik laut pada Agustus 2015]]
Pada bulan Agustus 2015, The Ocean Cleanup melakukan Ekspedisi Mega, di mana armada sekitar 30 kapal, termasuk kapal utama [[R/V Ocean Starr|R/V ''Ocean Starr'']] , melintasi [[Tambalan Sampah Pasifik Besar]] (jalur masif sampah pasifik) dan memetakan area seluas 3,5 juta kilometer persegi. Ekspedisi mengumpulkan data tentang ukuran, konsentrasi, dan berat total plastik di jalur sampah itu. Menurut organisasi tersebut, ekspedisi ini mengumpulkan lebih banyak data tentang polusi plastik di lautan daripada gabungan penelitian 40 tahun terakhir.<ref>[https://www.theoceancleanup.com/milestones/mega-expedition/ Mega Expedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205229/https://www.theoceancleanup.com/milestones/mega-expedition/ |date=2017-08-23 }}, Theoceancleanup.com. Vittu mitä paskaa.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Entrepreneur-thinks-garbage-patch-is-far-6460890.php|title=Garbage 'patch' is much worse than believed, entrepreneur says|date=2015-08-23|work=SFGate|access-date=2018-10-24|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184955/https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Entrepreneur-thinks-garbage-patch-is-far-6460890.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Baris 99 ⟶ 98:
 
=== Temuan khusus ===
Pada bulan Februari 2015, tim peneliti menerbitkan sebuah studi di ''[[Biogeosciences]]'' tentang distribusi vertikal plastik, berdasarkan sampel yang dikumpulkan di [[Gyre Atlantik Utara]]. Mereka menemukan bahwa konsentrasi plastik berkurang [[Distribusi eksponensial|secara eksponensial]] dengan kedalaman, dengan konsentrasi tertinggi di permukaan, dan mendekati nol hanya beberapa meter lebih dalam.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-into-pacific-on-september-8-2018-7|title=A 24-year-old is going ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Some experts are worried.|last=Loria|first=Kevin|date=Sep 7, 2018|website=Business Insider|access-date=November 7, 2019|archive-date=August 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821235658/https://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-into-pacific-on-september-8-2018-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reisser|first1=J.|last2=Slat|first2=B.|last3=Noble|first3=K.|last4=du Plessis|first4=K.|last5=Epp|first5=M.|last6=Proietti|first6=M.|last7=de Sonneville|first7=J.|last8=Becker|first8=T.|last9=Pattiaratchi|first9=C.|date=2015-02-26|title=The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre|journal=Biogeosciences|volume=12|issue=4|pages=1249–1256|doi=10.5194/bg-12-1249-2015|issn=1726-4189|bibcode=2015BGeo...12.1249R|doi-access=free}}</ref> Makalah tindak lanjut diterbitkan di ''[[Laporan Ilmiah]]'' pada bulan Oktober 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kooi|first1=Merel|last2=Reisser|first2=Julia|last3=Slat|first3=Boyan|last4=Ferrari|first4=Francesco F.|last5=Schmid|first5=Moritz S.|last6=Cunsolo|first6=Serena|last7=Brambini|first7=Roberto|last8=Noble|first8=Kimberly|last9=Sirks|first9=Lys-Anne|date=2016-10-10|title=The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=6|issue=1|pages=33882|doi=10.1038/srep33882|pmid=27721460|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5056413|bibcode=2016NatSR...633882K}}</ref>
[[File:Mass of river plastic flowing into oceans.webp|thumb|356x356px|MassaBerat plastik sungai yang mengalir ke lautan dalam ton per tahun.]]
Pada Juni 2017, para peneliti menerbitkan sebuah makalah di ''[[Nature Communications]]'', dengan model input plastik sungai ke laut. Model mereka memperkirakan bahwa antara 1,15 dan 2,41 juta metrik ton plastik masuk ke lautan dunia setiap tahun, dengan 86% berasal dari sungai-sungai di Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lebreton|first1=Laurent C. M.|last2=van der Zwet|first2=Joost|last3=Damsteeg|first3=Jan-Willem|last4=Slat|first4=Boyan|last5=Andrady|first5=Anthony|last6=Reisser|first6=Julia|date=2017-06-07|title=River plastic emissions to the world's oceans|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|pages=15611|doi=10.1038/ncomms15611|pmid=28589961|pmc=5467230|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2017NatCo...815611L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/where-is-the-plastic-in-the-ocean-coming-from-try-asia|title=Where Is the Plastic in the Ocean Coming From? Try Asia.|last=Berman|first=Robby|date=June 17, 2017|website=Big Think|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110205937/https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/where-is-the-plastic-in-the-ocean-coming-from-try-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Baris 129 ⟶ 128:
== Lihat juga ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hari Bumi|Hari Bumi (Earth Day)]]
* [[4Ocean]]
* [[Earth Day]]
* [[Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup]]
* [[Junk raft]]
* [[Kamilo Beach]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine debris]]
* [[National Cleanup Day]]
* [[Ocean Conservancy]]
* [[Plastic recycling]]
* ''[[Plastiki]]''
* [[Project Kaisei]]
* [[SUPER HI-CAT]]
* [[World Cleanup Day]]
}}