Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=
[[Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2]] (SARS-CoV-2), virus penyebab [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (
== Gambaran umum ==
Kemunculan SARS-CoV-2 bisa saja berasal dari peristiwa [[rekombinasi genetika]] antara koronavirus-mirip-SARS pada [[kelelawar]] dan [[tenggiling]] melalui transmisi lintas spesies.<ref name="rekombinasi">{{cite journal |authors=Shahhosseini, N., Wong, G., Kobinger, G.P., dan Chinikar, S. |date=Juni 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Spillover Transmission due to Recombination Event |journal=Gene Reports |volume=23 |pages=101045 |doi=10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045}}</ref> Mutasi memainkan peranan yang penting pada [[evolusi]] dan kemunculan varian SARS-CoV-2 baru.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shahhosseini |first1=Nariman |last2=Babuadze |first2=George |last3=Wong |first3=Gary |last4=Kobinger |first4=Gary |year=2021 |title=Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern |journal=Microorganisms |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=926 |s2cid=233460887 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms9050926 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/926 |access-date=4 Mei 2021}}</ref>
Varian SARS-CoV-2 yang diwaspadai mampu bermutasi sehingga mereka dapat terus menyebar terhadap peningkatan kekebalan kelompok sembari menjaga laju replikasi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |title=The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}</ref>
Tabel berikut menampilkan informasi dan tingkat [[Matriks risiko|risiko]] relatif<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/988614/Risk_assessment_framework_for_SARS-CoV-2_variants_20210521.pdf |agency=Public Health England |date=22 Mei 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants: risk assessment framework |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=22 Juni 2021 |id=GOV-8426 |language=en}}</ref> untuk [[varian yang diwaspadai]] (VOC).{{efn|Tabel ini disusun berdasarkan berbagai pelacak<ref name="who-variants" /><ref name="cdc-variants" /><ref name="phe-voc" /><ref name="aci-variants" /><ref name="ecdc-variants" /> dan laporan periodik.<ref name="who-situation">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports |title=Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports |website=who.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=14 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref><ref name="phe-briefings">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-novel-sars-cov-2-variant-variant-of-concern-20201201 |agency=Public Health England |title=Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: technical briefings |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=15 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref><ref name="phe-variant-risk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-variant-risk-assessments |agency=Public Health England |title=Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=19 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>}} Interval yang ditampilkan menganggap tingkat [[Selang kepercayaan|kepercayaan]] 95%, kecuali dinyatakan lain. Saat ini, semua taksiran adalah pendekatan karena keterbatasan data untuk penelitian. Untuk Alpha, Beta, Gamma, dan Delta, tidak ada perubahan dalam [[Tes Covid-19|akurasi tes]].<ref name="aci-variants" /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />
<!-- Untuk penjelasan tentang tabel risiko, lihat https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Talk:Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2#Use_of_{{risk}}_in_summary_table -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="4" | Identitas<ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />
! colspan="3" | Kemunculan
! colspan="4" | Perubahan terhadap varian yang sebelumnya ada pada waktu dan tempat kemunculan
! colspan="3" | Kegiatan antibodi penetral (atau efikasi bila ada)
|-
! Label [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|WHO]]
! Garis keturunan [[Pangolin (alat)|Pangolin]]
! Varian [[Public Health England|PHE]]<wbr />{{efn-ua|1=Format nama diperbarui pada Maret 2021 yang mengubah tahun dari empat angka ke dua angka dan bulan dari dua angka ke tiga huruf, misal VOC-<span style="color:#E1BE6A;">'''2021'''</span><span style="color:#40B0A6;">''01''</span>-02 menjadi VOC-<span style="color:#E1BE6A;">'''21'''</span><span style="color:#40B0A6;">''JAN''</span>-02.<ref name="phe-voc" />}}
! [[Klad]] [[Nextstrain]]
! [[Kejadian Luar Biasa|KLB]] pertama
! Sampel paling awal<wbr /><ref name="who-update-22june" />
! [[Varian yang diwaspadai|VOC]] yang ditunjuk
! Mutasi terkenal
! [[Angka reproduksi dasar|Penularan]]
! Butuh [[rawat inap]]
! [[Tingkat fatalitas kasus|Mortalitas]]
! Dari infeksi alami{{efn-ua|Efikasi infeksi alami terhadap infeksi ulang bila ada}}
! Dari [[Efikasi vaksin|vaksinasi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|1|[[Varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2|Alpha]]}}
| B.1.1.7
| VOC‑20DEC‑01
| rowspan="2" | 20I (V1)
| rowspan="2" | [[Britania Raya]]
| {{dts|2020|09|20|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |authors=Rambaut, A., Loman, N., Pybus, O., Barclay, W., Barrett, J., Carabelli, A., Connor, T., Peacock, T., Robertson, D.L., dan Volz, E. |date=18 Desember 2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |website=Virological |access-date=14 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{dts|2020|12|18|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref>{{cite techreport |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant, technical briefing 1 |date=21 Desember 2020 |type=Briefing |institution=Public Health England |format=PDF |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/959438/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=6 Juni 2021}}</ref>
| 69–70hapus, N501Y, P681H<wbr /><ref name=":33">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |date=28 Januari 2021 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=4 Januari 2021 |language=en}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{sfnp|Chand ''et al.''|2020|p=6|loc=Potential impact of spike variant N501Y}}
| rowspan="2" {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+29|24|33|unit=%|type=cri|mini=auto}}<wbr /><ref name="transmissibility-multinational">{{cite journal |authors=Campbell, F., Archer, B., Laurenson-Schafer, H., Jinnai, Y., Konings, F., Batra, N., Pavlin, B., Vandemaele, K., Van Kerkhove, M.D., Jombart, T., Morgan, O., dan le Polain de Waroux, O. |date=Juni 2021 |title=Increased transmissibility and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as at June 2021 |journal=Euro Surveillance |volume=26 |issue=24 |pages=2100509 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100509}}</ref>{{efn-ua|name=same-alpha|B.1.1.7 dengan E484K dianggap hanya berbeda dari B.1.1.7 dalam aktivitas antibodi penetral.<ref name="ecdc-variants" />}}}}
| rowspan="2" {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+52|47|57|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr />{{efn-ua|name=alpha-severity|23 November 2020–31 Januari 2021, Inggris.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Nyberg, T., Twohig, K.A., Harris, R.J., Seaman, S.R., Flannagan, J., Allen, H., Charlett, A., De Angelis, D., Dabrera, G., dan Presanis, A.M. |date=Juni 2021 |title=Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=373 |pages=n1412 |s2cid=235187479 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n1412}}</ref>}}{{efn-ua|name=same-alpha}}}}
| rowspan="2" {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+59|44|74|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr />{{efn-ua|name=alpha-severity}}{{efn-ua|name=same-alpha}}}}<br />[[Tingkat fatalitas kasus]] 0,06% untuk kelompok usia < 50, 4,8% untuk kelompok usia > 50<ref name="voctech">{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1012644/Technical_Briefing_21.pdf |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England Technical Briefing 21 |date=20 Agustus 2021 |work=Public Health England |page=16 dan 22 |access-date=29 Agustus 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{risiko|level=rendah|align=ml|Pengurangan minimal<wbr /><ref name="cdc-variants" />}}
| {{risiko|level=rendah|align=ml|Pengurangan minimal<wbr /><ref name="cdc-variants" />}}
|-
| B.1.1.7 dengan [[E484K]]<wbr />{{efn-ua|B.1.1.7 dengan E484K belum menerima label WHO dan didaftarkan di sini dengan label yang sama dengan induk keturunannya, B.1.1.7.}}<ref name="phe-voc" />
| VOC‑21FEB‑02
| {{dts|2021|01|26|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref name="briefing5">{{cite techreport |title=Investigation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant 202012/01, technical briefing 5 |date=2 Februari 2021 |institution=Public Health England |type=Briefing |format=PDF |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/959426/Variant_of_Concern_VOC_202012_01_Technical_Briefing_5.pdf |access-date=14 Juni 2021 |id=GW-1905}}</ref>
| {{dts|2021|02|05|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref name="GW-1934">{{cite techreport |title=Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in England, technical briefing 6 |date=13 Februari 2021 |institution=Public Health England |format=PDF |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/961299/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_6_England-1.pdf |access-date=6 Juni 2021 |id=GW-1934}}</ref>
| [[E484K]], 69–70hapus, N501Y, P681H<ref name=":33" />{{sfnp|Chand dkk.|2020|p=6|loc=Potential impact of spike variant N501Y}}
| {{risiko|level=tinggi|align=ml|Sangat berkurang<wbr /><ref name="b117e484k">{{cite journal |vauthors=Collier DA, De Marco A, Ferreira IA, Meng B, Datir RP, Walls AC, Kemp SA, Bassi J, Pinto D, Silacci-Fregni C, Bianchi S, Tortorici MA, Bowen J, Culap K, Jaconi S, Cameroni E, Snell G, Pizzuto MS, Pellanda AF, Garzoni C, Riva A, Elmer A, Kingston N, Graves B, McCoy LE, Smith KG, Bradley JR, Temperton N, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Barcenas-Morales G, Harvey W, Virgin HW, Lanzavecchia A, Piccoli L, Doffinger R, Wills M, Veesler D, Corti D, Gupta RK |display-authors=6 |date=Mei 2021 |title=Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies |journal=Nature |volume=593 |issue=7857 |pp=136–141 |type=Published |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7 |doi-access=free |quote=We therefore generated pseudoviruses that carried the B.1.1.7 spike mutations with or without the additional E484K substitution and tested these against sera obtained after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as well as against convalescent sera. After the second vaccine dose, we observed a considerable loss of neutralising activity for the pseudovirus with the B.1.1.7 spike mutations and E484K (Fig. 3d, e). The mean fold change for the E484K-containing B.1.1.7 spike variant was 6.7 compared with 1.9 for the B.1.1.7 variant, relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3a–c and Extended Data Fig. 5). Similarly, when we tested a panel of convalescent sera with a range of neutralisation titres (Fig. 1f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5), we observed additional loss of activity against the mutant B.1.1.7 spike with E484K, with fold change of 11.4 relative to the wild-type spike protein (Fig. 3f, g and Extended Data Fig. 5).}}</ref>}}
| {{risiko|level=tinggi|align=ml|Sangat berkurang<wbr /><ref name="b117e484k" />}}
|-
| {{sort|2|[[Varian Beta SARS-CoV-2|Beta]]}}
| B.1.351
| VOC‑20DEC‑02
| 20H (V2)
| [[Afrika Selatan]]
| {{dts|2020|05|format=dmy|abbr=on}}
| {{dts|2021|01|14|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref>{{cite techreport |authors=Horby, P., Barclay, W., dan Huntley, C. |date=13 Januari 2021 |title=NERVTAG paper: brief note on SARS-CoV-2 variants |institution=Public Health England |type=Note |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nervtag-brief-note-on-sars-cov-2-variants-13-january-2021 |access-date=6 Juni 2021}}</ref>
| K417N, E484K, N501Y<wbr /><ref name=":33" />
| {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+25|20|30|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr /><ref name="transmissibility-multinational" />}}
| {{risiko|level=takdiketahui|align=ml|''Dalam investigasi''}}
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Kemungkinan meningkat<wbr /><ref name="aci-variants" /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />}}
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Berkurang, tetapi respons sel T akibat D614G tetap efektif<wbr /><ref name="cdc-variants" /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />}}
| {{risiko|level=tinggi|align=ml|Efikasi: berkurang terhadap penyakit bergejala,{{efn-ua|Oxford-AstraZeneca, NovaVax.}} tetap terhadap gejala berat<wbr /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />}}
|-
| {{sort|3|[[Varian Gamma SARS-CoV-2|Gamma]]}}
| P.1
| VOC‑21JAN‑02
| 20J (V3)
| [[Brasil]]
| {{dts|2020|11|format=dmy|abbr=on}}
| {{dts|2021|01|15|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref>{{cite news |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |date=15 Januari 2021 |agency=Public Health England |website=GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |access-date=5 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite techreport |authors=Horby, P., Barclay, W., Gupta, R., dan Huntley, C. |date=27 Januari 2021 |title=NERVTAG paper: note on variant P.1 |institution=Public Health England |type=Note |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nervtag-note-on-variant-p1-27-january-2021 |access-date=6 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| K417T, E484K, N501Y<wbr /><ref name=":33" />
| {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+38|29|48|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr /><ref name="transmissibility-multinational" />}}
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Kemungkinan meningkat<wbr /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />}}
| {{risiko|level=tinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+50|20|90|50|unit=%|type=cri|mini=auto}}<wbr />{{efn-ua|name=low-confidence|[[Selang kepercayaan]] (''confidence interval'') dan selang kepercayaan Bayes (''credible interval'') yang dilaporkan memiliki probabilitas yang rendah sehingga nilai estimasi hanya dapat dipahami sebagai mungkin dan bukan sering ataupun pasti.}}{{efn-ua|Maret 2020 s.d. Februari 2021, Manaus.<ref name="cadde-p1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C, Claro IM, Candido DD, Mishra S, Crispim MA, Sales FC, Hawryluk I, McCrone JT, Hulswit RJ, Franco LA, Ramundo MS, de Jesus JG, Andrade PS, Coletti TM, Ferreira GM, Silva CA, Manuli ER, Pereira RH, Peixoto PS, Kraemer MU, Gaburo N, Camilo CD, Hoeltgebaum H, Souza WM, Rocha EC, de Souza LM, de Pinho MC, Araujo LJ, Malta FS, de Lima AB, Silva JD, Zauli DA, Ferreira AC, Schnekenberg RP, Laydon DJ, Walker PG, Schlüter HM, Dos Santos AL, Vidal MS, Del Caro VS, Filho RM, Dos Santos HM, Aguiar RS, Proença-Modena JL, Nelson B, Hay JA, Monod M, Miscouridou X, Coupland H, Sonabend R, Vollmer M, Gandy A, Prete CA, Nascimento VH, Suchard MA, Bowden TA, Pond SL, Wu CH, Ratmann O, Ferguson NM, Dye C, Loman NJ, Lemey P, Rambaut A, Fraiji NA, Carvalho MD, Pybus OG, Flaxman S, Bhatt S, Sabino EC |display-authors=6 |date=Mei 2021 |title=Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6544 |pp=815–821 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..815F |doi=10.1126/science.abh2644 |doi-access=free |quote=Within this plausible region of parameter space, P.1 can be between 1.7 and 2.4 times more transmissible (50% BCI, 2.0 median, with a 99% posterior probability of being >1) than local non-P1 lineages and can evade 21 to 46% (50% BCI, 32% median, with a 95% posterior probability of being able to evade at least 10%) of protective immunity elicited by previous infection with non-P.1 lineages, corresponding to 54 to 79% (50% BCI, 68% median) cross-immunity ... We estimate that infections are 1.2 to 1.9 times more likely (50% BCI, median 1.5, 90% posterior probability of being >1) to result in mortality in the period after the emergence of P.1, compared with before, although posterior estimates of this relative risk are also correlated with inferred cross-immunity. More broadly, the recent epidemic in Manaus has strained the city's health care system, leading to inadequate access to medical care. We therefore cannot determine whether the estimated increase in relative mortality risk is due to P.1 infection, stresses on the Manaus health care system, or both. Detailed clinical investigations of P.1 infections are needed.}}</ref> Hasil pendahuluan dari sebuah penelitian di bagian selatan Brasil menemukan bahwa garis keturunan P.1 meningkatkan mortalitas terlebih pada orang muda yang sehat. Dalam kelompok tanpa penyakit bawaan sebelumnya, varian ini ditemukan dapat meningkatkan mortalitas sampai {{estimasi|490|220|985|unit=%|mini=auto}} untuk laki-laki kelompok usia 20–39, {{estimasi|465|190|1003|unit=%|mini=auto}} untuk perempuan kelompok usia 20–39, dan {{estimasi|670|401|1083|unit=%|mini=auto}} untuk perempuan kelompok usia 40–59.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Freitas AR, Lemos DR, Beckedorff OA, Cavalcanti LP, Siqueira AM, Mello RC, Barros EN |display-authors=6 |date=19 April 2021 |title=The increase in the risk of severity and fatality rate of covid-19 in southern Brazil after the emergence of the Variant of Concern (VOC) SARS-CoV-2 P.1 was greater among young adults without pre-existing risk conditions |work=[[medRxiv]] |type=Preprint |s2cid=233295278 |doi=10.1101/2021.04.13.21255281 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.21255281v1 |access-date=23 Mei 2021 |quote=Female 20 to 39 years old, with no pre-existing risk conditions, were at risk of death 5.65 times higher in February (95% CI, 2.9-11.03; p < 0.0001) and in the age group of 40 and 59 years old, this risk was 7.7 times higher (95% CI, 5.01-11.83; p < 0.0001) comparing with November–December. ... The heterogeneity observed between the age groups was greater when we analysed the subgroup of the population without preexisting risk conditions where we found that the CFR in the female sex in the second wave was 1.95 times (95% CI, 1.38-2.76) the CFR of the first wave in the population over 85 years old and was 7.7 times (95% CI, 5.01-11.83; p < 0.0001) in the population between 40 and 59 years old. In the male population without previous diseases, the CFR in the second wave was 2.18 (95% CI, 1.62-2.93) times the CFR of the first wave in the population over 85 years old and 5.9 (95% CI, 3.2-10.85; p < 0, 0001) higher in the range between 20 and 39 years old.}}</ref>{{efn-ua|name=different-conditions}}}}}}
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Berkurang<wbr /><ref name="cdc-variants" />}}
| {{risiko|level=rendah|align=ml|Tetap untuk sebagian<wbr />{{efn-ua|Kecuali Pfizer–BioNTech.<ref name="aci-variants" />}}}}
|-
| {{sort|4|[[Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2|Delta]]}}
| [[Garis keturunan B.1.617 SARS-CoV-2|B.1.617]].2
| VOC‑21APR‑02<wbr />
| 21A
| [[India]]
| {{dts|2020|10|format=dmy|abbr=on}}
| {{dts|2021|05|06|format=dmy|abbr=on}}<wbr /><ref name="briefing10">{{cite techreport |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England, technical briefing 10 |date=7 Mei 2021 |institution=Public Health England |type=Briefing |format=PDF |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/984274/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_10_England.pdf |access-date=6 Juni 2021 |id=GOV-8226}}</ref>
| L452R, T478K, P681R<wbr /><ref name="20A_617">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=29 Juni 2021 |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
| {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+97|76|117|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr /><ref name="transmissibility-multinational" />}}
| {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+85|39|147|unit=%|mini=auto}} <small>relatif terhadap Alpha</small><wbr />{{efn-ua|1 April 2021 s.d. 6 Juni 2021, Skotlandia.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Sheikh, A., McMenamin, J., Taylor, B., dan Robertson, C. |date=Juni 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness |journal=Lancet |volume=397 |issue=10293 |pp=2461–2462 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1}}</ref> Penelitian pendahuluan lainnya di Ontario menemukan bahwa rawat inap akibat varian Delta meningkat 120% relatif terhadap garis keturunan non-[[Varian yang diwaspadai|VOC]].{{efn-ua|name=delta-ontario}}{{efn-ua|name=different-conditions|Perbedaan bisa muncul akibat perbedaan kebijakan dan intervensi yang diadopsi dalam tiap wilayah yang diteliti pada waktu yang berbeda, kapasitas sistem kesehatan setempat, atau perbedaan varian yang menyebar pada waktu dan di tempat penelitian.}}}}}}
| {{risiko|level=sangattinggi|align=ml|{{estimasi|+137|50|230|unit=%|mini=auto}}<wbr />{{efn-ua|name=delta-ontario|7 Februari 2021 s.d. 22 Juni 22, 2021, Ontario.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Fisman, D. dan Tuite, A. |date=12 Juli 2021 |title=Progressive Increase in Virulence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Ontario, Canada |type=Preprint |work=[[medRxiv]] |s2cid=235756602 |doi=10.1101/2021.07.05.21260050 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/04/2021.07.05.21260050.full.pdf |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref>}}}}<br />[[Tingkat fatalitas kasus]] 0,04% untuk kelompok usia < 50 yang belum divaksinasi, 6,5% untuk kelompok usia > 50 yang belum divaksinasi<ref name="voctech" />
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Terjadi infeksi ulang dengan laju kemunculan yang lebih kecil daripada infeksi kepada yang divaksinasi<wbr />{{efn-ua|Penelitian di Israel melacak 46.035 yang sembuh, tetapi belum divaksinasi, dan 46.035 orang yang telah divaksinasi pada sebaran usia yang sama untuk membandingkan kemunculan infeksi pada waktu selanjutnya. Terdapat 640 infeksi pada kelompok tervaksinasi dan 108 infeksi pada kelompok yang sembuh, tetapi belum divaksinasi.}}<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gazit, S. |date=25 Agustus 2021 |title=Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections |website=medRxiv |s2cid=237289842 |doi=10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415v1.full.pdf}}</ref><ref name="phe-delta-risk-assessment" />}}
| {{risiko|level=menengah|align=ml|Pengurangan efikasi untuk gejala tak berat<wbr /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" /><ref name="phe-delta-risk-assessment">{{cite techreport |title=Risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta |date=23 Juli 2021 |institution=Public Health England |type=Assessment |format=PDF |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1005395/23_July_2021_Risk_assessment_for_SARS-CoV-2_variant_Delta.pdf |access-date=24 Juli 2021}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Pengurangan menengah untuk neutralisasi dengan Covaxin.<wbr /><ref name="B.1.617 neutralization">{{cite journal |authors=Yadav, P.D., Sapkal, G.N., Abraham, P., Ella, R., Deshpande, G., Patil, D.Y., Nyayanit, D.A., Gupta, N., Sahay, R.R., Shete, A.M., Panda, S., Bhargava, B., dan Mohan, V.K. |date=Mei 2021 |title=Neutralization of variant under investigation B.1.617 with sera of BBV152 vaccinees |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |issue=ciab411 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/cid/ciab411}}</ref>}}}}
|}
'''Legenda:''' {{legend inline|#faa|Risiko sangat tinggi}} {{legend inline|#fc8|Risiko tinggi}} {{legend inline|#fe8|Risiko menengah}} {{legend inline|#cfc|Risiko rendah}} {{legend inline|#eee|Risiko tak diketahui}}
'''Catatan kaki'''
{{notelist-ua}}
== Penamaan ==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size:88%;width:450px;"
|+ Penamaan SARS-CoV-2<ref>Tabel ini adalah adaptasi dan pengembangan dari {{harvp|Alm et al.|2020|loc=bagan 1}}.</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Garis keturunan Pango<ref name="RambautETAL.">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rambaut A, Holmes EC, O'Toole Á, Hill V, McCrone JT, Ruis C, du Plessis L, Pybus OG |display-authors=6 |date=November 2020 |title=A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=5 |issue=11 |pp=1403–1407 |s2cid=220544096 |doi=10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5 |doi-access=free}} Dikutip dalam {{harvp|Alm et al.|2020}}.</ref>
! scope="col" | Catatan untuk Pangolin<ref name="AlmETAL.2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alm E, Broberg EK, Connor T, Hodcroft EB, Komissarov AB, Maurer-Stroh S, Melidou A, Neher RA, O'Toole Á, Pereyaslov D |display-authors=6 |date=August 2020 |title=Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020 |journal=Euro Surveillance |volume=25 |issue=32 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001410 |ref={{sfnref|Alm et al.|2020}} |collaboration=The WHO European Region sequencing laboratories and GISAID EpiCoV group}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Klad [[Nextstrain]],<ref name="nextstrain-clades">{{cite web |url=https://clades.nextstrain.org/ |title=Nextclade |access-date=19 Januari 2021 |website=nextstrain.org |format=What are the clades? |language=en}}</ref> 2021<ref name="nextstrain-amendation" />
! scope="col" | Klad [[GISAID]]
! scope="col" | Varian tercatat
|-
| {{nobr|A.1–A.6}}
|
| 19B
| S
| Berisi "deret urut acuan" WIV04/2019<ref name="Zhukova" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{nobr|B.3–B.7}}, {{nobr|B.9}}, {{nobr|B.10}}, {{nobr|B.13–B.16}}
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" | {{nobr|19A}}
| L
|
|-
| {{nobr|O{{efn|name="O/GV"}}}}
|
|-
| {{nobr|B.2}}
|
| V
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | {{nobr|B.1}}
| {{nobr|B.1.5–B.1.72}}
| rowspan="2" | 20A
| G
| Garis keturunan B.1 dalam sistem penamaan Pangolin, termasuk Delta/<wbr />B.1.617<ref name="20A_617" /><ref name="20A_617_original">{{cite web |url=https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global?f_emerging_lineage=B.1.617 |title=Genomic epidemiology of novel coronavirus – Global subsampling (Filtered to B.1.617) |website=nextstrain.org |access-date=5 Mei 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{nobr|B.1.9}}, {{nobr|B.1.13}}, {{nobr|B.1.22}}, {{nobr|B.1.26}}, {{nobr|B.1.37}}
| rowspan="4" | GH
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{nobr|B.1.3–B.1.66}}
| 20C
| Termasuk Epsilon/<wbr />B.1.427/<wbr />B.1.429/<wbr />CAL.20C]] dan Eta/<wbr />B.1.525<ref name="cdc-variants" /><ref name="SoCalLetter">{{cite journal |authors=Zhang, W., Davis, B., Chen, S.S., Martinez, J.S., Plummer, J.T., dan Vail, E. |year=2021 |title=Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California |journal=JAMA |volume=325 |issue=13 |pp=1324–1326 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.1612 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776543 |access-date=2 Oktober 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 20G
| Banyak di AS, Feb '21<ref name="SoCalLetter" />
|-
| 20H
| Termasuk Beta/<wbr />B.1.351<small> disebut juga garis keturunan 20H/501Y.V2 atau 501.V2</small>
|-
| rowspan="5" | {{nobr|B.1.1}}
| 20B
| rowspan="5" | GR
| Termasuk B.1.1.207{{butuh rujukan|date=April 2021}}
|-
| 20D
|
|-
| 20J
| Termasuk Gamma/<wbr />P.1 dan Zeta/<wbr />P.2{{butuh rujukan|date=Oktober 2021}}
|-
| 20F
|
|-
| 20I
| Termasuk Alpha/<wbr />B.1.1.7<small> disebut juga VOC-202012/01, VOC-20DEC-01, atau 20I/501Y.V1</small>
|-
| B.1.177
| 20E (EU1)<ref name="nextstrain-amendation">{{cite web |authors=Bedford, T., Hodcroft, B., dan Neher, R.A. |date=6 Januari 2021 |title=Updated Nextstrain SARS-CoV-2 clade naming strategy |website=nextstrain.org |url=https://nextstrain.org/blog/2021-01-06-updated-SARS-CoV-2-clade-naming |access-date=19 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| GV{{efn|name="O/GV"|Dalam sumber lain, GISAID memberi nama himpunan 7 klad tanpa klad O, tetapi dengan klad GV.<ref name="GCTree">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/fileadmin/gisaid/files/images/clade_tree.jpg |title=clade tree (from 'Clade and lineage nomenclature') |date=4 Juli 2020 |website=GISAID |access-date=7 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| Turunan dari 20A<ref name="nextstrain-amendation" />
|}
Varian SARS-CoV-2 dikelompokkan berdasarkan garis keturunan dan mutasi komponennya.<ref name="The biological and clinical signifi">{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |title=The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |pp=1–17 |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}</ref> Namun, per Juli 2021, belum ada penamaan yang konsisten untuk varian-varian ini.<ref name="3.6">{{cite book |author=WHO Headquarters |date=8 Januari 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021 |chapter=3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature |page=6 |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-genomic_sequencing-2021.1 |access-date=2 Februari 2021}}</ref> Banyak organisasi, termasuk pemerintah dan surat kabar, merujuknya dengan tempat pertama kali varian itu ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/09/not-british-variant-call-it-b117/ |title=Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7 |date=9 Februari 2021 |website=STAT |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/why-the-who-won-t-call-it-the-u-k-variant-and-you-shouldn-t-either-1.5292441?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D1723871 |authors=Flanagan, R. |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either |website=CTV News |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Setelah membahas berbulan-bulan, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menetapkan nama-nama dari [[Alfabet Yunani|huruf Yunani]] untuk galur penting pada 31 Mei 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mvankerkhove/status/1399388129300205569 |title=Today, @WHO announces new, easy-to-say labels for #SARSCoV2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) & Interest (VOIs) |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref> agar tiap varian bisa dirujuk dengan mudah tanpa menimbulkan stigma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/31/the-name-game-for-coronavirus-variants-just-got-a-little-easier/ |authors=Branswell, H. |date=31 Mai 2021 |title=The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier |work=Stat News |access-date=28 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/15-01-2021-statement-on-the-sixth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic |author=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic |access-date=18 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Keputusan ini juga menimbang kritikan dari negara-negara terhadap penggunaan nama negara untuk merujuk varian; WHO menyinggung potensi munculnya stigma akibat penggunaan nama negara.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |date=31 Mei 2021 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Meskipun ada ribuan varian SARS-CoV-2,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koyama |first1=Takahiko |last2=Platt |first2=Daniela |last3=Parida |first3=Laxmi |date=Juni 2020 |title=Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes |journal=[[Bulletin of the World Health Organization]] |volume=98 |pp=495–504 |doi=10.2471/BLT.20.253591 |url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/98/7/20-253591/en/ |quote=We detected in total 65776 variants with 5775 distinct variants.}}</ref> varian-varian ini bisa dikelompokkan menjadi garis keturunan atau [[klad]]. Beberapa penamaan klad berbeda untuk SARS-CoV-2 telah diusulkan.{{efn|Menurut WHO, "Garis keturunan atau klad dapat didefinisikan berdasarkan virus yang memiliki leluhur yang sama secara filogenetik."<ref name="3.6" />}}
* Per Januari 2021, [[GISAID]]—mengacu pada SARS-CoV-2 sebagai hCoV-19—mengidentifikasi delapan klad (S, O, L, V, G, GH, GR, dan GV).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/phylodynamics/global/nextstrain/ |title=Global phylogeny, updated by Nextstrain |date=18 Januari 2021 |publisher=GISAID |access-date=19 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Per Juni 2021, [[Nextstrain]] (Hadfield dkk.) mengidentifikasi tiga belas klad (19A–19B, 20A–20J, dan 21A).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nextstrain.org/ncov/global |title=Nextstrain COVID-19 |website=[[Nextstrain]] |access-date=1 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Per Agustus 2021, [[Pangolin (alat)|Pangolin]] (Rambaut dkk.) telah membuat 1.340 garis keturunan.<ref name="pango-lineages">{{cite web |url=https://cov-lineages.org/lineages.html |title=Lineage descriptions |website=cov-lineages.org |publisher=Tim [[Pangolin (alat)|Pango]] |access-date=24 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Rambaut, A., Holmes, E.C., O'Toole, Á., Hill, V., McCrone, J.T., Ruis, C., du Plessis, L., dan Pybus, O.G. |date=Maret 2021 |title=Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=415 |doi=10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5}}</ref>
* Dalam artikel tahun 2020 di ''International Journal of Infectious Diseases'', Guan dkk. mengidentifikasi lima klad global (G<sub>614</sub>, S<sub>84</sub>, V<sub>251</sub>, I<sub>378</sub>, dan D<sub>392</sub>).
Tiap badan penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan juga bisa membuat sistem penamaan sendiri untuk melacak varian tertentu. Misalnya, Badan Kesehatan Masyarakat Inggris menamai tiap varian berdasarkan tahun, bulan, dan nomor dalam format [TT] [BBB]-[NN] dengan awalan "VUI" (''variant under investigation'') atau "VOC" (''variant of concern'').<ref name="phe-voc" />
==
Karena [[pasien nol]] penyakit ini belum diketahui, pilihan deret urutan acuan bersifat sebarang, antara lain sebagai berikut:
* Deret urutan pertama, ''Wuhan-1'', diambil pada 24 Desember 2019.<ref name="progenitor_SARS-CoV-2">{{cite journal |authors=Kumar, S., Tao, Q., Weaver, S., Sanderford, M., Caraballo-Ortiz, M.A., Sharma, S., Pond, S.L., dan Miura, S. |date=Mei 2021 |title=An evolutionary portrait of the progenitor SARS-CoV-2 and its dominant offshoots in COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=8 |pp=3046–3059 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab118}}</ref>
* Salah satu kelompok (Sudhir Kumar dkk.)<ref name="progenitor_SARS-CoV-2" /> merujuk kepada genom acuan [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] (GenBankID: NC_045512; GISAID ID: EPI_ISL_402125).<ref name="pmid32015508">{{cite journal |authors=Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian, J.H., Pei, Y.Y., Yuan, M.L., Zhang, Y.L., Dai, F.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.M., Zheng, J.J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C., dan Zhang Y.Z. |date=Maret 2020 |title=A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China |journal=Nature |volume=579 |issue=7798 |pp=265–269 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..265W |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3}}</ref> Sampel ini diambil pada 26 Desember 2019.<ref name="pmid33605421">{{cite journal |authors=Chiara, M., Horner, D.S., Gissi, C., dan Pesole, G. |date=Mei 2021 |title=Comparative Genomics Reveals Early Emergence and Biased Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=6 |pp=2547–2565 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab049}}</ref> Meski demikian, mereka juga memakai genom acuan GISAID WIV04 (ID: EPI_ISL_402124)<ref name="zhengli03-2020">{{cite journal |authors=Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F., dan Shi, Z.L. |date=Maret 2020 |title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin |journal=Nature |volume=579 |issue=7798 |pp=270–273 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..270Z |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7}}</ref> dalam analisis mereka.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Okada, P., Buathong, R., Phuygun, S., Thanadachakul, T., Parnmen, S., Wongboot, W., Waicharoen, S., Wacharapluesadee, S., Uttayamakul, S., Vachiraphan, A., Chittaganpitch, M., Mekha, N., Janejai, N., Iamsirithaworn, S., Lee, R.T., dan Maurer-Stroh, S. |date=Februari 2020 |title=Early transmission patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in travellers from Wuhan to Thailand, January 2020 |journal=Euro Surveillance |volume=25 |issue=8 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.8.2000097}}</ref>
* Menurut sumber lainnya (Zhukova dkk.), deret urutan ''WIV04/2019'' yang termasuk klad S [[GISAID]], garis keturunan A [[Pangolin (alat)|Pangolin]], dan klad 19B [[Nextstrain]] kemungkinan menggambarkan pengurutanan genom virus asli yang menginfeksi manusia dan dikenal sebagai "urutan nol". Urutan ini dipakai secara luas dan menjadi urutan rujukan, khususnya yang bekerja sama dengan GISAID.<ref name="Zhukova">{{cite journal |last1=Zhukova |first1=Anna |last2=Blassel |first2=Luc |last3=Lemoine |first3=Frédéric |last4=Morel |first4=Marie |last5=Voznica |first5=Jakub |last6=Gascuel |first6=Olivier |date=24 November 2020 |title=Origin, evolution and global spread of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |pp=1–20 |doi=10.5802/crbiol.29 |doi-access=free |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/item/CRBIOL_0__0_0_A1_0/ |access-date=2 Maret 2021 |archive-date=21 Februari 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221205942/https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/item/CRBIOL_0__0_0_A1_0/ |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sampel ini diambil pada 30 Desember 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/epiflu-applications/hcov-19-reference-sequence/ |title=Official hCoV-19 Reference Sequence |work=www.gisaid.org |access-date=14 Mei 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Pada umumnya, virus mengalami mutasi sepanjang waktu sehingga muncul varian-varian baru. Ketika varian baru tampak berkembang dalam suatu populasi, ia dapat ditandai sebagai "varian yang sedang muncul". Untuk kasus SARS-CoV-2, garis keturunan baru sering berbeda satu sama lain hanya pada beberapa nukleotida.<ref name="The biological and clinical signifi"/>
Beberapa potensi dampak dari varian yang baru muncul adalah sebagai berikut:<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sciencespeaksblog.org/2021/02/02/covid-mega-variant-and-eight-criteria-for-a-template-to-assess-all-variants/ |author=IDSA Contributor |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants |website=Science Speaks: Global ID News |access-date=20 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Peningkatan kemampuan penularan
* Peningkatan [[Penyakit#Morbiditas|morbiditas]]
* Peningkatan [[mortalitas]]
* Kemampuan menghindari deteksi uji diagnostik
* Penurunan kerentanan terhadap [[obat antivirus]] (bila sudah ada)
* Penurunan kerentanan terhadap antibodi penetral, baik terapeutik (misal plasma konvalesen atau antibodi monoklonal) maupun dalam laboratorium
* Kemampuan menghindari kekebalan alami (misal infeksi ulang)
* Kemampuan menyerang orang yang telah divaksinasi
* Peningkatan risiko keadaan tertentu, seperti gejala peradangan multisistem atau [[Covid-19 jangka panjang]]
* Peningkatan daya tarik untuk demografi atau kelompok klinis tertentu, misal anak-anak atau orang luluh imun
Varian yang tampak memenuhi setidaknya salah satu kriteria di atas dapat ditandai sebagai calon "varian dalam investigasi" atau "varian yang diperhatikan" untuk dipastikan dan disahkan. Ciri utama varian yang diperhatikan adalah peningkatan proporsi klaster baru. Namun, ia juga harus memiliki prevalensi atau perluasan skala nasional yang terbatas; kalau skalanya lebih luas, ia bisa dinaikkan menjadi "varian yang diwaspadai".<ref name="phe-voc" /><ref name="CanSum">{{cite web |url=https://nccid.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/CanCOGeN-Interim-Recommendations-for-Naming-Identifying-and-Reporting-SARS-CoV-2-Variants.pdf |authors=Griffiths, E., Tanner, J., Knox, N., Hsiao, W., dan Van Domselaar, G. |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=CanCOGeN Interim Recommendations for Naming, Identifying, and Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern |website=CanCOGeN (nccid.ca) |access-date=25 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
== Varian yang diwaspadai (WHO) ==
{{kembangkan bagian|kelengkapan dan pembaruan informasi|date=Oktober 2021}}
Berikut adalah varian yang diwaspadai (''variants of concern''/VOC) yang saat ini dinyatakan oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO).<ref name="who-variants" />
=== Alpha (garis keturunan B.1.1.7) ===
{{utama|Varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2}}
[[Garis keturunan B.1.1.7]],<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> disebut juga 20I/501Y.V1 atau Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Variant Under Investigation pertama pada Desember 2020 (VUI-202012/01), pertama kali terdeteksi pada Oktober 2020 selama [[pandemi Covid-19 di Britania Raya]] dari sampel yang diambil bulan sebelumnya.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |author=CDC |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Sejak itu, prevalensinya menjadi dua kali lipat setiap 6,5 hari, perkiraan interval generasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/New+SARS-COV-2+variant+-+information+and+risk+assessment.pdf/b56d4591-0466-1a18-28dc-010e0fdeef53?t=1608569319930 |title=New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment |date=15 Desember 2020 |website=khub.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3CT9N89L-c&t=9399 |title=COG-UK Showcase Event - YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Varian ini berkorelasi dengan peningkatan yang signifikan pada tingkat infeksi Covid-19 di Britania Raya. Peningkatan ini diperkirakan setidaknya sebagian karena mutasi [[#N501Y|N501Y]]. Pada tanggal 2 Maret 2021, [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia|Indonesia]] melaporkan kasus pertamanya untuk varian ini.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dua Kasus Mutasi Corona asal Inggris Ditemukan di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210302120516-20-612595/dua-kasus-mutasi-corona-asal-inggris-ditemukan-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wamenkes Laporkan 2 Kasus Pertama Mutasi Corona B117 di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5477409/wamenkes-laporkan-2-kasus-pertama-mutasi-corona-b117-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jawahir Gustav Rizal |editor=Sari Hardiyanto |date=2 Maret 2021 |title=Mutasi Virus Corona B.1.1.7 Sudah Masuk Indonesia |work=[[Kompas.com]] |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/02/131116365/mutasi-virus-corona-b117-sudah-masuk-indonesia-ini-informasi-lengkapnya?page=all |access-date=2 Maret 2021|last=Rizal |first=Jawahir Gustav |editor-last=Hardiyanto |editor-first=Sari }}</ref>
=== Beta (garis keturunan B.1.351) ===
{{utama|Varian Beta SARS-CoV-2}}
[[501.V2 Variant|Varian 501.V2]], disebut juga 20H/501Y.V2, VOC-202012/02, atau garis keturunan B.1.351,<ref name="CDC1">{{cite web|author=CDC|title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> pertama kali terdeteksi di [[Afrika Selatan]] dan dilaporkan oleh departemen kesehatan negara itu pada tanggal 18 Desember 2020.<ref name="b1351nytimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html |title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant |date=18 Desember 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Peneliti dan pejabat melaporkan bahwa [[prevalensi]] varian tersebut lebih tinggi di antara orang muda tanpa penyebab yang jelas dan, dibandingkan dengan varian lain, varian ini lebih sering mengakibatkan penyakit serius dalam kasus tersebut.<ref name="b1351washingtonpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-africa-coronavirus-second-wave/2020/12/18/d4a51aec-3ff7-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html |last1=Wroughton |first1=Lesley |last2=Bearak |first2=Max |date=18 Desember 2020 |title=South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Mkhize |first=Dr Zwelini |date=18 December 2020 |title=Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020) |location=South Africa |agency=COVID-19 South African Online Portal |url=https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/12/18/update-on-covid-19-18th-december-2020/ |access-date=23 Desember 2020 |quote=Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.}}</ref> Departemen Kesehatan Afrika Selatan juga mengindikasikan bahwa varian tersebut mungkin mendorong gelombang kedua [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Afrika Selatan|pandemi Covid-19]] di negara tersebut karena varian tersebut menyebar lebih cepat daripada varian virus sebelumnya lainnya.<ref name="b1351nytimes" /><ref name="b1351washingtonpost" />
=== Gamma (garis keturunan P.1) ===
{{utama|Varian Gamma SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Delta (garis Keturunan B.1.617.2) ===
{{utama|Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2}}
'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah varian [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[garis keturunan SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617|bergaris keturunan B.1.617]], [[virus]] yang menyebabkan [[Covid-19]].<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |website=www.gov.uk |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-20 |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Varian tersebut dinamai varian Delta oleh WHO melalui sistem penamaan baru yang diperkenalkan pada 31 Mei 2021.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |date=2021-05-31 |website=BBC News |access-date=2021-06-08 |language=en}}</ref> Varian tersebut pertama kali terdeteksi di India pada akhir 2020.<ref name="GISAID">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ |title=Tracking of Variants |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 April 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=[[GISAID]] |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |website=Science Media Centre |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Varian ini bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian peningkatan kasus pada [[Pandemi Covid-19 di India|gelombang kedua pandemi di India]] yang dimulai sejak Februari 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a ‘variant of concern’ — here’s what we know], CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern'], BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ India’s second COVID-19 wave], The Wire Science, 22 April 2021.</ref>
== Varian yang diperhatikan (WHO) ==
{{kembangkan bagian|keterangan singkat tiap bagian|date=Oktober 2021}}
Berikut adalah varian yang diperhatikan (''variants of interest''/VOI) yang saat ini dinyatakan oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO).<ref name="who-variants" />
=== Lambda (garis keturunan C.37) ===
{{utama|Varian Lambda SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Mu (garis keturunan B.1.621) ===
{{utama|Varian Mu SARS-CoV-2}}
== Varian yang diperhatikan sebelumnya ==
{{kembangkan bagian|keterangan singkat tiap bagian|date=Oktober 2021}}
=== Epsilon (garis keturunan B.1.429, B.1.427, CAL.20C) ===
{{utama|Varian Epsilon SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Zeta (garis keturunan P.2) ===
{{utama|Varian Zeta SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Eta (garis keturunan B.1.525) ===
{{utama|Varian Eta SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Theta (garis keturunan P.3) ===
{{utama|Varian Theta SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Iota (garis keturunan B.1.526) ===
{{utama|Varian Iota SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Kappa (garis keturunan B.1.617.1) ===
{{utama|Varian Kappa SARS-CoV-2}}
== Varian dalam pengawasan (WHO) ==
Varian dalam pengawasan (''variants under monitoring''/VUM) adalah varian yang memiliki perubahan genetik yang diduga memengaruhi karakteristik virus dan tanda-tanda risiko pada masa depan, tetapi tanpa bukti fenotipe dan epidemiologi yang cukup, sehingga membutuhkan pengawasan yang lebih dan penilaian berulang setelah penemuan bukti baru.<ref name="who-variants" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Per 24 Oktober 2021<ref name="who-variants" />
!Garis keturunan Pango!!Klad GISAID!!Klad Nextstrain!!Sampel paling awal!!Tanggal penamaan!!Catatan
|-
| {{anchor|R.1}}R.1 || GR || || 01-2021 || 07-04-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.466.2}}B.1.466.2 || GH || || 11-2020 || 28-04-2021 || Pertama kali ditemukan di [[Indonesia]].
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.1.318}}B.1.1.318 || GR || || 01-2021 || 02-06-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.1.519}}B.1.1.519 || GR || 20B/S.732A || 11-2020 || 02-06-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|C.36.3}}C.36.3 || GR || || 01-2021 || 16-06-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.214.2}}B.1.214.2 || G || || 11-2020 || 30-06-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.427}}B.1.427<br>{{anchor|B.1.429}}B.1.429 || GH/452R.V1 || 21C || 03-2020 || 06-07-2021 || Varian Epsilon. Pertama kali ditemukan di [[Amerika Serikat]].
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.1.523}}B.1.1.523 || GR || || 05-2020 || 14-07-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.619}}B.1.619 || G || || 05-2020 || 14-07-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.620}}B.1.620 || G || 20A/S.126A || 11-2020 || 14-07-2021 ||
|-
| {{anchor|C.1.2}}C.1.2 || GR || || 05-2021 || 01-09-2021 || Pertama kali ditemukan di [[Afrika Selatan]].
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.617.1}}B.1.617.1 || G/452R.V3 || 21B || 10-2020 || 20-09-2021 || Varian Kappa. Pertama kali ditemukan di [[India]].
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.526}}B.1.526 || GH/253G.V1 || 21F || 11-2020 || 20-09-2021 || Varian Iota. Pertama kali ditemukan di [[Amerika Serikat]].
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.525}}B.1.525 || G/484K.V3 || 21D || 12-2020 || 20-09-2021 || Varian Eta.
|-
| {{anchor|B.1.630}}B.1.630 || GH || || 03-2021 || 12-10-2021 || Pertama kali ditemukan di [[Republik Dominika]].
|}
== Mutasi penting ==
Baris 42 ⟶ 304:
=== N439K ===
{{utama|N439K}}
Mutasi [[N439K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 439.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mercatelli |first1=Daniele |last2=Triboli |first2=Luca |last3=Fornasari |first3=Eleonora |last4=Ray |first4=Forest |last5=Giorgi |first5=Federico M. |date=18 November 2020 |title=Coronapp: A web application to annotate and monitor SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |doi=10.1002/jmv.26678 |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenyang |last2=Xu |first2=Chang |last3=Wang |first3=Pingping |last4=Luo |first4=Meng |last5=Xu |first5=Zhaochun |last6=Cheng |first6=Rui |last7=Jin |first7=Xiyun |last8=Guo |first8=Yu |last9=Xue |first9=Guangfu |last10=Juan |first10=Liran |last11=Nie |first11=Huan |last12=Jiang |first12=Qinghua |date=23 November 2020 |title=N439K variant in spike protein may alter the infection efficiency and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 based on molecular dynamics simulation |publisher=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.21.392407 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini pertama kali ditemukan pada musim semi tahun 2020 di [[Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |date=20 Oktober 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini menghilang selama [[pembatasan sosial]] di negara tersebut. Namun, mutasi ini ditemukan pula di [[Rumania]], [[Norwegia]], [[Swiss]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Belgia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |editor=Ian Sample |date=20 Oktober 2020 |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke [[Indonesia]] sejak bulan November 2020.<ref>{{
=== E484K ===
{{utama|E484K}}
Mutasi [[E484K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asam glutamat]] (E) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 484.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Mutations-of-SARS-CoV-2-are-Causing-Concern.aspx |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=15 Januari 2021 |title="What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?" |website=News Medical Lifesciences |access-date=16 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini dilaporkan termasuk mutasi kabur, yaitu mutasi yang memudahkan virus untuk kabur dari [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan tubuh]] inangnya,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-base.info/escape-mutation/ |title=escape mutation |date=11 Oktober 2012 |publisher=[[HIV i-Base]] |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359}}</ref> dari setidaknya satu bentuk [[antibodi monoklonal]] terhadap SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NIIDJan2021">{{cite press release |author=<!--(tidak ada)--> |date=12 Januari 2021 |title=Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil |location=Jepang |publisher=NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/corona/covid19-33-en-210112.pdf |access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi E484K ada dalam varian garis keturunan P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Manaus]]),<ref name="virological2021">{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |date=12 Januari 2021 |website=Virological |language=en |access-date=23 Januari 2021}}</ref> garis keturunan P.2 ([[Brazil]], juga dikenal dengan B.1.1.248),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voloch |first1=Carolina M. |last2=F |first2=Ronaldo da Silva |last3=Almeida |first3=Luiz G. P. de |last4=Cardoso |first4=Cynthia C. |last5=Brustolini |first5=Otavio J. |last6=Gerber |first6=Alexandra L. |last7=Guimarães |first7=Ana Paula de C. |last8=Mariani |first8=Diana |last9=Costa |first9=Raissa Mirella da |last10=Ferreira |first10=Orlando C. |last11=Workgroup |first11=Covid19-UFRJ |date=26 Desember 2020 |title=Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |journal=Le Phare de l'Esperanto |via=MedRxiv |language=en |issn=2024-8598 |s2cid=229379623 |doi=10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598v1}}</ref> dan varian 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]).<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak bulan Februari 2021.<ref>{{
=== N501Y ===
Mutasi N501Y berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[tirosina]] (Y) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 501.<ref>{{cite report |title=COG-UK update on SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutations of special interest: Report 1 |date=20 December 2020 |publisher=COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK) |page=7 |url=https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |access-date=31 Desember 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225050316/https://www.cogconsortium.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Report-1_COG-UK_20-December-2020_SARS-CoV-2-Mutations_final_updated2.pdf |archive-date=25 Desember 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan virus untuk mengikat sel manusia.<ref name="Chand2020"
== Penyebaran lintas spesies ==
=== Cluster 5 ===
{{utama|Cluster 5}}
[[Cluster 5]], juga disebut sebagai ΔFVI-spike oleh [[State Serum Institute]] (SSI) Denmark, ditemukan di [[Jutlandia]] Utara, [[Denmark]], dan diyakini telah menyebar dari [[mink]] ke manusia melalui [[peternakan bulu]]. Pada 4 November 2020, diumumkan bahwa populasi cerpelai di Denmark akan dimusnahkan untuk mencegah kemungkinan penyebaran mutasi ini dan mengurangi risiko terjadinya mutasi baru. Karantina wilayah dan pembatasan perjalanan diberlakukan di tujuh kota di Jutlandia Utara untuk mencegah penyebaran mutasi yang dapat membahayakan tanggapan [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Denmark|nasional]] atau internasional terhadap [[pandemi Covid-19]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sum.dk/Aktuelt/Nyheder/Coronavirus/2020/November/De-fleste-restriktioner-lempes-i-Nordjylland.aspx |title=De fleste restriktioner læmpes i Nordjylland |date=19 November 2020 |publisher=Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet |trans-title=Kebanyakan Pembatasan Sosial di Jutlandia Utara Dilonggarkan |language=en}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
{{portal|Penyakit koronavirus 2019|Kedokteran|Virus}}
* [[RaTG13]], kerabat terdekat kedua dari SARS-CoV-2
* [[Pencegahan pandemi#Deteksi dan prediksi patogen]]
== Catatan ==
Baris 55 ⟶ 327:
== Referensi ==
{{reflist
<ref name="who-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ |title=Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants |website=who.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=22 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
<ref name="cdc-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions |date=11 Februari 2020 |website=CDC.gov |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=18 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
<ref name="phe-voc">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data |title=Variants: distribution of cases data |website=Public Health England |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=16 Februari 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala. Data hingga 19 Mei 2021 dimasukkan ke dalam pembaruan 2 Juli 2021.</ref>
<ref name="aci-variants">{{cite web |url=https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/covid-19/critical-intelligence-unit/sars-cov-2-variants |title=Living Evidence – SARS-CoV-2 variants |date=23 Juli 2021 |website=nsw.gov.au |publisher=Kementerian Kesehatan (New South Wales) |department=Agency for Clinical Innovation |access-date=22 Maret 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
<ref name="ecdc-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern |website=ECDC.eu |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=12 Mei 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |dead-url=yes }} Diperbarui berkala</ref>
<ref name="who-update-latest-impacts">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 July 2021 |date=20 Juli 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-july-2021 |access-date=24 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="who-update-22june">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 22 June 2021 |date=22 Juni 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021 |access-date=26 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Krause PR, Fleming TR, Longini IM, Peto R, Briand S, Heymann DL, Beral V, Snape MD, Rees H, Ropero AM, Balicer RD, Cramer JP, Muñoz-Fontela C, Gruber M, Gaspar R, Singh JA, Subbarao K, Van Kerkhove MD, Swaminathan S, Ryan MJ, Henao-Restrepo AM |display-authors=6 |date=Juli 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=385 |issue=2 |pp=179–186 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr2105280 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}
* {{cite news |authors=Corum, J. dan Zimmer, C. |date=18 Januari 2021 |title=Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-mutations-B117-variant.html |access-date=1 Februari 2021 |language=en}}
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== Pranala luar ==
{{scholia}}
{{wiktionary|Covid-19}}
* {{en}} [https://covariants.org/ CoVariants]
* {{en}} [https://cov-lineages.org/ Cov-Lineages]
* {{en}} [https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ GISAID - hCov19 Variants]
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[[Kategori:Pandemi Covid-19]]
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