Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi

Tabel berikut menampilkan informasi dan tingkat [[Matriks risiko|risiko]] relatif<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/988614/Risk_assessment_framework_for_SARS-CoV-2_variants_20210521.pdf |agency=Public Health England |date=22 Mei 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants: risk assessment framework |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=22 Juni 2021 |id=GOV-8426 |language=en}}</ref> untuk [[varian yang diwaspadai]] (VOC).{{efn|Tabel ini disusun berdasarkan berbagai pelacak<ref name="who-variants" /><ref name="cdc-variants" /><ref name="phe-voc" /><ref name="aci-variants" /><ref name="ecdc-variants" /> dan laporan periodik.<ref name="who-situation">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports |title=Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports |website=who.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=14 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref><ref name="phe-briefings">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-novel-sars-cov-2-variant-variant-of-concern-20201201 |agency=Public Health England |title=Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: technical briefings |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=15 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref><ref name="phe-variant-risk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-variant-risk-assessments |agency=Public Health England |title=Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: variant risk assessments |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=19 Juni 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>}} Interval yang ditampilkan menganggap tingkat [[Selang kepercayaan|kepercayaan]] 95%, kecuali dinyatakan lain. Saat ini, semua taksiran adalah pendekatan karena keterbatasan data untuk penelitian. Untuk Alpha, Beta, Gamma, dan Delta, tidak ada perubahan dalam [[Tes Covid-19|akurasi tes]].<ref name="aci-variants" /><ref name="who-update-latest-impacts" />.

Varian SARS-CoV-2 dikelompokkan berdasarkan garis keturunan dan mutasi komponennya.<ref name="The biological and clinical signifi">{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |title=The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |pp=1–17 |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}</ref> Namun, per Juli 2021, belum ada penamaan yang konsisten untuk varian-varian ini.<ref name="3.6">{{cite book |author=WHO Headquarters |date=8 Januari 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021 |chapter=3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature |page=6 |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-genomic_sequencing-2021.1 |access-date=2 Februari 2021}}</ref> Banyak organisasi, termasuk pemerintah dan surat kabar, merujuknya dengan tempat pertama kali varian itu ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/09/not-british-variant-call-it-b117/ |title=Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7 |date=9 Februari 2021 |website=STAT |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/why-the-who-won-t-call-it-the-u-k-variant-and-you-shouldn-t-either-1.5292441?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D1723871 |authors=Flanagan, R. |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either |website=CTV News |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Pada umumnya, virus mengalami mutasi sepanjang waktu sehingga muncul varian-varian baru. Ketika varian baru tampak berkembang dalam suatu populasi, ia dapat ditandai sebagai "varian yang sedang muncul". Untuk kasus SARS-CoV-2, garis keturunan baru sering berbeda satu sama lain hanya pada beberapa nukleotida.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |titlename="The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |pp=1–17 |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}<signifi"/ref>

[[Garis keturunan B.1.1.7]],<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> disebut juga 20I/501Y.V1 atau Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Variant Under Investigation pertama pada Desember 2020 (VUI-202012/01), pertama kali terdeteksi pada Oktober 2020 selama [[pandemi Covid-19 di Britania Raya]] dari sampel yang diambil bulan sebelumnya.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |author=CDC |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Sejak itu, prevalensinya menjadi dua kali lipat setiap 6,5 hari, perkiraan interval generasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/New+SARS-COV-2+variant+-+information+and+risk+assessment.pdf/b56d4591-0466-1a18-28dc-010e0fdeef53?t=1608569319930 |title=New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment |date=15 Desember 2020 |website=khub.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3CT9N89L-c&t=9399 |title=COG-UK Showcase Event - YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Varian ini berkorelasi dengan peningkatan yang signifikan pada tingkat infeksi Covid-19 di Britania Raya. Peningkatan ini diperkirakan setidaknya sebagian karena mutasi [[#N501Y|N501Y]]. Pada tanggal 2 Maret 2021, [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia|Indonesia]] melaporkan kasus pertamanya untuk varian ini.<ref>{{citeCite news |title=Dua Kasus Mutasi Corona Asalasal Inggris Ditemukan di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210302120516-20-612595/dua-kasus-mutasi-corona-asal-inggris-ditemukan-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite news |title=Wamenkes Laporkan 2 Kasus Pertama Mutasi Corona B117 di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=detikHealth[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5477409/wamenkes-laporkan-2-kasus-pertama-mutasi-corona-b117-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite news |author=Jawahir Gustav Rizal |editor=Sari Hardiyanto |date=2 Maret 2021 |title=Mutasi Virus Corona B.1.1.7 Sudah Masuk Indonesia |work=[[Kompas.com]] |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/02/131116365/mutasi-virus-corona-b117-sudah-masuk-indonesia-ini-informasi-lengkapnya?page=all |access-date=2 Maret 2021|last=Rizal |first=Jawahir Gustav |editor-last=Hardiyanto |editor-first=Sari }}</ref>

'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah [[Varian SARS-CoV-2|varian]] [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[garis keturunan SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617|bergaris keturunan B.1.617]], [[virus]] yang menyebabkan [[Covid-19]].<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |website=www.gov.uk |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-20 |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Varian tersebut dinamai varian Delta oleh WHO melalui sistem penamaan baru yang diperkenalkan pada 31 Mei 2021.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |date=2021-05-31 |website=BBC News |access-date=2021-06-08 |language=en}}</ref> Varian tersebut pertama kali terdeteksi di India pada akhir 2020.<ref name="GISAID">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ |title=Tracking of Variants |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 April 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=[[GISAID]] |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |website=Science Media Centre |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Mutasi [[N439K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 439.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mercatelli |first1=Daniele |last2=Triboli |first2=Luca |last3=Fornasari |first3=Eleonora |last4=Ray |first4=Forest |last5=Giorgi |first5=Federico M. |date=18 November 2020 |title=Coronapp: A web application to annotate and monitor SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |doi=10.1002/jmv.26678 |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenyang |last2=Xu |first2=Chang |last3=Wang |first3=Pingping |last4=Luo |first4=Meng |last5=Xu |first5=Zhaochun |last6=Cheng |first6=Rui |last7=Jin |first7=Xiyun |last8=Guo |first8=Yu |last9=Xue |first9=Guangfu |last10=Juan |first10=Liran |last11=Nie |first11=Huan |last12=Jiang |first12=Qinghua |date=23 November 2020 |title=N439K variant in spike protein may alter the infection efficiency and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 based on molecular dynamics simulation |publisher=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.21.392407 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini pertama kali ditemukan pada musim semi tahun 2020 di [[Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |date=20 Oktober 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini menghilang selama [[pembatasan sosial]] di negara tersebut. Namun, mutasi ini ditemukan pula di [[Rumania]], [[Norwegia]], [[Swiss]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Belgia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |editor=Ian Sample |date=20 Oktober 2020 |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke [[Indonesia]] sejak bulan November 2020.<ref>{{cite webCite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210312132553-20-616673/eijkman-ungkap-48-kasus-mutasi-n439k-terdeteksi-di-indonesia |title=Eijkman Ungkap 48 Kasus Mutasi N439K Terdeteksi di Indonesia |date=12 Maret 2021 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |access-date=19 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite webCite news|url=https://tirto.id/48-kasus-varian-baru-covid-19-n439k-ditemukan-di-indonesia-ga8w |author=Vincent Fabian Thomas |date=13 Maret 2021 |title=48 Kasus Varian Baru COVID-19 N439K Ditemukan di Indonesia |work=[[Tirto|Tirto.id]] |access-date=19 Maret 2021|language=id }}</ref>

Mutasi [[E484K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asam glutamat]] (E) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 484.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Mutations-of-SARS-CoV-2-are-Causing-Concern.aspx |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=15 Januari 2021 |title="What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?" |website=News Medical Lifesciences |access-date=16 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini dilaporkan termasuk mutasi kabur, yaitu mutasi yang memudahkan virus untuk kabur dari [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan tubuh]] inangnya,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-base.info/escape-mutation/ |title=escape mutation |date=11 Oktober 2012 |publisher=[[HIV i-Base]] |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359}}</ref> dari setidaknya satu bentuk [[antibodi monoklonal]] terhadap SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NIIDJan2021">{{cite press release |author=<!--(tidak ada)--> |date=12 Januari 2021 |title=Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil |location=Jepang |publisher=NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/corona/covid19-33-en-210112.pdf |access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi E484K ada dalam varian garis keturunan P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Manaus]]),<ref name="virological2021">{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |date=12 Januari 2021 |website=Virological |language=en |access-date=23 Januari 2021}}</ref> garis keturunan P.2 ([[Brazil]], juga dikenal dengan B.1.1.248),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voloch |first1=Carolina M. |last2=F |first2=Ronaldo da Silva |last3=Almeida |first3=Luiz G. P. de |last4=Cardoso |first4=Cynthia C. |last5=Brustolini |first5=Otavio J. |last6=Gerber |first6=Alexandra L. |last7=Guimarães |first7=Ana Paula de C. |last8=Mariani |first8=Diana |last9=Costa |first9=Raissa Mirella da |last10=Ferreira |first10=Orlando C. |last11=Workgroup |first11=Covid19-UFRJ |date=26 Desember 2020 |title=Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |journal=Le Phare de l'Esperanto |via=MedRxiv |language=en |issn=2024-8598 |s2cid=229379623 |doi=10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598v1}}</ref> dan varian 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]).<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak bulan Februari 2021.<ref>{{citeCite news |last=Alam |first=Sarah Oktaviani |date=6 April 2021 |title=Mutasi 'Eek' Masuk Indonesia, Ini Dampaknya pada Efikasi Vaksin COVID-19 |work=[[detikDetik.com|detikHealthdetikcom]] |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5522143/mutasi-eek-masuk-indonesia-ini-dampaknya-pada-efikasi-vaksin-covid-19 |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite news |last=Arbi |first=Ivany Atina |date=6 April 2021 |title=Kasus Mutasi Virus Corona E484K 'Eek' Ditemukan di Jakarta, Apa Itu? |work=[[Kompas.com]] |url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2021/04/06/14395311/kasus-mutasi-virus-corona-e484k-eek-ditemukan-di-jakarta-apa-itu?page=all |access-date=8 April 2021|editor-last=Arbi |editor-first=Ivany Atina }}</ref>

<ref name="ecdc-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern |website=ECDC.eu |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=12 Mei 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |dead-url=yes }} Diperbarui berkala</ref>