Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| Turunan dari 20A<ref name="nextstrain-amendation" />
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Varian SARS-CoV-2 dikelompokkan berdasarkan garis keturunan dan mutasi komponennya.<ref name="The biological and clinical signifi">{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |title=The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |pp=1–17 |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}</ref> Namun, per Juli 2021, belum ada penamaan yang konsisten untuk varian-varian ini.<ref name="3.6">{{cite book |author=WHO Headquarters |date=8 Januari 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021 |chapter=3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature |page=6 |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-genomic_sequencing-2021.1 |access-date=2 Februari 2021}}</ref> Banyak organisasi, termasuk pemerintah dan surat kabar, merujuknya dengan tempat pertama kali varian itu ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/09/not-british-variant-call-it-b117/ |title=Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7 |date=9 Februari 2021 |website=STAT |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/why-the-who-won-t-call-it-the-u-k-variant-and-you-shouldn-t-either-1.5292441?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D1723871 |authors=Flanagan, R. |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either |website=CTV News |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Setelah membahas berbulan-bulan, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menetapkan nama-nama dari [[Alfabet Yunani|huruf Yunani]] untuk galur penting pada 31 Mei 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mvankerkhove/status/1399388129300205569 |title=Today, @WHO announces new, easy-to-say labels for #SARSCoV2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) & Interest (VOIs) |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref> agar tiap varian bisa dirujuk dengan mudah tanpa menimbulkan stigma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/31/the-name-game-for-coronavirus-variants-just-got-a-little-easier/ |authors=Branswell, H. |date=31 Mai 2021 |title=The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier |work=Stat News |access-date=28 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/15-01-2021-statement-on-the-sixth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic |author=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic |access-date=18 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Keputusan ini juga menimbang kritikan dari negara-negara terhadap penggunaan nama negara untuk merujuk varian; WHO menyinggung potensi munculnya stigma akibat penggunaan nama negara.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |date=31 Mei 2021 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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== Kriteria pencatatan ==
Pada umumnya, virus mengalami mutasi sepanjang waktu sehingga muncul varian-varian baru. Ketika varian baru tampak berkembang dalam suatu populasi, ia dapat ditandai sebagai "varian yang sedang muncul". Untuk kasus SARS-CoV-2, garis keturunan baru sering berbeda satu sama lain hanya pada beberapa nukleotida.<ref
Beberapa potensi dampak dari varian yang baru muncul adalah sebagai berikut:<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sciencespeaksblog.org/2021/02/02/covid-mega-variant-and-eight-criteria-for-a-template-to-assess-all-variants/ |author=IDSA Contributor |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants |website=Science Speaks: Global ID News |access-date=20 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
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Varian yang tampak memenuhi setidaknya salah satu kriteria di atas dapat ditandai sebagai calon "varian dalam investigasi" atau "varian yang diperhatikan" untuk dipastikan dan disahkan. Ciri utama varian yang diperhatikan adalah peningkatan proporsi klaster baru. Namun, ia juga harus memiliki prevalensi atau perluasan skala nasional yang terbatas; kalau skalanya lebih luas, ia bisa dinaikkan menjadi "varian yang diwaspadai".<ref name="phe-voc" /><ref name="CanSum">{{cite web |url=https://nccid.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/02/CanCOGeN-Interim-Recommendations-for-Naming-Identifying-and-Reporting-SARS-CoV-2-Variants.pdf |authors=Griffiths, E., Tanner, J., Knox, N., Hsiao, W., dan Van Domselaar, G. |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=CanCOGeN Interim Recommendations for Naming, Identifying, and Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern |website=CanCOGeN (nccid.ca) |access-date=25 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
== Varian yang diwaspadai (WHO) ==
{{kembangkan bagian|kelengkapan dan pembaruan informasi|date=Oktober 2021}}
Berikut adalah varian yang diwaspadai (''variants of concern''/VOC) yang saat ini dinyatakan oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO).<ref name="who-variants" />
=== Alpha (garis keturunan B.1.1.7) ===
{{utama|Varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2}}
[[Garis keturunan B.1.1.7]],<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> disebut juga 20I/501Y.V1 atau Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Variant Under Investigation pertama pada Desember 2020 (VUI-202012/01), pertama kali terdeteksi pada Oktober 2020 selama [[pandemi Covid-19 di Britania Raya]] dari sampel yang diambil bulan sebelumnya.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |author=CDC |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Sejak itu, prevalensinya menjadi dua kali lipat setiap 6,5 hari, perkiraan interval generasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/New+SARS-COV-2+variant+-+information+and+risk+assessment.pdf/b56d4591-0466-1a18-28dc-010e0fdeef53?t=1608569319930 |title=New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment |date=15 Desember 2020 |website=khub.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3CT9N89L-c&t=9399 |title=COG-UK Showcase Event - YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Varian ini berkorelasi dengan peningkatan yang signifikan pada tingkat infeksi Covid-19 di Britania Raya. Peningkatan ini diperkirakan setidaknya sebagian karena mutasi [[#N501Y|N501Y]]. Pada tanggal 2 Maret 2021, [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia|Indonesia]] melaporkan kasus pertamanya untuk varian ini.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dua Kasus Mutasi Corona asal Inggris Ditemukan di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=[[CNN Indonesia]] |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210302120516-20-612595/dua-kasus-mutasi-corona-asal-inggris-ditemukan-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wamenkes Laporkan 2 Kasus Pertama Mutasi Corona B117 di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5477409/wamenkes-laporkan-2-kasus-pertama-mutasi-corona-b117-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jawahir Gustav Rizal |editor=Sari Hardiyanto |date=2 Maret 2021 |title=Mutasi Virus Corona B.1.1.7 Sudah Masuk Indonesia |work=[[Kompas.com]] |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/02/131116365/mutasi-virus-corona-b117-sudah-masuk-indonesia-ini-informasi-lengkapnya?page=all |access-date=2 Maret 2021|last=Rizal |first=Jawahir Gustav |editor-last=Hardiyanto |editor-first=Sari }}</ref>
=== Beta (garis keturunan B.1.351) ===
{{utama|Varian Beta SARS-CoV-2}}
[[501.V2 Variant|Varian 501.V2]], disebut juga 20H/501Y.V2, VOC-202012/02, atau garis keturunan B.1.351,<ref name="CDC1">{{cite web|author=CDC|title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> pertama kali terdeteksi di [[Afrika Selatan]] dan dilaporkan oleh departemen kesehatan negara itu pada tanggal 18 Desember 2020.<ref name="b1351nytimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html |title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant |date=18 Desember 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Peneliti dan pejabat melaporkan bahwa [[prevalensi]] varian tersebut lebih tinggi di antara orang muda tanpa penyebab yang jelas dan, dibandingkan dengan varian lain, varian ini lebih sering mengakibatkan penyakit serius dalam kasus tersebut.<ref name="b1351washingtonpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-africa-coronavirus-second-wave/2020/12/18/d4a51aec-3ff7-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html |last1=Wroughton |first1=Lesley |last2=Bearak |first2=Max |date=18 Desember 2020 |title=South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Mkhize |first=Dr Zwelini |date=18 December 2020 |title=Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020) |location=South Africa |agency=COVID-19 South African Online Portal |url=https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/12/18/update-on-covid-19-18th-december-2020/ |access-date=23 Desember 2020 |quote=Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.}}</ref> Departemen Kesehatan Afrika Selatan juga mengindikasikan bahwa varian tersebut mungkin mendorong gelombang kedua [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Afrika Selatan|pandemi Covid-19]] di negara tersebut karena varian tersebut menyebar lebih cepat daripada varian virus sebelumnya lainnya.<ref name="b1351nytimes" /><ref name="b1351washingtonpost" />
=== Gamma (garis keturunan P.1) ===
{{utama|Varian Gamma SARS-CoV-2}}
=== Delta (garis Keturunan B.1.617.2) ===
{{utama|Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2}}
'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah varian [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[garis keturunan SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617|bergaris keturunan B.1.617]], [[virus]] yang menyebabkan [[Covid-19]].<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |website=www.gov.uk |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-20 |language=en}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Varian tersebut dinamai varian Delta oleh WHO melalui sistem penamaan baru yang diperkenalkan pada 31 Mei 2021.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |date=2021-05-31 |website=BBC News |access-date=2021-06-08 |language=en}}</ref> Varian tersebut pertama kali terdeteksi di India pada akhir 2020.<ref name="GISAID">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ |title=Tracking of Variants |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 April 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=[[GISAID]] |access-date=30 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |website=Science Media Centre |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Varian ini bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian peningkatan kasus pada [[Pandemi Covid-19 di India|gelombang kedua pandemi di India]] yang dimulai sejak Februari 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a ‘variant of concern’ — here’s what we know], CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern'], BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ India’s second COVID-19 wave], The Wire Science, 22 April 2021.</ref>
== Varian yang diperhatikan (WHO) ==
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=== N439K ===
{{utama|N439K}}
Mutasi [[N439K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 439.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mercatelli |first1=Daniele |last2=Triboli |first2=Luca |last3=Fornasari |first3=Eleonora |last4=Ray |first4=Forest |last5=Giorgi |first5=Federico M. |date=18 November 2020 |title=Coronapp: A web application to annotate and monitor SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |doi=10.1002/jmv.26678 |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenyang |last2=Xu |first2=Chang |last3=Wang |first3=Pingping |last4=Luo |first4=Meng |last5=Xu |first5=Zhaochun |last6=Cheng |first6=Rui |last7=Jin |first7=Xiyun |last8=Guo |first8=Yu |last9=Xue |first9=Guangfu |last10=Juan |first10=Liran |last11=Nie |first11=Huan |last12=Jiang |first12=Qinghua |date=23 November 2020 |title=N439K variant in spike protein may alter the infection efficiency and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 based on molecular dynamics simulation |publisher=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.21.392407 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini pertama kali ditemukan pada musim semi tahun 2020 di [[Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |date=20 Oktober 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini menghilang selama [[pembatasan sosial]] di negara tersebut. Namun, mutasi ini ditemukan pula di [[Rumania]], [[Norwegia]], [[Swiss]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Belgia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |editor=Ian Sample |date=20 Oktober 2020 |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke [[Indonesia]] sejak bulan November 2020.<ref>{{
=== E484K ===
{{utama|E484K}}
Mutasi [[E484K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asam glutamat]] (E) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 484.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Mutations-of-SARS-CoV-2-are-Causing-Concern.aspx |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=15 Januari 2021 |title="What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?" |website=News Medical Lifesciences |access-date=16 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini dilaporkan termasuk mutasi kabur, yaitu mutasi yang memudahkan virus untuk kabur dari [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan tubuh]] inangnya,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-base.info/escape-mutation/ |title=escape mutation |date=11 Oktober 2012 |publisher=[[HIV i-Base]] |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359}}</ref> dari setidaknya satu bentuk [[antibodi monoklonal]] terhadap SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NIIDJan2021">{{cite press release |author=<!--(tidak ada)--> |date=12 Januari 2021 |title=Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil |location=Jepang |publisher=NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/corona/covid19-33-en-210112.pdf |access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi E484K ada dalam varian garis keturunan P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Manaus]]),<ref name="virological2021">{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |date=12 Januari 2021 |website=Virological |language=en |access-date=23 Januari 2021}}</ref> garis keturunan P.2 ([[Brazil]], juga dikenal dengan B.1.1.248),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voloch |first1=Carolina M. |last2=F |first2=Ronaldo da Silva |last3=Almeida |first3=Luiz G. P. de |last4=Cardoso |first4=Cynthia C. |last5=Brustolini |first5=Otavio J. |last6=Gerber |first6=Alexandra L. |last7=Guimarães |first7=Ana Paula de C. |last8=Mariani |first8=Diana |last9=Costa |first9=Raissa Mirella da |last10=Ferreira |first10=Orlando C. |last11=Workgroup |first11=Covid19-UFRJ |date=26 Desember 2020 |title=Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |journal=Le Phare de l'Esperanto |via=MedRxiv |language=en |issn=2024-8598 |s2cid=229379623 |doi=10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598v1}}</ref> dan varian 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]).<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak bulan Februari 2021.<ref>{{
=== N501Y ===
Baris 311 ⟶ 332:
<ref name="phe-voc">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data |title=Variants: distribution of cases data |website=Public Health England |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=16 Februari 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala. Data hingga 19 Mei 2021 dimasukkan ke dalam pembaruan 2 Juli 2021.</ref>
<ref name="aci-variants">{{cite web |url=https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/covid-19/critical-intelligence-unit/sars-cov-2-variants |title=Living Evidence – SARS-CoV-2 variants |date=23 Juli 2021 |website=nsw.gov.au |publisher=Kementerian Kesehatan (New South Wales) |department=Agency for Clinical Innovation |access-date=22 Maret 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
<ref name="ecdc-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern |website=ECDC.eu |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=12 Mei 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |dead-url=yes }} Diperbarui berkala</ref>
<ref name="who-update-latest-impacts">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 July 2021 |date=20 Juli 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-july-2021 |access-date=24 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="who-update-22june">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 22 June 2021 |date=22 Juni 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021 |access-date=26 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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