Massa atom relatif: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Massa atom relatif''' (bahasa Inggris: ''Relativerelative atomic mass'', simbol: ''A''_r) atau '''bobot atom''' (bahasa Inggris: ''atomic weight'') adalah suatu [[kuantitas fisik]] tak berdimensi (angka saja). Dalam definisi modernnya, ia merupakan ''perbandingan'' [[massa]] rata-rata [[atom]] suatu [[unsur kimia|unsur]] dalam suatu sampel yang diberikan ''terhadap'' satu [[satuan massa atom]]. Satuan massa atom, simbol u, didefinisikan sebagai {{frac|1|12}} massa satu atom [[karbon-12]].<ref name="IUPAC1979">{{cite journal | author = [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] | title = Atomic Weights of the Elements 1979 | url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1980/pdf/5210x2349.pdf | doi = 0033-4545/80/1001-2349$02.00/0 | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | year = 1980 | volume = 52 | pages = 2349–84}}</ref><ref name="GreenBook">{{GreenBookRef2nd|page=41}}</ref> Massa atom dapat bervariasi (antara atom dari unsur yang sama), karena adanya berbagai [[isotop]] unsur tersebut. Karena kedua nilai dalam rasio tersebut dinyatakan dalam satuan yang sama (u), nilai yang dihasilkan tidak berdimensi; maka nilainya adalah ''relatif''.

Istilah ini biasanya digunakan juga untuk merujuk pada '''bobot atom relatif''' yang dipublikasikan secara berkala oleh [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC).<ref>The latest edition is {{cite journal | author = [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] | url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2006/pdf/7811x2051.pdf | title = Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005 | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 78 | issue = 11 | pages = 2051–66 | doi = 10.1351/pac200678112051 | year = 2006}}</ref><ref>The updated list of standard atomic weights is expected to be formally published in late 2008. The IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights [http://www.iupac.org/objID/Note/nt50112469625981329917907 announced] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204154231/http://www.iupac.org/objID/Note/nt50112469625981329917907|date=2009-02-04}} in August 2007 that the standard atomic weights of the following elements would be revised (new figures quoted here): [[lutetium]] 174.9668(1); [[molybdenum]] 95.96(2); [[nickel]] 58.6934(4); [[ytterbium]] 173.054(5); [[zinc]] 65.38(2). The recommended value for the isotope amount ratio of {{sup|40}}Ar/{{sup|36}}Ar (which could be useful as a [[Scientific control|control measurement]] in [[argon–argon dating]]) was also changed from 296.03(53) to 298.56(31).</ref>. Daftar bobot atom standar dapat ditemukan secara meluas dalam [[buku pelajaran]] kimia, katalog-katalog komersial, dan papan informasi di laboratorium kimia. Penggunaan kata "berat atom" telah mengundang banyak kontroversi, paling tidak sejak tahun 1960-an<ref name="IUPAChist">{{cite journal | first = P. | last = de Bièvre | coauthors = Peiser, H.S. | year = 1992 | title = 'Atomic Weight'—The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units | url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1992/pdf/6410x1535.pdf | journal = [[Pure and Applied Chemistry|Pure Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 1535–43 | doi = 10.1351/pac199264101535}}</ref> (lihat bawah).

'''''An''' atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of {{sup|12}}C.''

Bobot atom dihitung dari pengukuran nilai massa atom relatif (tiap-tiap [[nuklida]]) dan [[komposisi isotop]]. Nilai massa atom relatif yang sangat akurat dapat ditemukan dengan bebas<ref name="NIST">[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]. [http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements].</ref><ref name="AME2003">{{AME 2003}}</ref> untuk hampir semua nuklida non-radioaktif, namun komposisi isotop sulit untuk dihitung secara tepat dan tergantung pada variasi antar sampel.<ref name="TICE1997">{{AtWt TICE 1997}}</ref><ref name="IAvar">{{AtWt IAV}}</ref>

Perkiraaan ketidapastian untuk nilai di atas cukup rumit,<ref name="Meija">{{cite journal | last = Meija | first = Juris | coauthors = Mester, Zoltan | url = http://stacks.iop.org/Met/45/53 | journal = Metrologia | year = 2008 | title = Uncertainty propagation of atomic weight measurement results | volume = 45 | pages = 53–62 | doi = 10.1088/0026-1394/45/1/008}}</ref>, utamanya dikarenakan oleh distribusi sampel yang tidak simetris.<ref name="Holden">{{cite journal | last = Holden | first = Norman E. | url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html | journal = Chemistry International | year = 2004 | issue = 1 | title = Atomic Weights and the International Committee—A Historical Review | volume = 26 | pages = 4–7}}</ref> Nilai bobot atom beserta ketidakpastiannya untuk silikon adalah 28,0855(3). Ketidakpastian standar relatif pada nilai ini adalah 1{{e|–5}} ataupun 10&nbsp;ppm.

* [http://wwwgoldbook.iupac.org/publications/cipac/200485/26015/1047/1_holden.html Atomic Weights andof the InternationalElements Committee2011]{{Pranala —mati|date=Februari A2021 Historical|bot=InternetArchiveBot Review]|fix-attempted=yes }}