Isabel dari Kastila: Perbedaan antara revisi

Kehidupan Isabel mulai membailmembaik di Segovia. Di sana, dia belajar pendidikan dasar yang terdiri dari membaca, menulis, matematika, seni, catur, menari, menjahit, musik, dan agama. Isabel hidup dalam keadaan nyaman, tetapi dia jarang meninggalkan Segovia lantaran Enrique melarangnya. Saudara tirinya itu tetap menjaga agar Isabel menjauhi urusan perpolitikan, meskipun Isabel memahami secara utuh keberjalanan kerajaan.

Pada Mei 1475, Alfonso dan pasukannya melewati perbatasan Spanyol dan maju hingga Plasencia dan menikahi Juana.<ref>Plunkett,Ierne. ''Isabel of Castile''. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 98</ref> Perang panjang dan berdarah untuk memperebutkan takhta Kastila dimulai dan berlangsung hingga sekitar satu tahun sampai tanggal 1 Maret 1476 ketika terjadi Perang Toro, perang yang kedua pihaknya menyatakan sebagai pemenang<ref name="Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado (21)">[[#Manchado|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: ''"...The battle [of Toro] was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John, the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda."'' In [https://books.google.com/books?id=qADOoHct1MwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Isabel+I+de+Castilla+y+la+sombra+de+la+ilegitimidad.+Propaganda+y+representación+en+el+conflicto+sucesorio+%281474–1482%29&source=bl&ots=sxnzroys_j&sig=aM79jFNVQ3dl8c47tP2FGbR ''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)''], 2006, p. 195, 196.</ref><ref name="Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro (22)">[[#Duro|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: ''"...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God granted them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal" '' in [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/hist/09255096579869640757857/023863.pdf?incr=1 ''La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234606/http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/hist/09255096579869640757857/023863.pdf?incr=1 |date=2012-01-25 }}, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901,p. 250.</ref> dan merayakan<ref name="Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro (22)"/><ref name="Manchado (23)">[[#Manchado|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Manchado, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qADOoHct1MwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Isabel+I+de+Castilla+y+la+sombra+de+la+ilegitimidad.+Propaganda+y+representaci%C3%B3n+en+el+conflicto+sucesorio+%281474%E2%80%931482%29&source=bl&ots=sxnzroys_j&sig=aM79jFNVQ3dl8c47tP2FGbR#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)''], 2006, p. 199 (foot note nr.141).</ref> kemenangan tersebut: pasukan Alfonso berhasil dikalahkan<ref name="Pulgar (24)">[[#Pulgar|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Pulgar, [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/cronica-de-los-senores-reyes-catolicos-don-fernando-y-dona-isabel-de-castilla-y-de-aragon--2/ ''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''], chapter XLV.</ref><ref name="Garcia de Resende (25)">[[#Resende|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Garcia de Resende- [[:wikisource:pt:Vida e Feitos D' El-Rey Dom João Segundo/XIII|''Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II'']], chapter XIII.</ref> oleh pasukan sayap kiri Kastila yang dipimpin oleh Adipati Alba dan Kardinal Mendoza, sedangkan pasukan yang dipimpin Pangeran João (kelak menjadi João II, Raja Portugal) mengalahkan<ref name="Chronicler Pulgar (Castilian) (26)">[[#Pulgar|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Hernando del Pulgar]] (Castilian): ''"...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run."'' in [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/cronica-de-los-senores-reyes-catolicos-don-fernando-y-dona-isabel-de-castilla-y-de-aragon--2/ ''Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón''], chapter XLV.</ref><ref name="chronicler Garcia de Resende (Portuguese)(27)">[[#Resende|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Garcia de Resende]] (Portuguese): ''"... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses."'' In [[:wikisource:pt:Vida e Feitos D' El-Rey Dom João Segundo/XIII|''Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II'']], chapter XIII.</ref><ref name="chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian) (28)">[[#Mariana|_{<big>↓</big>}]] chronicler [[Juan de Mariana]] (Castilian): ''"(...) the ''<nowiki>[Castilian]</nowiki>'' horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received by prince D. John... which charge... they couldn't stand but instead were defeated and ran away "'' in

[https://books.google.com/books?id=3x4JAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Abrégé+chronologique+de+l%27histoire+d%27Espagne++%22&source=bl&ots=_Mc5v0VA-Z&sig=CGnv50KIfo_KbppxzabHt2YvJGI&hl=en&ei=2LHvTKbDNtSxhAeZsoi5DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&re ''Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire de l'Éspagne''], Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.</ref> hasil, Pertempuran Toro menunjukkan besarnya kemenangan politik<ref name="Spanish academic António M. (34)">[[#Serrano|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish academic António M. Serrano: ''" From all of this it is deductible that the battle ''<nowiki>[of Toro]</nowiki>'' was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juan's eagle'' <nowiki>[the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro]</nowiki>'' ."'' in [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4208108 ''San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro''], revista [http://www.realacademiatoledo.es/files/toletum/0009/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf Toletum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312101852/http://www.realacademiatoledo.es/files/toletum/0009/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf |date=2012-03-12 }}, segunda época, 1979 (9), [http://biblioteca2.uclm.es/biblioteca/ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Toletum/tol09/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf pp. 55–70] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129103906/http://biblioteca2.uclm.es/biblioteca/ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Toletum/tol09/toletum09_maciadiscurso.pdf |date=2016-01-29 }}. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]: [http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/detalles.html;isessionid=A31394B29A781B0B063B6993FDA9FAEE?id=30676&bd=HISTORI&tabla=docu 0210-6310] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012210/http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/detalles.html;isessionid=A31394B29A781B0B063B6993FDA9FAEE?id=30676&bd=HISTORI&tabla=docu |date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref name="A. Ballesteros Beretta (35)">[[#Beretta|_{<big>↓</big>}]] A. Ballesteros Beretta: ''"His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King ''<nowiki>[Ferdinand]</nowiki>'' to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic ''<nowiki>[Ferdinand]</nowiki>'' achieved the fruits of a discussed victory."'' In [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111114918/http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/Galerias/revistas/ficheros/RET_016.pdf ''Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España''], ''Ejército'' revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941.</ref><ref name="Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela (36)">[[#Palenzuela|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela- [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/la-guerra-civil-castellana-y-el-enfrentamiento-con-portugal-14751479-0/ ''La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)'']: ''"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of [[Aljubarrota]], still alive in the Castilian memory"''.</ref><ref name="Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez (37)">[[#Casas|_{<big>↓</big>}]] Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas: ''"...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms."'' In [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2689349 ''San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio''] in ''Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia'', number 56, p. 364, 1990.</ref> dari [[Penguasa Katolik]], menjaga keutuhan takhta mereka sejak pendukung Juana membubarkan diri, membuat pasukan Portugis yang tanpa sekutu meninggalkan Kastila.

Pada akhir masa [[Reconquista|''[[reconquista'']]'', hanya Granada yang tersisa untuk ditaklukan oleh Fernando dan Isabel. [[Keamiran Granada]] dipimpin oleh wangsa Nasrid sejak pertengahan abad ketiga belas.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48</ref> Wilayahnya yang dilindungi penghalang alami dan benteng-benteng, membuat proses penaklukannya berlangsung cukup lama. Pada 1 Februari 1482,Fernando dan Isabel tiba di Media del Campo dan ini umumnya dipandang sebagai awal perang dengan Granada. Saat Fernando dan Isabel turut serta dalam perang sejak awal, kepemimpinan Granada justru terpecah belah dan tidak berada dalam satu kesatuan.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48–49</ref> Meskipun begitu, masih tetap membutuhkan waktu sekitar sepuluh tahun untuk menaklukannya, puncaknya pada 1492.

Salah seorang Yahudi yang memiliki jalan kepada Raja dan Ratu, Abranavel, berusaha menegosiasi agar pengusiran itu ditunda dari tanggal 31 Juli menjadi 2 Agustus. Secara simbolis, tanggal 2 Agustus 19421492 bertepatan dengan tanggal 9 Ab dalam penanggalan Yahudi, tanggal peringatan dihancurkannya [[Bait Salomo|Bait Salomo di Yerusalem]] sekaligus awal kaum Yahudi menjalani masa pengasingan. Meskipun sejarawan pada masa belakangan menolak perhitungan Abranavel terkait kesesuaian tanggal tersebut, tetapi yang pasti bahwa Abranavel menyadari betapa pengusiran ini menjadi tragedi yang tidak ada bandingannya dalam sejarah Yahudi sejak dihancurkannya Bait Salomo. Dikarenakan mengetahui tidak dapat membatalkan perintah pengusiran, Abranavel yang merupakan tokoh Yahudi paling berpengaruh di istana ini pun menyiasati agar waktu pengusiran mereka berada pada tanggal yang sama dengan kehancuran Bait Salomo, sebagai perlambang rasa kehilangan yang dialami umat Yahudi.<ref>Menocal, Maria Rosa. ''Surga di Andalusia''. (Penerbit Noura Books (PT. Mizan Publika), Jakarta Selatan, Agustus 2015), h. 310-311.</ref>

Selain sibuk dalam memerintah, Isabel juga mengarahkan perhatiannya kepada urusan pewarisan takhta dengan melakukan pernikahan antar dinasti kepada anak-anaknya. Pada awal tahun 1497, semuanya tampak sesuai rencana. Namun padaseiring keberjalanannyaberjalannya waktu, rencana Isabel untuk dua anak tertuanya tidak bekerja. Meskipun begitu, rencana pernikahan antar dinasti yang Isabel canangkan untuk tiga putri termudanya cukup berhasil.