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{{Hebrew month|letname= Adar (אֲדָר)|previouslink= Syebat |previousletter= Syebat |nextlink= Nisan|nextletter= Nisan |num=12|days=29|season=musim dingin|gregorian=Februari–Maret|filename=Purim carnival in Tel Aviv (cropped) 1934.png|name=Purim in Tel Aviv, 1943|caption=[[Purim]], hari perayaan penyelamatan<br>orang [[Yahudi]] pada zaman kekaisaran [[Persia]],<br>diperingati dalam suatu carnival di [[Tel Aviv]]<br>tahun 1934 oleh perempuan Yahudi Yaman<br>berpakaian seperti Ratu [[Ester bin Abihail|Ester]].}}
'''Adar''' ({{hebrew name|אֲדָר|Adar|ʾĂḏār}}; dari [[bahasa Akkadia]] ''adaru'') adalah [[bulan (waktu)|bulan]] keenam tahun sipil dan bulan keduabelas tahun eklesiastikal dalam [[Kalender Yahudi]]. Merupakan bulan musim dingin yang terdiri dari 29 hari. Adar biasanya digunakan sebagai istilah "kehidupan baru" (`the new life`) di sejumlah tempat di India.
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== Tahun kabisat ==
Dalam tahun kabisat Yahudi, didahului oleh satu bulan tambahan yang terdiri dari 30 hari, dinamakan ''Adar Aleph'' (''Aleph'' atau [[Alef]] adalah huruf pertama [[abjad Ibrani]]), ''Adar Rishon'' ("Adar Pertama"; ''First Adar'') atau Adar I. Pada tahun kabisat itu, bulan Adar sendiri disebut ''Adar Bet'' ([[Bet (huruf Ibrani)|Bet]] adalah huruf kedua dalam abjad Ibrani), ''Adar Sheni'' ("Adar Kedua"; ''Second Adar'') atau Adar II. Seringkali, daripada menggunakan "Adar I" dan "Adar II", dipakai istilah "Adar" dan "Ve'Adar" (''Ve'' artinya kata sambung "dan", jadi berarti: "Dan ''Adar''"). Adar I dan II jatuh pada bulan-bulan Februari–Maret dalam [[Kalender Gregorian]].
Berdasarkan satu baris dalam [[Mishnah]] yang menyatakan bahwa Purim harus dirayakan dalam bulan Adar II dalam tahun kabisat ([[Megillah (Talmud)|Megillah]] 1:4), Adar I dianggap sebagai bulan "tambahan". Akibatnya, seseorang yang lahir dalam bulan Adar pada tahun biasa (bukan kabisat) merayakan ulang tahunnya di bulan Adar II dalam tahun kabisat. Namun, orang yang lahir dalam bulan-bulan Adar dalam tahun kabisat akan merayakan ulang tahunnya dalam bulan Adar pada tahun-tahun bukan kabisat, kecuali jika orang itu lahir pada tanggal 30 Adar I akan merayakan ulang tahunnya pada tanggal 1 Nisan pada tahun biasa, karena bulan Adar pada tahun bukan kabisat hanya terdiri dari 29 hari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://earthcalendar.info/CalendarTypes.php |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-date=2013-02-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217235528/http://earthcalendar.info/CalendarTypes.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
== Hari raya pada bulan Adar ==
{{anchor|Adar13}}'''13 Adar''' ('''II''' dalam tahun kabisat) - [[Puasa]] [[Ester (tokoh Alkitab)|Ester]] – pada tanggal 11 Adar jika tanggal 13 jatuh pada hari [[Sabat]] - ''(Hari puasa)''<br>
'''14 Adar''' ('''II''' dalam tahun kabisat) -[[Purim]]<br>
'''14 Adar I''' (tidak ada dalam tahun bukan kabisat) - '''[[Purim Katan]]'''<br>
'''15 Adar''' ('''II''' dalam tahun kabisat) - [[Purim Shushan]] - perayaan Purim dalam kota-kota bertembok yang ada pada zaman Yosua.
'''17 Adar''' ('''II''' dalam tahun kabisat) - pesta perayaan Yom Adar
== Adar dalam sejarah Yahudi ==
=== 1 Adar ===
* 1313 SM - Tulah Kegelapan
<small>[[Tulah Mesir|Tulah kesembilan]] yang ditimpakan Allah melalui perantaraan [[Musa]] kepada orang [[Mesir kuno|Mesir]] karena tidak mau melepaskan orang Israel dari perbudakan. a thick darkness across the entire land so "no man saw his fellow, and no man could move from his place" ({{Alkitab|Keluaran 10:23}}). Dimulai dari tanggal 1 Adar, enam minggu sebelum [[Exodus]] yaitu keluarnya bangsa Israel dari Mesir.</small>
* 1164 - Abraham ibn Ezra (Ibn Ezra) meninggal
<small>Rabbi [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Avraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra]] (1089?-1164) adalah seorang komentator [[Alkitab Ibrani]] yang terkenal.</small>
* ~ 1663 - Sabbatai ha-Kohen (Shach) meninggal
<small>Adar 1 juga merupakan [[yahrtzeit]] (peringatan kematian) dari ahli [[Halacha]] [[Rabbi]] [[Sabbatai ha-Kohen|Shabtai Hakohen Katz]] (1621-1663?), pengarang komentari [[Siftei Cohen]] mengenai Kode Hukum Yahudi karya Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]]. Ia dikenal sebagai "Shach", yaitu merupakan akronim karyanya yang sampai sekarang masih menjadi sumber utama [[Halachah]] ([[Hukum Yahudi]]).</small>
'''3 Adar''' - (515 SM) - [[Bait Suci Kedua]] selesai dibangun
<!--
*<small>The dedication of the second [[Holy Temple]] ([[Beit HaMikdash]]) which was built by [[Ezra]] on the site of the 1st Temple in [[Jerusalem]], was celebrated on the 3rd of Adar of 515 [[Before Common Era|BCE]], after four years of work.</small>
'''4 Adar''' - (1307) - [[Meir of Rothenburg|Maharam]]'s body ransomed
*<small>The imprisonment of Rabbi [[Meir of Rothenburg|Meir ben Baruch ("Maharam") of Rothenburg]] came to a close when his body was ransomed 14 years after his death by Alexander ben Shlomo (Susskind) Wimpen.</small>-->
'''4 Adar''' - (1796) - [[Rabbi Leib Sarah's]] meninggal
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*<small>Adar 4 is the [[yahrtzeit]] (anniversary) of the passing of Rabbi [[Leib Sarah's]] (1730–1796), a disciple of the [[Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov]]. One of the "hidden [[tzaddik]]im," Rabbi Leib spent his life wandering from place to place to raise money for the ransoming of imprisoned Jews and the support of other hidden [[tzaddik]]im.</small>-->
=== 7 Adar ===
* 1393 dan 1273 SM - Kelahiran dan kematian [[Musa]]
<small>[[Musa]] lahir di [[Mesir kuno|Mesir]] pada tanggal 7 Adar tahun Ibrani 2368 (1393 SM) dan dikatakan meninggal pada hari ulang tahunnya ke-120 pada tanggal 7 Adar 2488 (1273 SM)</small>
* 1828) - Rebbe Isaac Taub of Kalov meninggal
<small>Rabbi Isaac Taub (1744-1828), pendiri dinasti Hasidik Kalov, adalah murid Rabbi Leib Sarah.</small>
'''11 Adar'''- Abad ke-18 - Reb Eliezer Lipman meninggal
<!--
*<small> Reb Eliezer Lipman (Elezer Lippe) was the father of the prominent Chassidic Rebbes Rabbi [[Elimelech of Lizhensk]] and Rabbi [[Zusha of Hanipol]].</small>-->
=== 13 Adar ===
* 522 SM - perang melawan musuh-musuh orang Yahudi di [[Persia]]
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*<small>On the 13th of Adar of the Hebrew year 522 SM, battles were fought throughout the [[Persian Empire]] between the [[Jews]] and those seeking to kill them in accordance with the decree issued by [[King Achashveirosh]] eleven months earlier. (Achashveirosh never rescinded that decree; but after the hanging of [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] on [[Nissan]] 16 of the previous year, and [[Esther|Queen Esther]]'s pleading on behalf of her people, he agreed to issue a second decree authorizing the Jews to defend themselves against those seeking to kill them.) 75,000 enemies were killed on that day, and 500 in the capital, [[Shushan]], including Haman's ten sons (Parshandata, Dalfon, Aspata, Porata, Adalia, Aridata, Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai and Vaizata), whose bodies were subsequently hanged. The Jews did not take any of the possessions of the slain as booty, though authorized to do so by the king's decree. (The [[Book of Esther]], chapter 9).</small>-->
* 161 SM - Kemenangan [[Makabeus]] / ''Yom Nicanor''
* <small>The Maccabees defeated the [[Nicanor (Syrian general)|Syrian General Nicanor]] in a battle fought four years after the Maccabees' liberation of the [[Holy Land]] and the miracle of [[Hanukkah]].</small>
* 1986 (tahun Ibrani 5746) - Rabbi Moshe Feinstein meninggal
=== 14 Adar ===
* 1393 SM - [[Musa]] disunat ([[brit milah]]) (menurut tradisi Yahudi)
<!--
*<small>[[Moses]] was born on the 7th of Adar of the Hebrew year 2368 (1393 [[Before Common Era|BCE]]); accordingly, Adar 14 was the 8th day of his life and the day on which he was circumcised in accordance with the divine command to [[Abraham (Hebrew Bible)|Abraham]].</small>-->
* 522 SM - Kemanangan [[Purim]] pertama kalinya dirayakan
<!--
<small>The festival of [[Purim]] celebrates the salvation of the [[Jewish]] people from [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]]'s plot "to destroy, kill and annihilate all the Jews, young and old, infants and women, in a single day." See [[Book_of_Esther#Timeline_of_Major_Events|Timeline]].</small>-->
=== 15 Adar ===
* 522 SM - Kemenangan [[Purim]] dirayakan di puri [[Susa (kota)|Susa atau Shushan]]
* Abad pertama Masehi - Hari Gerbang Yerusalem
<small>[[Herodes Agrippa I|Raja Agrippa I]] (sekitar tahun 21 M) mulai membangun gerbang di tembok [[Yerusalem]]; hari ini pernah dirayakan sebagai hari libur.</small>
=== 17 Adar ===
* 522 SM - Yom Adar
<small>Hari orang-orang Yahudi meninggalkan Persia setelah kisah Purim </small>
=== 20 Adar ===
* Abad pertama Masehi - [[Honi the Circle-Maker|Choni the Circle Maker]] berdoa minta hujan
<!--
<small>"One year, most of Adar went by and it didn't rain. They sent for [[Honi the Circle-Maker|Choni the Circle Maker]]. He prayed and the rains didn't come. He drew a circle, stood in it and said: 'Master of The World! Your children have turned to me; I swear in Your great name that I won't move from here until You have pity on Your children.' The rains came down." ([[Talmud]], [[Ta'anit (Talmud)|Taanit]] 23a)</small>-->
* 1640 - Yoel Sirkis (Bach) meninggal
<small>Rabbi [[Yoel Sirkis|Yoel Sirkes]] (1560?-1640), pengarang komentari [[Bayit Chadash]] ("Bach") mengenai karya [[Halacha]], [[Beit Yosef]].</small>
=== 21 Adar ===
(Adar II dalam tahun kabisat)
* 1786 - Rabbi [[Elimelech of Lizhensk]] meninggal
<!--
<small> Rabbi [[Elimelech of Lizhensk]], also known as ''Noam Elimelech'' was a great Chassidic Rebbe, and a prominent student of Rabbi DovBer, the great [[Maggid of Mezeritch]]. Rabbi Elimelech was the brother of Rabbi [[Zusha of Hanipol]]- also a prominent Tzaddik and a student of the Maggid. Among the students of Rabbi Elimelech are several prominent Rebbes, including: The Seer- [[Chozeh of Lublin]], Rebbe [[Menachem Mendel of Rimanov]], The Maggid of Kozhnitz, Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heshel- The [[Apter Rov]], Rabbi [[Naftali Zvi of Ropshitz]], Rabbi Kalynomus Kalman Epstein, Rebbe Dovid Lelover.</small>-->
=== 23 Adar ===
* 1312 SM - [[Kemah Suci|Mishkan atau Kemah Suci]] didirikan untuk pertama kalinya setelah perkakasnya selesai dibuat; Permulaan dari "Tujuh Hari Pelatihan".
<small>Selama seminggu tanggal 23-29 Adar, Kemah Suci didirikan di waktu pagi dan dibongkar di waktu malam; Musa melakukan tugas sebagai [[Imam Besar Yahudi|Imam Besar]] dan menahbiskan [[Harun]] dan keempat putranya menjadi imam-imam. Pada "hari kedelapan", yaitu tanggal 1 Nisan, Kemah Suci didirikan secara "permanen" (yaitu, sampai Allah memberi perintah untuk melanjutkan perjalanan di padang gurun), Harun dan putra-putranya melakukan tugas sebagai imam, dan kuasa ilahi turun berdiam di dalam Kemah Suci.</small>
* 1866 - 1st [[Yitzchak Meir Alter|Rebbe of Ger]] meninggal
<!--
*<small>[[Chassidic]] Rabbi [[Yitzchak Meir Alter|Yitzchak Meir Altar]] (1799–1866), author of [[Chiddushei Harim]] (a commentary on the [[Talmud]] and [[Shulchan Aruch]]), was a disciple of Rabbi [[Yisroel Hopsztajn]]- The Maggid of Koshnitz and Rabbi [[Simcha Bunim]] of [[Peshischa]], and the founder of the [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|"Ger" (Gerer) Chassidic dynasty]]. All his 13 sons had died in his lifetime, and he was succeeded (in 1870) by his young grandson, Rabbi [[Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter|Yehudah Leib Alter]] (the "Sefat Emmet").</small>-->
=== 24 Adar ===
* (1817) - [[Blood Libel]] dinyatakan palsu
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*<small>On Adar 24, [[Czar of Russia Alexander I|Czar Alexander I of Russia]] declared the [[Blood Libel]], the infamous accusation that Jews murdered [[Christian]] children to use their blood in the baking of [[matzo|matzah]] for [[Passover]], for which thousands of Jews were killed through the centuries, to be false. Nevertheless, nearly a hundred years later the accusation was officially leveled against [[Menahem Mendel Beilis|Mendel Beilis]] in [[Kiev]].</small>-->
=== 25 Adar ===
* 561 SM - [[Nebukadnezar II]], raja [[Babel]], meninggal
<small>[[Nebkadnezar II]], raja [[Babel]], merebut dan menghancurkan [[Yerusalem]], termasuk membakar habis [[Bait Allah (Yerusalem)|Bait Suci pertama]] 26 tahun sebelum kematiannya ({{Alkitab|Yeremia 52:31}})</small>
* 1761 - Rabbi [[Abraham Gershon of Kitov]] meninggal
<small>Rabbi [[Abraham Gershon of Kitov]] adalah saudara ipar laki-laki dan musuh yang kemudian menjadi murid [[Baal Shem Tov]]. Rabbi Gershon adalh penerima surat dari [[Baal Shem Tov]] yang menggambarkan nubuat sorgawi yang diterimanya mengenai kedatangan [[Mesias]]. Batu nisa Rabbi Gershon, yang mencantumkan tanggal 25 sebagai hari matinya, ditemukan di pekuburan [[Bukit Zaitun]] di Yerusalem setelah [[Perang Enam Hari]] pada tahun 1967.</small>
=== 27 Adar ===
* 561 SM - [[Zedekia]], raja Yehuda, meninggal (menurut tradisi Yahudi)
<!--
*[[Zedekiah]] was the last king of the royal house of David to reign in the Holy Land. He ascended the throne in 597 SM, after King [[Nebuchadnezzar]] of [[Babylonia]] (to whom the [[Kingdom of Judah]] was then subject) exiled King [[Jeconiah]] (Zedekiah's nephew) to Babylonia . In 588 [[Before Common Era|BCE]] Zedekiah rebelled against Babylonian rule, and Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to Jerusalem (in [[Tevet]] 10 of that year); in the summer of 586 SM the walls of Jerusalem were penetrated, the city conquered, the (first) Holy Temple destroyed, and the people of Judah exiled to Babylonia. Zedekiah tried escaping through a tunnel leading out of the city, but was captured; his sons were killed in front of him, and then he was blinded. Zedekiah languished in the royal dungeon in Babylonia until Nebuchadnezzar's death in 561 SM. [[Meroduch]], Nebuchadnezzar's son and successor, freed him (and his nephew Jeconiah) on the 27th of Adar, but Zedikiah died that same day.-->
=== 28 Adar ===
* (sejak abad ke-2 sampai seterusnya) - hari libur [[Talmud]]ik
Dalam zaman Talmudik, 28 Adar ditetapkan sebagai hari raya kecil untuk memperingati ditariknya surat keputusan pemerintah [[Romawi]] yang melarang orang mempelajari [[Taurat]], melakukan ritual sunat, dan memperingati hari [[Sabat]]. Surat keputusan (''decree'') itu ditarik melalui upaya Rabbi [[Yehudah ben Shamu'a]] dan rekan-rekan sejawatnya.<ref>[[Megillat Taanit]], sebuah [[baraita]] mengenai hal ini masih dapat ditemukan dalam [[Ta'anit (Talmud)|Ta'anit]] 18a dan [[Rosh Hashanah (Talmud)|Rosh Hashanah]] 19a.</ref>
* 1524: orang Yahudi di [[Kairo]] tertolong pada tanggal 28 Adar dari rancangan Ahmad Pasha untuk membalas dendam terhadap tukang cetak (''minter'') Yahudi, Abraham de Castro, yang memberitahu Selim II tentang rencana Ahmad untuk memisahkan diri dari [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]] (''Ottoman Empire''). Sampai sekarang, 28 Adar dianggapkan sebagai [[Purim]] Kairo, dengan acara yang meliputi pembacaan [[Megilah]].
== Penggunaan lain ==
* Azar atau Adhar ({{lang-ar|آذار}}) adalah nama untuk bulan [[Maret]] di daerah [[Mesopotamia]].
* Adar atau Ada is istilah bahasa [[Sindarin]] untuk "ayah; bapa".
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Ester bin Abihail]], ratu Persia
* [[Mordekhai]]
* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Ester 8]], [[Ester 9]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/ Bulan ini dalam Sejarah Yahudi]
* [http://www.inner.org/times/adar/index.php Sumber-sumber mengenai bulan Adar]
{{bulan Yahudi}}
[[Kategori:Kalender Yahudi| ]]
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