Inisiatif Chiang Mai: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:ASEAN Plus Three members.png|jmpl|300px|Peserta Inisiatif Chiang Mai: Negara-negara ASEAN berwarna hijau muda; negara-negara Plus Three berwarna hijau]]
'''Inisiatif Chiang Mai''' ('''CMI''') adalah kesepakatan [[pertukaran mata uang]] multilateral yang melibatkan sepuluh anggota [[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Republik Rakyat
Inisiatif ini berawal dalam bentuk rangkaian kesepakatan pertukaran bilateral setelah negara-negara [[ASEAN Free Trade Area#ASEAN Plus Three|ASEAN Plus Three]] bertemu pada rapat tahunan [[Bank Pembangunan Asia]] di [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]], tanggal 6 Mei 2000. Setelah [[krisis keuangan Asia 1997]], negara-negara anggota merintis inisiatif ini untuk menangani permasalahan likuiditas jangka pendek dan membantu kinerja kesepakatan serta organisasi keuangan internasional lainnya seperti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]].
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=== Pembentukan ===
[[Berkas:Horst Köhler.jpg|jmpl|Mantan Direktur Pelaksana IMF Horst Köhler: "Saran kami [bagi kawasan Asia Timur] adalah melakukan regionalisasi, tidak bertolak belakang dengan IMF, karena IMF adalah lembaga global, tetapi sebagai pelengkap [IMF]".<ref name="FEER">{{cite news | title = Focusing the Fund on Financial Stability | url = http://www.feer.com/articles/2001/0106_14/p048money.html | work = [[Far Eastern Economic Review]] | date = 14 June 2001 | pages = 48–50 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20011217015219/http://www.feer.com/articles/2001/0106_14/p048money.html | archivedate = 17 December 2001 | accessdate = 14 March 2010}}</ref>]]
Pada puncak [[krisis keuangan Asia 1997]], pemerintah Jepang mengusulkan pembentukan Dana Moneter Asia sebagai versi regional dari [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] (IMF). Namun demikian, rencana ini batal setelah ditentang habis-habisan oleh Amerika Serikat.<ref>Lipscy, Phillip Y. "[http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf Japan's Asian Monetary Fund Proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf |date=2012-01-21 }}." ''Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs'' 3(1): 93-104</ref> Seusai krisis, menteri keuangan negara-negara anggota [[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Republik Rakyat
Para kritikus pertamanya mempertanyakan alasan insiatif ini. ''[[Asia Times Online]]'' menulis dalam sebuah editorial beberapa hari setelah pertemuan tersebut, "Gagasan bahwa kesepakatan pertukaran mata uang atau perluasan konsep [[Dana Moneter Asia|dana moneter Asia]] [...] akan mencegah krisis Asia atau krisis yang lebih buruk justru keliru dan berbahaya secara politik."<ref>{{cite news | title = Silly scheming in Chiang Mai | url = http://www.atimes.com/editor/BE09Ba01.html | work = [[Asia Times Online]] | date = 9 May 2000 | accessdate = 3 January 2010 | archive-date = 2010-01-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100106162018/http://atimes.com/editor/BE09Ba01.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Setelah Direktur Pelaksana IMF [[Horst Köhler]] mengunjungi lima negara Asia, termasuk Thailand, bulan Juni 2000, ''Asia Times Online'' mengkritik dukungannya terhadap "rencana pertukaran mata uang [...] ASEAN Plus Three yang penuh kekurangan dan tampaknya tidak akan mungkin tercipta".<ref>{{cite news | title = IMF revisits the scene of the crime | url = http://www.atimes.com/editor/BF03Ba01.html | work = [[Asia Times Online]] | date = 3 June 2000 | accessdate = 3 January 2010 | archive-date = 2010-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100102092723/http://atimes.com/editor/BF03Ba01.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Dalam sebuah wawancara tahun 2001 dengan ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', Köhler menyatakan bahwa CMI akan mendorong kerja sama dan pembangunan ekonomi kawasan dan ia tidak menolak terbentuknya Persatuan Moneter Asia.<ref name="FEER" />
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Rapat ke-10 Menteri Keuangan ASEAN+3 bulan Mei 2007 menyepakati perkembangan CMI lebih lanjut.
CMI bertujuan memperluas pertukaran bilateral ASEAN. Selain itu, CMI bertujuan membantu fasilitas keuangan IMF yang sudah ada. Namun demikian, [[krisis keuangan global]] membuktikan bahwa CMI tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dan masih perlu diperbaiki lagi. Alih-alih mencari perlindungan likuiditas CMI, Korea Selatan dan Singapura menggunakan Federal Reserve Amerika Serikat untuk melindungi likuiditasnya, sedangkan Indonesia meminta bantuan
Pada bulan Februari 2009, ASEAN+3 setuju untuk memperbesar dana cadangannya menjadi $120 miliar dari $78 miliar yang diusulkan tahun 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Action Plan to Restore Economic and Financial Stability of the Asian Region |url=http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-media-statement-action-plan-to-restore-economic-and-financial-stability-of-the-asian-region-phuket-thailand-22-february-2009 |publisher=[[ASEAN]] |date=22 February 2009 |accessdate=2 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194842/http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-media-statement-action-plan-to-restore-economic-and-financial-stability-of-the-asian-region-phuket-thailand-22-february-2009 |archivedate=13 November 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Asia set to boost emergency fund | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7904414.stm | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date = 22 February 2009 | accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref>
Pada pertemuan menteri keuangan ASEAN di [[Pattaya]], Thailand, bulan April 2009, kontribusi setiap negara anggota untuk dana cadangan ini ditetapkan. Masing-masing anggota pendiri ASEAN—Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina, dan Thailand—menyumbangkan US$4,77 miliar, sedangkan lima anggota sisanya menyumbang antara US$30 juta dan US$1 miliar.<ref name="ASEAN Pool">{{cite news | title = ASEAN countries agree on individual contributions to regional reserve pool | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/09/content_11159564.htm | agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | date = 9 April 2009 | accessdate = 3 January 2010}}</ref> Kesepuluh negara ini rencananya bertemu dengan para mitra seusai rapat menteri keuangan, tetapi dibatalkan karena peresmian perjanjian multilateralnya ditunda akibat [[krisis politik Thailand 2008–2009|krisis politik Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Romero | first = Alexis Douglas B. | title = Planned regional fund faces delay | url = http://www.bworldonline.com/BW041409/content.php?id=002 | work = [[BusinessWorld]] | volume = 22 | issue = 178 | date = 14 April 2009 | accessdate = 3 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Wijaya | first = Agoeng | title = Talks on ASEAN+3 Crisis Fund Continues Despite Bangkok Riots | url = http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/04/14/brk,20090414-170246,uk.html | work = [[Tempo magazine (Indonesia)|Tempo]] | date = 14 April 2009 | accessdate = 3 January 2010 | archive-date = 2009-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090612181744/http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/04/14/brk,20090414-170246,uk.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ketika pemimpin tiga belas negara bertemu di [[Bali]] bulan Mei 2009, mereka menetapkan kontribusi
Pada Rapat Menteri Keuangan dan Gubernur Bank Sentral ASEAN+3 ke-15 di Manila, Filipina, tanggal 3 Mei 2012, semua peserta sepakat memperluas CMIM dari $120 miliar menjadi $240 miliar. ASEAN+3 juga setuju untuk mengadopsi CMIM Precautionary Line (CMIM-PL) yang dirancang sesuai program PPL di IMF untuk mencegah [[krisis keuangan]]. Selain itu, pangsa lepas IMF dinaikkan dari 20 persen menjadi 30 persen dan rencananya naik menjadi 40 persen pada tahun 2014. Mengenai perluasan pendanaan CMIM, negara-negara pesertanya dapat menerima maksimal $30 miliar.<ref>{{cite news|title=ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors’ Meeting Successfully Concludes|url=http://english.mosf.go.kr/upload/mini/2012/05/FILE_A66G81_20120503182819_1.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2012|date=3 May 2012|agency=Ministry of Strategy and Finance (Korea).|archive-date=2013-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430184823/http://english.mosf.go.kr/upload/mini/2012/05/FILE_A66G81_20120503182819_1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM) Agreement ditandatangani tanggal 28 Desember 2009,<ref>{{cite news | title = Asean Members Sign Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization Agreement | url = http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=464795 | publisher = [[Bernama]] | date = 28 December 2009 | accessdate = 2 January 2010 | archive-date = 2011-06-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604045317/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=464795 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Chiang Mai Initiative multilateral accord signed | url = http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/12/29/business/5376484&sec=business | work = [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] | date = 29 December 2009 | accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref> dan berlaku tanggal 24 Maret 2010.<ref name="The Japan Times">{{cite news | title = Date set for currency swap | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20091230a2.html | work = [[The Japan Times]] | date = 30 December 2009 | accessdate = 1 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Yoon |first=Ja-young |title=Asian Monetary Fund to Debut in March |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/12/123_58046.html |work=[[The Korea Times]] |date=28 December 2009 |accessdate=2 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231024457/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/12/123_58046.html |archivedate=2009-12-31 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="The Jakarta Post">{{cite news|title=ASEAN+3's $120b swap deal put in place |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/29/asean3%E2%80%99s-120b-swap-deal-put-place.html |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=29 December 2009 |accessdate=2 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102192917/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/29/asean3%E2%80%99s-120b-swap-deal-put-place.html |archivedate=2 January 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
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== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* Grimes, William W., [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=484 The Asian Monetary Fund Reborn? Implications of Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization] (''Asia Policy'', January 2011)
* Lipscy, Phillip Y., [http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf Japan's Asian Monetary Fund Proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf |date=2012-01-21 }} (''Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs'', Spring 2003)
== Lihat pula ==
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== Referensi ==
* {{Cite web|last=Asami |first=Tadahiro |title=Chiang Mai Initiative as the Foundation of Financial Stability in East Asia |url=http://www.asean.org/17905.pdf |publisher=[[Institute for International Monetary Affairs]] |date=1 March 2005 |format=PDF |accessdate=4 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161519/http://www.asean.org/17905.pdf |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy }}
* {{Cite book | last = Henning | first = C. Randall | title = East Asian Financial Cooperation | url = http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/345.html | format = PDF | publisher = [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] | place = Washington, D.C. | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-88132-338-2 | access-date = 2016-11-27 | archive-date = 2009-12-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091221012300/http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/345.html | dead-url = yes }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Park | first1 = Yung Chul | last2 = Wang | first2 = Yunjong | title = The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_world-economy_2005-01_28_1/page/91 | journal = The World Economy | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–101 | date = 14 January 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00618.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rana |first=Pradumna B. |title=Monetary and Financial Cooperation in East Asia: The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp006.pdf |series=Economics Research Department Working Paper Series |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |date=February 2002 |issn=1655-5252 |format=PDF |accessdate=23 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206173441/http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp006.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-06 |df=dmy |journal= }}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.mof.go.jp/english/international_policy/financial_cooperation_in_asia/regional_financial_cooperation/index.htm Regional Financial Cooperation among ASEAN+3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085110/http://www.mof.go.jp/english/international_policy/financial_cooperation_in_asia/regional_financial_cooperation/index.htm |date=2011-05-23 }}
{{Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara}}
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