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Baris 1: {{Orphan\|date=Februari 2023}} [[Berkas:ASEAN Plus Three members.png\|jmpl\|300px\|Peserta Inisiatif Chiang Mai: Negara-negara ASEAN berwarna hijau muda; negara-negara Plus Three berwarna hijau]] '''Inisiatif Chiang Mai''' ('''CMI''') adalah kesepakatan [[pertukaran mata uang]] multilateral yang melibatkan sepuluh anggota [[ASEAN\|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Republik Rakyat ~~Cina~~Tiongkok]] (termasuk [[Hong Kong]]), [[Jepang]], dan [[Korea Selatan]]. CMI memiliki [[cadangan valuta asing]] sebesar [[dolar Amerika Serikat\|US$]]120 miliar dan diluncurkan tanggal 24 Maret 2010. Cadangan tersebut diperluas hingga US$240 miliar pada tahun 2012.<ref>http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-3-98519-Briefs</ref> Inisiatif ini berawal dalam bentuk rangkaian kesepakatan pertukaran bilateral setelah negara-negara [[ASEAN Free Trade Area#ASEAN Plus Three\|ASEAN Plus Three]] bertemu pada rapat tahunan [[Bank Pembangunan Asia]] di [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]], tanggal 6 Mei 2000. Setelah [[krisis keuangan Asia 1997]], negara-negara anggota merintis inisiatif ini untuk menangani permasalahan likuiditas jangka pendek dan membantu kinerja kesepakatan serta organisasi keuangan internasional lainnya seperti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]]. Baris 8 ⟶ 10: === Pembentukan === [[Berkas:Horst Köhler.jpg\|jmpl\|Mantan Direktur Pelaksana IMF Horst Köhler: "Saran kami [bagi kawasan Asia Timur] adalah melakukan regionalisasi, tidak bertolak belakang dengan IMF, karena IMF adalah lembaga global, tetapi sebagai pelengkap [IMF]".<ref name="FEER">{{cite news \| title = Focusing the Fund on Financial Stability \| url = http://www.feer.com/articles/2001/0106_14/p048money.html \| work = [[Far Eastern Economic Review]] \| date = 14 June 2001 \| pages = 48–50 \| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20011217015219/http://www.feer.com/articles/2001/0106_14/p048money.html \| archivedate = 17 December 2001 \| accessdate = 14 March 2010}}</ref>]] Pada puncak [[krisis keuangan Asia 1997]], pemerintah Jepang mengusulkan pembentukan Dana Moneter Asia sebagai versi regional dari [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] (IMF). Namun demikian, rencana ini batal setelah ditentang habis-habisan oleh Amerika Serikat.<ref>Lipscy, Phillip Y. "[http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf Japan's Asian Monetary Fund Proposal] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf \|date=2012-01-21 }}." ''Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs'' 3(1): 93-104</ref> Seusai krisis, menteri keuangan negara-negara anggota [[ASEAN\|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Republik Rakyat ~~Cina~~Tiongkok]], [[Jepang]], dan [[Korea Selatan]] bertemu pada Rapat Tahunan Dewan Gubernur [[Bank Pembangunan Asia]] (ADB) di [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]], tanggal 6 Mei 2000 untuk membahas pembentukan jaringan kesepakatan [[pertukaran mata uang]] bilateral.<ref>{{cite news \| title = ASEAN, China, Japan, S.Korea Agree on Currency Swap \| url = http://english.people.com.cn/english/200005/07/eng20000507_40281.html \| work = [[People's Daily]] \| date = 7 May 2000 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010}}</ref> Rencana ini disebut Inisiatif Chiang Mai dan bertujuan untuk menghindari berulangnya krisis keuangan Asia. Inisiatif ini mencakup pembentukan dana [[cadangan valuta asing]] yang dapat diakses bank sentral negara-negara anggota untuk melawan [[spekulasi]] mata uang.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Crampton \|first=Thomas \|title=East Asia Unites to Fight Speculators \|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/08/news/08iht-adb.2.t.html \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|date=8 May 2000 \|accessdate=3 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430173305/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/08/news/08iht-adb.2.t.html \|archivedate=30 April 2013 }}</ref> Inisiatif ini juga akan melengkapi sumber daya uang lembaga-lembaga internasional seperti [[Dana Moneter Internasional\|IMF]].<ref>{{cite news \| title = Asians will defend their money \| work = [[Manila Standard Today\|Manila Standard]] \| agency = [[Associated Press]] \| date = 8 May 2000 \| pages = 1–2 \| quote = Countries would lend dollars to each other to help defend the value of their currencies during speculative attacks or other currency problems. The loans would be paid back in local currencies at a fixed rate. It would complement existing international institutions, the statement said, acknowledging likely opposition from the United States if a deal eventually led to an attempt to replace the Washington based International Monetary Fund. Malaysia, which has long urged fellow Asian nations to rely on each other for help, rather than on the West, refused the IMF's treatment and suffered less in the crisis than others.}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news \| last = Mahboob-ul Alam \| first = Chaklader \| title = The Chiang Mai currency initiative \| url = http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=113654 \| work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)\|The Daily Star]] \| date = 12 November 2009 \| accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref> Joint Ministerial Statement (JMS) yang dirilis setelah Rapat Menteri Keuangan ASEAN+3 menyebutkan pembentukan CMI.<ref>{{cite news\|title=ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation Database \|url=http://www.asean.org/archive/22208.pdf \|accessdate=5 June 2012 \|date=9 January 2009 \|agency=Association of Southeast Asian Nations \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103932/http://www.asean.org/archive/22208.pdf \|archivedate=18 December 2014 \|df=dmy }}</ref> Para kritikus pertamanya mempertanyakan alasan insiatif ini. ''[[Asia Times Online]]'' menulis dalam sebuah editorial beberapa hari setelah pertemuan tersebut, "Gagasan bahwa kesepakatan pertukaran mata uang atau perluasan konsep [[Dana Moneter Asia\|dana moneter Asia]] [...] akan mencegah krisis Asia atau krisis yang lebih buruk justru keliru dan berbahaya secara politik."<ref>{{cite news \| title = Silly scheming in Chiang Mai \| url = http://www.atimes.com/editor/BE09Ba01.html \| work = [[Asia Times Online]] \| date = 9 May 2000 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010 \| archive-date = 2010-01-06 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100106162018/http://atimes.com/editor/BE09Ba01.html \| dead-url = yes }}</ref> Setelah Direktur Pelaksana IMF [[Horst Köhler]] mengunjungi lima negara Asia, termasuk Thailand, bulan Juni 2000, ''Asia Times Online'' mengkritik dukungannya terhadap "rencana pertukaran mata uang [...] ASEAN Plus Three yang penuh kekurangan dan tampaknya tidak akan mungkin tercipta".<ref>{{cite news \| title = IMF revisits the scene of the crime \| url = http://www.atimes.com/editor/BF03Ba01.html \| work = [[Asia Times Online]] \| date = 3 June 2000 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010 \| archive-date = 2010-01-02 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100102092723/http://atimes.com/editor/BF03Ba01.html \| dead-url = yes }}</ref> Dalam sebuah wawancara tahun 2001 dengan ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', Köhler menyatakan bahwa CMI akan mendorong kerja sama dan pembangunan ekonomi kawasan dan ia tidak menolak terbentuknya Persatuan Moneter Asia.<ref name="FEER" /> Baris 18 ⟶ 20: Rapat ke-10 Menteri Keuangan ASEAN+3 bulan Mei 2007 menyepakati perkembangan CMI lebih lanjut. CMI bertujuan memperluas pertukaran bilateral ASEAN. Selain itu, CMI bertujuan membantu fasilitas keuangan IMF yang sudah ada. Namun demikian, [[krisis keuangan global]] membuktikan bahwa CMI tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya dan masih perlu diperbaiki lagi. Alih-alih mencari perlindungan likuiditas CMI, Korea Selatan dan Singapura menggunakan Federal Reserve Amerika Serikat untuk melindungi likuiditasnya, sedangkan Indonesia meminta bantuan ~~Cina~~Tiongkok dan Jepang.<ref name=Sussangkarn>{{cite web\|last=Sussangkarn\|first=Chalongphob\|title=The Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization: Origin, Development and Outlook\|url=http://www.adbi.org/files/2010.07.13.wp230.chiang.mai.initiative.multilateralisation.pdf\|work=Asian Development Bank\|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> Para pembuat kebijakan pun menyadari bahwa CMI butuh kesepakatan dana cadangan dan memutuskan untuk melakukan multilateralisasi terhadap CMI. CMIM terbentuk karena keputusan tersebut. Pada bulan Februari 2009, ASEAN+3 setuju untuk memperbesar dana cadangannya menjadi $120 miliar dari $78 miliar yang diusulkan tahun 2008.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Action Plan to Restore Economic and Financial Stability of the Asian Region \|url=http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-media-statement-action-plan-to-restore-economic-and-financial-stability-of-the-asian-region-phuket-thailand-22-february-2009 \|publisher=[[ASEAN]] \|date=22 February 2009 \|accessdate=2 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194842/http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-media-statement-action-plan-to-restore-economic-and-financial-stability-of-the-asian-region-phuket-thailand-22-february-2009 \|archivedate=13 November 2013 \|df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title = Asia set to boost emergency fund \| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7904414.stm \| publisher = [[BBC News]] \| date = 22 February 2009 \| accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref> Pada pertemuan menteri keuangan ASEAN di [[Pattaya]], Thailand, bulan April 2009, kontribusi setiap negara anggota untuk dana cadangan ini ditetapkan. Masing-masing anggota pendiri ASEAN—Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Filipina, dan Thailand—menyumbangkan US$4,77 miliar, sedangkan lima anggota sisanya menyumbang antara US$30 juta dan US$1 miliar.<ref name="ASEAN Pool">{{cite news \| title = ASEAN countries agree on individual contributions to regional reserve pool \| url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/09/content_11159564.htm \| agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] \| date = 9 April 2009 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010}}</ref> Kesepuluh negara ini rencananya bertemu dengan para mitra seusai rapat menteri keuangan, tetapi dibatalkan karena peresmian perjanjian multilateralnya ditunda akibat [[krisis politik Thailand 2008–2009\|krisis politik Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news \| last = Romero \| first = Alexis Douglas B. \| title = Planned regional fund faces delay \| url = http://www.bworldonline.com/BW041409/content.php?id=002 \| work = [[BusinessWorld]] \| volume = 22 \| issue = 178 \| date = 14 April 2009 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010}} {{Dead link\|date=October 2010\|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| last = Wijaya \| first = Agoeng \| title = Talks on ASEAN+3 Crisis Fund Continues Despite Bangkok Riots \| url = http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/04/14/brk,20090414-170246,uk.html \| work = [[Tempo magazine (Indonesia)\|Tempo]] \| date = 14 April 2009 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010 \| archive-date = 2009-06-12 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090612181744/http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/04/14/brk,20090414-170246,uk.html \| dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ketika pemimpin tiga belas negara bertemu di [[Bali]] bulan Mei 2009, mereka menetapkan kontribusi ~~Cina~~Tiongkok, Jepang, dan Korea Selatan.<ref>{{cite news \| title = ASEAN, China, Japan, SKorea finalise crisis pact \| url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gjvs9kCsNuS_RsMZf3wIME54FHqA \| agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] \| date = 3 May 2009 \| accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref> Dalam pertemuan ini, [[Hong Kong]] hadir sebagai peserta baru yang kontribusinya disatukan dengan ~~Cina~~Tiongkok walaupun Hong Kong memiliki "kewenangan keuangan terpisah". Keterlibatan Hong Kong meningkatkan total kontribusi ~~Cina~~Tiongkok menjadi US$38,4 miliar, setara dengan Jepang, dan Korea Selatan dengan kontribusi sebesar US$19,2 miliar.<ref>{{cite news \| title = Hong Kong SAR joins ASEAN+3 foreign currency reserve pool \| url = http://www.cctv.com/english/20090504/101398.shtml \| publisher = [[China Central Television]] \| agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] \| date = 4 May 2009 \| accessdate = 3 January 2010}}</ref> ~~Cina~~Tiongkok dan Jepang masih menjadi kontributor terbesar karena masing-masing menyumbang 32% total kontribusi. Bersama Korea Selatan, ketiga negara ini mencakup 80% total kontribusi untuk CMIM, sedangkan 20% sisanya dari negara-negara ASEAN.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The Establishment of The Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization (Joint Press Release)\|url=http://app.mof.gov.sg/newsroom_details.aspx?news_sid=20091228858850831466\|accessdate=5 June 2012\|date=28 December 2009\|agency=Ministry of Finance (Singapore)\|archive-date=2012-12-24\|archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20121224191758/http://app.mof.gov.sg/newsroom_details.aspx?news_sid=20091228858850831466\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada Rapat Menteri Keuangan dan Gubernur Bank Sentral ASEAN+3 ke-15 di Manila, Filipina, tanggal 3 Mei 2012, semua peserta sepakat memperluas CMIM dari $120 miliar menjadi $240 miliar. ASEAN+3 juga setuju untuk mengadopsi CMIM Precautionary Line (CMIM-PL) yang dirancang sesuai program PPL di IMF untuk mencegah [[krisis keuangan]]. Selain itu, pangsa lepas IMF dinaikkan dari 20 persen menjadi 30 persen dan rencananya naik menjadi 40 persen pada tahun 2014. Mengenai perluasan pendanaan CMIM, negara-negara pesertanya dapat menerima maksimal $30 miliar.<ref>{{cite news\|title=ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors’ Meeting Successfully Concludes\|url=http://english.mosf.go.kr/upload/mini/2012/05/FILE_A66G81_20120503182819_1.pdf\|accessdate=5 June 2012\|date=3 May 2012\|agency=Ministry of Strategy and Finance (Korea).\|archive-date=2013-04-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430184823/http://english.mosf.go.kr/upload/mini/2012/05/FILE_A66G81_20120503182819_1.pdf\|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM) Agreement ditandatangani tanggal 28 Desember 2009,<ref>{{cite news \| title = Asean Members Sign Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization Agreement \| url = http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=464795 \| publisher = [[Bernama]] \| date = 28 December 2009 \| accessdate = 2 January 2010 \| archive-date = 2011-06-04 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604045317/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=464795 \| dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| title = Chiang Mai Initiative multilateral accord signed \| url = http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/12/29/business/5376484&sec=business \| work = [[The Star (Malaysia)\|The Star]] \| date = 29 December 2009 \| accessdate = 2 January 2010}}</ref> dan berlaku tanggal 24 Maret 2010.<ref name="The Japan Times">{{cite news \| title = Date set for currency swap \| url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20091230a2.html \| work = [[The Japan Times]] \| date = 30 December 2009 \| accessdate = 1 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last=Yoon \|first=Ja-young \|title=Asian Monetary Fund to Debut in March \|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/12/123_58046.html \|work=[[The Korea Times]] \|date=28 December 2009 \|accessdate=2 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231024457/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2009/12/123_58046.html \|archivedate=2009-12-31 \|df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="The Jakarta Post">{{cite news\|title=ASEAN+3's $120b swap deal put in place \|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/29/asean3%E2%80%99s-120b-swap-deal-put-place.html \|work=[[The Jakarta Post]] \|date=29 December 2009 \|accessdate=2 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102192917/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/29/asean3%E2%80%99s-120b-swap-deal-put-place.html \|archivedate=2 January 2010 \|df=dmy }}</ref> Baris 30 ⟶ 32: == Bacaan lanjutan == * Grimes, William W., [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=484 The Asian Monetary Fund Reborn? Implications of Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization] (''Asia Policy'', January 2011) * Lipscy, Phillip Y., [http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf Japan's Asian Monetary Fund Proposal] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal3/japan3.pdf \|date=2012-01-21 }} (''Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs'', Spring 2003) == Lihat pula == Baris 41 ⟶ 43: == Referensi == * {{Cite web\|last=Asami \|first=Tadahiro \|title=Chiang Mai Initiative as the Foundation of Financial Stability in East Asia \|url=http://www.asean.org/17905.pdf \|publisher=[[Institute for International Monetary Affairs]] \|date=1 March 2005 \|format=PDF \|accessdate=4 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161519/http://www.asean.org/17905.pdf \|archivedate=16 March 2012 \|df=dmy }} * {{Cite book \| last = Henning \| first = C. Randall \| title = East Asian Financial Cooperation \| url = http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/345.html \| format = PDF \| publisher = [[Peterson Institute for International Economics]] \| place = Washington, D.C. \| year = 2002 \| isbn = 978-0-88132-338-2 \| access-date = 2016-11-27 \| archive-date = 2009-12-21 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091221012300/http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/345.html \| dead-url = yes }} * {{Cite journal \| last1 = Park \| first1 = Yung Chul \| last2 = Wang \| first2 = Yunjong \| title = The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond \| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_world-economy_2005-01_28_1/page/91 \| journal = The World Economy \| volume = 28 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 91–101 \| date = 14 January 2005 \| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00618.x}} * {{Cite journal \|last=Rana \|first=Pradumna B. \|title=Monetary and Financial Cooperation in East Asia: The Chiang Mai Initiative and Beyond \|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp006.pdf \|series=Economics Research Department Working Paper Series \|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] \|date=February 2002 \|issn=1655-5252 \|format=PDF \|accessdate=23 January 2010 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206173441/http://www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp006.pdf \|archivedate=2010-12-06 \|df=dmy \|journal= }} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.mof.go.jp/english/international_policy/financial_cooperation_in_asia/regional_financial_cooperation/index.htm Regional Financial Cooperation among ASEAN+3] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523085110/http://www.mof.go.jp/english/international_policy/financial_cooperation_in_asia/regional_financial_cooperation/index.htm \|date=2011-05-23 }} {{Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara}} Baris 53 ⟶ 55: [[Kategori:Chiang Mai]] [[Kategori:Pasar valuta asing]] [[Kategori:Hukum dalam tahun 2006]] [[Kategori:2006 di Asia]] [[Kategori:2006 di Thailand]]