Kerusuhan Ürümqi Juli 2009: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 50:
Pada permulaan abad ke-19, 40 tahun sebagai penaklukan kembali Qing, terdapat sekitar 155.000 Han dan Tionghoa Hui di utara Xinjiang dan sempat lebih dari dua kali lipat dari jumlah Uighur di selatan Xinjiang.<ref>Millward, James A. (2007). ''Eurasian crossroads: A history of Xinjiang''. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. p. 306</ref> Sebuah sensus Xinjiang di bawah kekuasaan Qing pada awal abad ke-19 menyatakan bahwa pembagian etnis pada populasi terdiri dari 30% [[Tionghoa Han|Han]] dan 60% [[suku bangsa Turkic|Turkic]], sementara secara tajam berubah menjadi 6% Han dan 75% Uighur dalam sensus 1953, tetapi keadaan sama pada demografi era Qing kembali terjadi pada tahun 2000 dimana Han meliputi 40,57% dan Uighur meliputi 45,21%.<ref name="ddx">{{cite journal |url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf |title=Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949 |first=Stanley |last=Toops |date=May 2004 |page=1 |issue=1 |periodical=East-West Center Washington Working Papers |publisher=[[East–West Center]] |journal= |access-date=2016-09-21 |archive-date=2007-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716193518/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Profesor Stanley W. Toops menyatakan bahwa kadaan demografi saat ini mirip dengan awal periode Qing di Xinjiang. Di utara Xinjiang, Qing membawa kolonis-kolonis Han, Hui, Uighur, Xibe, dan Kazakh setelah mereka [[genosida Zunghar|menumpas Mongol Zunghar Oirat]] di wilayah tersebut, dimana sepertiga populasi Xinjiang meliputi Hui dan Han di bagian utara, sementara sekitar dua per tiga Uighur di Cekungan Tarim, selatan Xinjiang.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Starr 2004], p. 243.</ref>
Meskipun kebijakan minoritas RRT saat ini, yang berdasarkan pada [[aksi afirmatif di Tiongkok|aksi-aksi afirmatif]], menganggap identitas etnis Uighur berbeda dari penduduk Han,<ref name=bovingdon4>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | page=4 | postscript=<!--None--> | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2018-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912055725/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=dillon51/> beberapa cendekiawan menyatakan bahwa Beijing secara tak resmi menerapkan model satu budaya dan satu bahasa yang berdasarkan pada penduduk mayoritas.<ref name="Gladney">{{Cite book | chapter=The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001 | last=Gladney | first=Dru C. | year=2004<!--Book published in 2004, but this particular chapter was written in 2001--> | title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland | url=https://archive.org/details/xinjiangchinasmu00star | editor=S. Frederick Starr | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/xinjiangchinasmu00star/page/n66 112]–114 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref name=Dwyer>{{Cite book | title=The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse | last=Dwyer | first=Arienne | series=Political Studies 15 | publisher=East-West Center | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-29-5 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | page=2 | postscript=<!--None--> | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2017-10-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101342/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Otoritas juga menunda segala aktivitas yang dianggap menimbulkan perpecahan negara.<ref name=dillon51>{{Cite book | title=Xinjiang – China's Muslim Far Northwest | last=Dillon | first=Michael | year=2004 | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | isbn=0-415-32051-8 | page=51 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref name=bovingdon19>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | page=19 | postscript=<!--None--> | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2018-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912055725/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kebijakan tersebut, selain untuk perbedaan budaya berjangka panjang,<ref name=cecChina>{{cite web | url=http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | publisher=Congressional-Executive Commission on China | date=1 October 2005 | accessdate=6 May 2010 | title=China's Minorities and Government Implementation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law | quote=[Uyghurs] live in cohesive communities largely separated from Han Chinese, practice major world religions, have their own written scripts, and have supporters outside of China. Relations between these minorities and Han Chinese have been strained for centuries. | archive-date=2010-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407172630/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | dead-url=yes }}</ref> terkadang mengakibatkan "gerakan" antara warga negara Uighur dan Han.<ref name=sautman35>{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf | last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | page=35 | postscript = <!--None--> | archive-date=2011-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094447/http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Di satu sisi, sebagai akibat dari imigrasi Han dan kebijakan pemerintah, kebebasan beragama dan gerakan Uighur menjadi terbatasi,<ref name=mooreblog>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/ | title=Urumqi riots signal dark days ahead | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=7 July 2009 | last=Moore | first=Malcolm | location=London | archive-date=2012-10-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004092133/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=bovingdon34_35>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | pages=34–5 | postscript=<!--None--> | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2018-09-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912055725/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> sementara sebagian besar Uighur menganggap bahwa pemerintah telah sengaja merendahkan budaya tradisional dan sejarah mereka.<ref name="Gladney" /> Di sisi lain, beberapa warga Han memandang Uighur menikmati hak-hak istimewa, seperti diijinkan untuk masuk universitas-universitas dan dikecualikan dari [[kebijakan satu anak]],<ref name=sautman29>{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf | last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | pages=29–31 | postscript = <!--None--> | archive-date=2011-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721094447/http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref> dan sebagai "tempat berlabuhnya aspirasi-aspirasi separatis".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/608f0f80-6cac-11de-af56-00144feabdc0.html |work=Financial Times |title=Uighur riots show need for rethink by Beijing |first=Minxin |last=Pei |date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | quote=Han Chinese view the Uighurs as harbouring separatist aspirations and being disloyal and ungrateful, in spite of preferential policies for ethnic minority groups.}}</ref>
 
Ketegangan antara Uighur dan Han telah mengakibatkan gelombang-gelombang protes pada tahun-tahun terkini.<ref name=Hierman>{{cite journal | doi=10.2753/PPC1075-8216540304 | last=Hierman | first=Brent | title=The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002 | journal=Problems of Post-Communism | year=2007 | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=48–62}}</ref> Xinjiang telah menjadi tempat beberapa perpecahan etnis dan kekerasan, seperti [[Insiden Ghulja]] 1997, [[serangan Kashgar 2008]], [[ketegangan Uighur 2008|merebaknya ketegangan]] sebelum [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Permainan Olimpiade di Beijing]], serta sejumlah serangan kecil.<ref name=CACI>{{cite web | publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst | url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node/364 | date=16 February 2000 | accessdate=29 January 2010 | last=Rudelson | first=Justin Ben-Adam | title=Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent | archive-date=2012-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150459/http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node%2F364 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Gunaratna>{{cite journal | last=Gunaratna | first=Rohan | authorlink=Rohan Gunaratna | page=59 | last2=Pereire | first2=Kenneth George | year=2006 | title=An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? | volume=4 | issue=2 | journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly | url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf | quote=Since [the Ghulja incident], numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported. | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2011-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106144335/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Baris 74:
Pada 6 Juli, ketua WOUX Nur Bekri mengeluarkan garis waktu resmi pada hari sebelumnya, yang menyatakan bahwa lebih dari 200 pengunjuk rasa berkumpul di Lapangan Rakyat Ürümqi pada pukul 17.00 waktu setempat, dan sekitar 70 pemimpin mereka ditangkap. Kemudian, sebuah kerumunan berkumpul di sebagian besar wilayah Uighur Jalan Jiefang Selatan, Erdaoqiao, dan Gang Shanxi; pada pukul 19:30, lebih dari seribu orang berkumpul di depan sebuah rumah sakit di Gang Shanxi. Sekitar pukul 19.40, lebih dari 300 orang memblokir jalan-jalan di Jalan Renmin dan kawasan Nanmen. Menurut Bekri, para pengunjuk rasa mulai menyerang bus-bus pada pukul 20.18, setelah polisi "mengendalikan dan menangkapi" kerumunan tersebut.<ref name="中新网">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/news/2009/07-06/1762907.shtml | script-title=zh:新疆披露打砸抢烧杀暴力犯罪事件当日发展始末 |publisher=中新网 Chinanews.com.cn |date=6 July 2009|language=zh}}</ref>
 
Penyebab para pengunjuk rasa menjadi melakukan kekerasan tidak jelas.<ref name=ai>{{cite journal | title = "Justice, justice": The July 2009 Protests in Xinjiang, China | url = http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/027/2010/en/425679a8-6fde-40b5-a38b-83699e5ac1bc/asa170272010en.pdf | publisher = [[Amnesty International]] | date = 2 July 2010 | accessdate = 2 July 2010 | archive-date = 2012-10-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121001133740/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/027/2010/en/425679a8-6fde-40b5-a38b-83699e5ac1bc/asa170272010en.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name=afraidtoevenlook/><ref name=buqingchu>{{cite web | url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4511658,00.html | date=23 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=美新疆问题专家鲍文德访谈 (Interview with American "Xinjiang problem" expert Gardiner Bovingdon) | publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote=<br />Pewawancara: 您认为事件的过程已经非常清楚了吗? ''(Apakah kau pikir proses pemberontakan tersebut telah jelas?)''<br />Bovingdon: 不清楚,而且我觉得可以说很不清楚。 ''(Tidak, peristiwa tersebut tidak jelas, dan Aku pikir kami dapat berkata bahwa peristiwa tersebut tidak jelas.)''}}</ref> Beberapa orang berkata bahwa polisi menggunakan pasukan khusus untuk melawan para pengunjuk rasa;<ref name=ai/><ref name=BBC090707/><ref name=lat090706>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jul/06/world/fg-china-protest6 |title=140 slain as Chinese riot police, Muslims clash in north-western city |first=Barbara |last=Demick |date=6 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Kongres Uighur Sedunia dengan cepat mengeluarkan perilisan pers yang menyataskan bahwa polisi menggunakan pasukan mematikan dan membunuh "sejumlah" pengunjuk rasa.<ref name=WUCpressrelease1>{{cite web | accessdate=5 September 2009 | publisher=World Uyghur Congress | date=6 July 2009 | url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=966 | title=WUC Condemns China's Brutal Crackdown of a Peaceful Protest in Urumchi City | archive-date=2011-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161854/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=966 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=WUCpressrelease2>{{cite web | accessdate=5 September 2009 | publisher=World Uyghur Congress | date=7 July 2009 | url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=975 | title=World Uyghur Congress' Statement on July&nbsp;5th Urumqi Incident | archive-date=2011-07-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161909/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/?p=975 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kadeer menuduh bahwa terdapat provokator pada kerumunan tersebut.<ref name=nottelling>{{cite web | publisher=Uyghur American Association | url=http://www.uyghuramerican.org//articles/3304/1/Unrest-in-East-Turkestan-What-China-is-Not-Telling-the-Media/index.html | last=Kadeer | first=Rebiya | authorlink=Rebiya Kadeer | title=Unrest in East Turkestan: What China is not telling the media | date=20 July 2009 | accessdate=29 September 2009 | archive-date=2009-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724093826/http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/3304/1/Unrest-in-East-Turkestan-What-China-is-Not-Telling-the-Media/index.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=csm>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0712/p06s07-wogn.html |title=Q&A with Uighur spiritual leader Rebiya Kadeer |date= 12 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 |first=Robert |last=Marquand
|work=Christian Science Monitor |quote=[Kadeer:] I was quite surprised by the loss of so many lives. Initially the protest was peaceful. You could even see Uighurs in the crowd holding Chinese flags. There were women and children, and that seemed at first like a good thing. But the Uighurs were provoked by Chinese security forces – dogs, armoured cars. What has not been noted are the plain clothes police who went in and provoked the Uighurs. My view is that the Chinese wanted a riot in order to justify a larger crackdown; it's an attempt to create solidarity between the Han and the government at a time when there is insecurity. Provoking the crowd justifies that this was a Uighur mob.}}</ref> Klaim lainnya menyatakan bahwa para pengunjuk rasa memang berniat melakukan kekerasan; contohnya, seorang saksi mata Uighur berkata kepada ''[[The New York Times]]'' bahwa para pengunjuk rasa mulai melempari batu kepada polisi.<ref name=nyt090705/> Pernyataaan resmi pemerintah menyatakan bahwa kekerasan tersebut tidak hanya niatan dari para pengunjuk rasa, tetapi juga direncanakan dan didalangi oleh para separatis Uighur di luar negeri.<ref name=chinad090706/><ref name=cctv2/> [[Biro keamanan masyarakat Tiongkok|Biro keamanan masyarakat]] lokal berkata bahwa mereka menemukan bukti bahwa beberapa orang Uighur telah berkunjung dari kota lainnya untuk berkumpul pada pemberontakan tersebut, dan mereka mulai menyiapkan senjata dua atau tiga hari sebelum pemberontakan tersebut.<ref name=xhweapons>{{cite news | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | title=Urumqi riots: Weapons prepared beforehand, division of tasks clear | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11744210.htm | accessdate=15 December 2009 | date=21 July 2009}}</ref>
 
Baris 92:
Xinhua tidak membagi jumlah korban tewas berdasarkan pada etnisnya,<ref name=npr/> namun para jurnalis dari ''The Times'' dan ''The Daily Telegraph'' melaporkan bahwa sebagian besar korban berasal dari suku Han.<ref name="mooreblog"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6656359.ece |title=Chinese Han mob marches for revenge against Uighurs after rampage | work=The Times | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=7 July 2009 | first=Jane | last=Macartney | location=London}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, pada 10 Juli, Xinhua menyatakan bahwa 137 korban tewas (dari total korban 184 yang dikabarkan pada masa tersebut) berasla dari suku Han, 46 Uighur, dan 1 [[suku Hui|Hui]].<ref name=XH184dead>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/death-toll-from-china-s-ethnic-riots-hits-184-1.1306298 | title=Death toll from China's ethnic riots hits 184 | publisher=Newsday | agency=Associated Press | date=10 July 2009 | access-date=2016-09-29 | archive-date=2019-07-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710091904/https://www.newsday.com/news/death-toll-from-china-s-ethnic-riots-hits-184-1.1306298 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Terdapat juga korban dari pihak para perusuh;<ref name=ai/> contohnya, menurut catatan resmi, sekelompok 12 perusuh yang menyerang warga sipil ditembak oleh polisi.<ref>{{cite news | last=Duncan | first=Max | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=18 July 2009 | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/19/idUSLI462648 | title=China says police shot dead 12 Uighurs this month | publisher=Reuters | archive-date=2013-10-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095800/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/19/idUSLI462648 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jul/18/china-says-police-killed-12-urumqi-rioting/?breakingnews | title=China says police killed 12 in Urumqi rioting | agency=Associated Press | date=18 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | last=Wong | first=Gillian | publisher=Times Free Press | archive-date=2012-10-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011131821/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jul/18/china-says-police-killed-12-urumqi-rioting/?breakingnews | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada bulan-bulan setelah kerusuhan tersebut, pemerintah menyatakan bahwa mayoritas korban berasal dari suku Han<ref name=BBC1500/> dan rumah-rumah sakit berkata bahwa dua per tiga korban luka-luka berasal dari suku Han,<ref name=Timewestwar>{{cite news | work=Time | date=20 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=China's War in the West | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1909460-1,00.html | last=Elegant | first=Simon | last2=Ramzy | first2=Austin | archive-date=2009-07-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717075647/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1909460-1,00.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> meskipun Kongres Uighur Sedunia mengklaim bahwa beberapa Uighur juga tewas.<ref name=BBC1500>{{cite news | date=3 August 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8181563.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Xinjiang arrests 'now over 1,500'}}</ref> Menurut pernyataan resmi yang dirilis pemerintah Tiongkok pada Agustus 2009, 134 dari 156 korban sipil adalah Han, 11 Hui, 10 Uighur, dan 1 [[Manchu]].<ref name=XHaugustbreakdown>{{cite news | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | date=5 August 2009 | accessdate=13 December 2009 | title=Innocent civilians make up 156 in Urumqi riot death toll | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/05/content_11831350.htm}}</ref> Uighur masih mempertanyakan jumlah tersebut, dengan menuduh bahwa jumlah korban dari etnis Uighur sengaja diperkecil.<ref name=afraidtoevenlook>{{cite journal | url=http://www.hrw.org/en/node/86103/section/6 | publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] | title=We Are Afraid to Even Look for Them: Enforced Disappearances in the Wake of Xinjiang's Protests | date=20 October 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Xinhua mengabarkan bahwa 627 kenderaan dan 633 bangunan rusak.<ref name=xhinjured>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/12/content_11696865.htm |title= Number of injured in Urumqi riot increases to 1,680 |agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 January 2010|date=12 July 2009}}</ref>
 
Pemerintah munisipal Ürümqi awalnya mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan membayar [[yuan Tiongkok|¥]]200,000 sebagai ganti rugi, di tambah ¥10,000 sebagai "pembayaran pemakaman" untuk setiap "kematian tak bersalah" yang disebabkan oleh kerusuhan tersebut.<ref name=caijing/> Ganti rugi kemudian dilipatgandakan menjadi ¥420,000 per kematian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11741337.htm | title=Xinjiang doubles compensation for bereaved families in Urumqi riot | date=21 July 2009 | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Wali kota Jirla Isamuddin memperkirakan bahwa seluruh biaya ganti ruginya berjumlah sekitar ¥100&nbsp;juta.<ref name=caijing>{{cite news | url=http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-07-10/110196178.html | script-title=zh:"7·5"事件遇害者家属将获补偿21万元 | work=[[Caijing]] | date=10 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | language=zh | archive-date=2012-07-23 | archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20120723201703/http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-07-10/110196178.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
=== Setelah 5 Juli ===
Baris 153:
 
==== Negara-negara ====
Turki, yang memiliki minoritas Uighur yang vokal dan merupakan sebuah negara mayoritas TurkicTurkik, secara resmi mengekspresikan "kesedihan mendalam", dan meminta otoritas Tiongkok untuk mengirimkan para pelaku ke pengadilan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=180125&bolum=100 |title=Tension runs high as China cracks down on Uighur riot |publisher=[[Today's Zaman]] |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=5 April 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308124949/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=180125&bolum=100 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=997938&lang=eng_news |title=Turkish FM calls on China to end violence |work=Taiwan News |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 |date=8 JulyJuli 2009 |archive-date=2009-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710175755/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=997938&lang=eng_news |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Perdana Menteri-nya, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], berkata bahwa insiden tersebut "mirip genosida",<ref>{{cite news | title=Turkish PM compares violence in China to genocide | url=http://www.wsvn.com/news/articles/world/MI125641/ | agency=Associated Press | date=10 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | archive-date=2009-07-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713190636/http://www.wsvn.com/news/articles/world/MI125641/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date=10 JulyJuli 2009 | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 |title=Turkey attacks China 'genocide' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8145451.stm |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> sementara Menteri Perdagangan dan Industri [[Nihat Ergün]] menyerukan pemboikotan barang-barang Tiongkok.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=180534 | title=Turkey calls for boycott of Chinese goods | date=9 JulyJuli 2009 | work=Today's Zaman | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 | agency=Associated Press | archive-date=2012-03-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123508/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=180534 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090710-turkish-pm-erdogan-xinjiang-violence-genocide-turkey-uighurs-han-trade-beijing-china | title=Turkish PM Erdogan likens Xinjiang violence to 'genocide' | date=10 July 2009 | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 | agency=Agence France-Presse | work=France 24}}</ref> Kekerasan melawan Uighur juga membuat orang-[[Bangsa Turkik|orang TurkicTurkik]] berkumpul untuk berunjuk rasa menentang RRT, kebanyakan menargetkan kedutaan-kedutaan besar dan konsulat-konsulat Tiongkok di berbagai kota di Turki. Tindakan Turki tersebut mendapatkan kecaman signifikan dari media Tiongkok.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2fe933a-70d5-11de-9717-00144feabdc0.html | work=Financial Times | title=China fury at Turkey's 'genocide' comments | first=Kathrin | last=Hille | first2=Delphine | last2=Strauss | date=15 JulyJuli 2009 | accessdate=15 JulyJuli 2009 | archive-date=2009-07-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718105433/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2fe933a-70d5-11de-9717-00144feabdc0.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=[[The Malaysian Insider]] | title=Turkey PM told to retract Xinjiang 'genocide' claim |date=14 JulyJuli 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/14/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56D0QJ20090714?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews | title=China dismisses accusation of Xinjiang genocide | publisher=Reuters | date=14 JulyJuli 2009 | accessdate=15 JulyJuli 2009 | archive-date=2015-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142500/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/14/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56D0QJ20090714?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Rebiya Kadeer mengklaim bahwa Turki ikut campur dalam masalah Uighur karena Turki ingin membalas keterlibatan Tiongkok dalam [[konflik Turki–PKK|masalah Kurdi]]-nya sendiri.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kadeer| first = Rebiya| title = Dragon Fighter One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China| url = https://archive.org/details/dragonfighterone0000kade| year = 2009| publisher = Kales Press| isbn = 978-0-9798456-1-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/dragonfighterone0000kade/page/273 273] }}</ref> Sebuah kebijakan untuk memboikot produk-produk Tiongkok yang dibuat oleh [[Nihat Ergun]] mengalami kegagalan.<ref>http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/turkey-kuwait-ambassador-traffic-brawl-army-pilot.html</ref>
 
Negara-negara Arab secara politik mendukung Tiongkok di OKI khususnya Arab Saudi dan Mesir dalam membantu menghalau gerakan anti-Tiongkok oleh [[Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]] terkait masalah Uighur. Mesir memandang peristiwa tersebut sebagai masalah sektarian dalam negeri mereka sendiri dan Sudan juga menangkal gangguan luar dalam masalah dalam negerinya, sementara Indonesia telah bersepakat dengan golongan Islamis di dalam negerinya sendiri dan menyatakan bahwa peristiwa tersebut bukanlah konflik agama melainkan meredam gangguan berbasis etnis di Xinjiang untuk menenangkan situasi.<ref name="wikileaks">{{cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING2041_a.html|title=Cable: 09BEIJING2041_a|publisher=wikileaks.org|accessdate=21 OctoberOktober 2015}}</ref> Pakistan, Arab Saudi, dan Mesir membantu Tiongkok menangkis pernyataan tentang situasi Xinjiang dalam OKI.<ref name="wikileaks2">{{cite web|url=https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING2185_a.html|title=Cable: 09BEIJING2185_a|publisher=wikileaks.org|accessdate=21 OctoberOktober 2015|archive-date=2016-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111221531/https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING2185_a.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tidak ada reaksi publik yang dibuat oleh Liga Arab, Arab Saudi dan Iran terhadap situasi tersebut dan Tiongkok trlahtelah membangun hubungan kuat dengan Iran dan Arab Saudi karena pengaruh mereka di dunia Islam.<ref name="Al-Tamimi2013">{{cite book|author=Naser M. Al-Tamimi|title=China-Saudi Arabia Relations, 1990-2012: Marriage of Convenience Or Strategic Alliance?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYuwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92&dq=uyghur+pressure+marriage&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6AEwA2oVChMIqbfH4ZPLyAIVDHM-Ch2zgwgG#v=onepage&q=uyghur%20pressure%20marriage&f=false|date=5 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46153-0|pages=92–}}</ref>
 
Afghanistan,<ref name=afghan>{{cite news |url=http://en.trend.az/news/world/afghanistan/1501282.html |title=Afghanistan supports China's territorial integrity |work=Trend News |date=8 JulyJuli 2009 |accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamboja,<ref name=cambod>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/11/content_11693729.htm | title=China taking appropriate measures in Xinjiang: Cambodian gov't | agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 | date=11 July 2009}}</ref> dan Vietnam berkata bahwa mereka meyakini pemerintah Tiongkok telah "mengambil langkah-langkah tepat",<ref name=viet>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/08/content_11673383.htm |title=Vietnam expresses support for China's handling of Xinjiang unrest |agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 |date=8 July 2009}}</ref> pernyataan mereka didukung "integritas teritorial dan kedaulatan Tiongkok".<ref name=afghan/> [[Wakil Presiden Negara Federasi Mikronesia|Wakil Presiden Mikronesia]] [[Alik Alik]] mencap kerusuhan tersebut sebagai "tindakan teroris".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/09/content_11681728.htm |title=Micronesia vice president condemns Xinjiang riot |date= 9 JulyJuli 2009 | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 | publisher=Chinaview.cn | agency=Xinhua}}</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Uyghurprotest DC 2.jpg|jmpl|kiri|alt=Para pengunjuk rasa mengenakan pakaian biru terang, memegang bendera biru dengan bulan sabit putih. Seseorang yang berada paling depan mengecat wajahnya dengan warna biru.|Unjuk rasa Uighur di Washington, D.C.]]
Iran sepakat dengan Turki dan OKI, dan meminta pemerintah Tiongkok untuk memberikan hak-hak terhadap penduduk Muslim di Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/38906--turkey-and-iran-concerned-over-developments-in-xinjiang- | title=Turkey and Iran concerned over developments in Xinjiang | work=Anadolu Ajansi | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 | date=9 JulyJuli 2009 | archive-date=2014-12-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220121949/http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/38906--turkey-and-iran-concerned-over-developments-in-xinjiang- | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=100250&sectionid=351020101 |title=Iran voices 'concern' over China unrest |publisher=Press TV |date=9 July 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2010 |archive-date=2009-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714162229/http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=100250&sectionid=351020101 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Pemerintah Jepang memantau situasinya, dengan teliti;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/world/1400_people_detained_in_china_riots.php |title=Riots in China: 1400 people detained |author=New Delhi Television | agency=Associated Press | accessdate=18 JanuaryJanuari 2010 |date=7 JulyJuli 2009}}</ref> Singapura meminta sikap menahan diri dan dialog;<ref>{{cite news | last=Saad | first=Imelda | date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=12 July 2009 | url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/441419/1/.html | title=Singapore urges restraint in Xinjiang, China | publisher=Channel News Asia | archive-date=2009-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712031827/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/441419/1/.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> sementara pemerintah [[Republik Tiongkok|RT]] di Taiwan sangat mengecam seluruh orang yang menyulut kekerasan tersebut. Perdana Menteri Liu Chiao-shiuan juga meminta sikap menahan diri dan mengekspresikan harapan agar otoritas Tiongkok menerapkan "perhatian besar dan toleransi pada masa setelahnya" dan menuntut hak-hak etnis minoritas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=998686&lang=eng_news&cate_img=83.jpg&cate_rss=news_Politics_TAIWAN |title=Taiwan condemns riots in Xinjiang, urges China to be tolerant |work=Taiwan News |agency=[[Central News Agency (Republik Tiongkok)|Central News Agency]] |accessdate=18 January 2010 |date=9 July 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805085443/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=998686&lang=eng_news&cate_img=83.jpg&cate_rss=news_Politics_TAIWAN |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Taiwan menolak visa untuk Kadeer pada September&nbsp;2009, dengan menuduhnya berhubungan dengan [[Gerakan Islam Turkestan Timur]], yang dicap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/09/26/226198/Uighur-activist.htm | title=Uighur activist Rebiya Kadeer denied entry visa to Taiwan | work=The China Post | date=26 September 2009 | accessdate=29 January 2010 | archive-date=2009-09-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929235759/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2009/09/26/226198/Uighur-activist.htm | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Uyghur protest Berlin, July 2009 3.jpg|jmpl|ka|alt=unjuk rasa jalanan dengan spanduk, menewati sebuah gedung perkantoran |Unjuk rasa di Berlin untuk hak asasi manusia Uighur.]]Swiss menyerukan penahanan diri, dan mengirimkan ucapan belasungkawa kepada keluarga para korban dan meminta Tiongkok untuk mempertimbangkan kebebasan berekspresi dan pers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news_digest/Violence_in_Xinjiang_worries_foreign_ministry.html?cid=7499024 |title=violence in Xinjiang worries foreign ministry |publisher=[[Swissinfo]] |date=8 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Perdana Menteri [[Kevin Rudd]] dari Australia mengharapkan "pemukiman damai untuk keadaan sulit ini."<ref name=et>{{cite news | url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1488318.php/Germany_Australia_urge_restraint_in_China_unrest | title=Germany, Australia urge restraint in China unrest | publisher=Monsters and Critics | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | archive-date=2013-01-29 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129093945/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1488318.php/Germany_Australia_urge_restraint_in_China_unrest | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Serbia menyatakan bahwa mereka menentang separatisme dan mendukung "resolusi seluruh perseketaanpersengketaan dengan cara damai."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://glassrbije.org/E/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7853&Itemid=26 |title=Belgrade reactions to events in Xinjiang |publisher=Radio Serbia |date=9 July 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805094051/http://glassrbije.org/E/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7853&Itemid=26 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Belarus menyatakan keprihatinan dengan korban tewas dan kerusakan di wilayah tersebut, dan mengharapkan agar situasinya dinormalisasikan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/df0d82eacc0bde9b.html | title=Press Secretary Andrei Popov responds to a media question over the events in Urumqi in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China | publisher=Belarus Foreign Ministry | accessdate=18 January 2010 | date=9 July 2009}}</ref>
 
Terdapat kekerasan di [[Belanda]] dan Norwegia: kedutaan besar Tiongkok di Belanda diserang oleh para aktivis Uighur yang menimpuk jendela-jendela dengan batu bata,<ref name=rte/> bendera Tiongkok juga dibakar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/07/content_8388406.htm |title=FM: China strongly condemns attacks on its foreign missions |work= China Daily | accessdate=18 January 2010 | date=7 July 2009}}</ref> Terdapat 142 orang yang ditangkap,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVSP2kYBZ4hs |title=Dutch Police Hold 39 Detained After Protests at China Embassy |agency=Bloomberg | accessdate=18 January 2010 |date=7 July 2009}}</ref> dan Tiongkok menutup kedutaan besar tersebut pada hari itu.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/China-shuts-Hague-embassy-after-Xinjiang-protest/Article1-429595.aspx |title=China shuts Hague embassy after Xinjiang protest |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2009 |accessdate=18 January 2010 |archive-date=2013-01-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125064433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/China-shuts-Hague-embassy-after-Xinjiang-protest/Article1-429595.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sekitar 100 orang Uighur berunjuk rasa di luar kedutaan besar Tiongkok di ibu kota Norwegia. Sebelas orang ditangkap, dan kemudian dibebaskan tanpa syarat.<ref name=ap>{{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31781735/ns/world_news-europe/ |title=Uighurs protest in Turkey, Norway | agency=Associated Press | last=Fraser | first=Suzan |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Para pengunjuk rasa dari sebuah koalisi kelompok [[Islam di Indonesia|Islamis Indonesia]] menyerang keamanan di kedutaan besar Tiongkok di [[Jakarta]] dan menyerukan [[jihad]] melawan Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/442075/1/.html|title=Indonesians protest at Chinese embassy|date=13 July 2009|accessdate=23 July 2011|publisher=Channel News Asia|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023064621/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/442075/1/.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 232:
* [http://news.cctv.com/special/wlmq/gundong/ CCTV special coverage]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/8135542.stm BBC Photo Gallery]
* [http://drop.io/urumuqi drop.io for Urumqi riots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709040731/http://drop.io/urumuqi |date=2009-07-09 }}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sekG0_H7LGQ&feature=fvsr Rebiya Kadeer interviewed by Al-Jazeera] - [[YouTube]]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-doctoroff/the-uighur-crisis-worse-t_b_226777.html The Uighur Crisis: Worse Than Tibet?] by Tom Doctoroff, ''The Huffington Post'', July 7 2009