Kanker prostat: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jumlah kanker prostat sangat bervariasi di dunia, namun jarang terjadi di [[Asia Timur]] dan Selatan; sering terjadi di [[Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99 | title = IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | work = JNCI Cancer Spectrum | date = December 19, 2001 | access-date = 2007-08-16 | archive-date = 2006-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99 | dead-url = unfit }} Retrieved on [[2007-04-05]] through the [[Internet Archive]]</ref> Menurut [[American Cancer Society]], kanker prostat paling jarang di pria Asia dan paling sering terjadi di orang hitam, dan orang Eropa di tengahnya.<ref>[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea= Overview: Prostate Cancer—What Causes Prostate Cancer?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404065618/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_2X_What_causes_prostate_cancer_36.asp?sitearea= |date=2006-04-04 }} American Cancer Society ([[2006-05-02]]). Retrieved on [[4007-04-05]]</ref>

Pada penderita ditemukan rasio [[plasma darah|plasma]] [[vitamin B12]] yang sangat rendah.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web

Beberapa faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko terkena kanker prostat adalah usia, [[ras]], riwayat keluarga (faktor keturunan), [[hormon]], dan pola makan. Risiko menderita kanker prostat ditemukan meningkat pada pria [[kulit putih]] dengan usia > 50 tahun atau pria [[kulit hitam]] dengan usia > 40 tahun. Etnis kulit hitam memiliki risiko kanker prostat 1.6x lebih tinggi daripada pria kulit putih.<ref name="Guidelines on prostate cancer">{{cite web | url = http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/08%20Prostate%20Cancer_LR%20March%2013th%202012.pdf | title = Guidelines on prostate cancer | work = European Association of Urology | date = 2013 | access-date = 2013-05-07 | archive-date = 2013-05-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521213230/http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/08%20Prostate%20Cancer_LR%20March%2013th%202012.pdf | dead-url = yes }} Retrieved on [[2013-05-07]] through the [[Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="tesis"/>

Pria yang memiliki keluarga laki-laki penderita kanker prostat (saudara, ayah, kakek) memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi menderita penyakit tersebut dibandingkan dengan pria yang tidak punya riwayat keluarga. Faktor lainnya yang diduga dapat menyebabkan kanker prostat adalah perubahan hormon [[testosteron]] dan pola makan yang terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi [[lemak]].<ref name="tesis">[http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31128/4/Chapter%20II.pdf Tinjauan Pustaka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104080858/http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31128/4/Chapter%20II.pdf |date=2013-11-04 }}, Universitas Sumatera Utara.</ref><ref name="dharmais">[http://www.dharmais.co.id/index.php/kanker-prostat.html Pasien dan Informasi Kanker: Kanker Prostat], Dharmais Hospital - National Cancer Institute.</ref> Menurut penelitian lainnya, agen kimia seperti [[Cadmium]] juga ditemukan pada perkembangan kanker prostat.<ref name="dharmais"/>

Klasifikasi menurut TNM tahun 2009<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cancerstaging.org/staging/posters/prostate24x30.pdf | title = Prostate-cancer staging | work = American Joint Comitee on Cancer | date = 2009 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on [[2013-05-07]] through the [[Internet Archive]]</ref>

Beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah kanker prostat adalah menjaga kesehatan, menjaga berat badan tubuh, retensi semen,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shambo|first=Steffo|date=2020-03-25|title=The Power of Semen Retention - Debunking The Prostate Cancer Myth|url=https://tantricacademy.com/semen-retention/|website=Tantric Academy|language=en-US|access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref> banyak minum air, mengurangi [[depresi]], olahraga teratur, dan mengurangi konsumsi [[alkohol]], daging, serta lemak.<ref name="prodia">[http://prodia.co.id/penyakit-dan-diagnosa/kanker-prostat Kanker Prostat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617052700/http://prodia.co.id/penyakit-dan-diagnosa/kanker-prostat |date=2013-06-17 }}, Diakses pada 3 November 2013. Laboratorium Klinik Prodia.</ref>

[[United States Preventive Services Task Force]] ([[USPSTF]]) merekomendasikan tes PSA untuk mengetahui adanya kanker prostat pada orang yang terlihat sehat berapapun usianya.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Moyer VA, on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task, Force | title = Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = | issue = | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22615453 | doi = 10.1059/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459 }}</ref> Mereka menyimpulkan hal ini bermanfaat dibandingkan bahayanya.<ref name=USPTF2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerscript.pdf |title=Talking With Your Patients About Screening for Prostate Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-07-02 |archive-date=2012-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601084819/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatecancerscript.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="USPSTF-20111007">{{cite journal | author = Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Fu R, Gleitsmann K, Koenig HC, Lam C, Maltz A, Rugge JB, Lin K | title = Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 155 | issue = 11 | pages = 762–71 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21984740 | doi = 10.1059/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00375 | url = http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/prostateart.htm | access-date = 2015-03-09 | archive-date = 2014-08-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140818195415/http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf12/prostate/prostateart.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] mengamini kesimpulan tersebut.<ref name=CDC>[http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/Prostate/basic_info/screening.htm Prostate Cancer Screening] CDC, updated April 6, 2010</ref> Walaupun demikian hal ini tidak perlu ditiru oleh orang Indonesia yang risiko terkena kanker prostatnya jauh lebih kecil dari mereka, tetapi sebaiknya pria Indonesia mulai usia 55 tahun melakukan USG prostat. [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] dan [[American College of Physicians]] merekomendasikan penapisan tidak dilakukan pada mereka yang harapan hidupnya tinggal 10 atau 15 tahun, karena kanker prostat perkembangannya termasuk lambat, sementara bagi mereka yang harapan hidupnya lebih besar perlu mempertimbangkan untung ruginya.<ref name=Qa2013>{{cite journal | author = Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Denberg TD, Owens DK, Shekelle P | title = Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Guidance Statement From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 158 | issue = 10 | pages = 761–9 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23567643 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-00633 | url = }}</ref> Secara umum, mereka menyimpulkan berdasarkan penelitian akhir-akhir ini bahwa, "it is uncertain whether the benefits associated with PSA testing for prostate cancer screening are worth the harms associated with screening and subsequent unnecessary treatment."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Basch E, Oliver TK, Vickers A, Thompson I, Kantoff P, Parnes H, Loblaw DA, Roth B, Williams J, Nam RK | title = Screening for Prostate Cancer With Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion | journal = Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology | volume = 30 | issue = 24 | pages = 3020–5 | date = Jul 16, 2012 | pmid = 22802323 | pmc = 3776923 | doi = 10.1200/JCO.2012.43.3441 | url = http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2012/07/16/JCO.2012.43.3441.full.pdf }}</ref> [[American Urological Association]] (AUA 2013) memberikan petunjuk untuk menimbang manfaat pencegahan kematian akibat kanker prostat sebesar 1 dari setiap 1000 laki-laki yang ditapis dalam periode 10 tahun dengan bahaya-bahaya yang diketahui berhubungan dengan tes diagnosis dan tata laksananya. AUA merekomendasikan pengambilan keputusan untuk penapisan pada mereka yang berusia 55 hingga 69 tahun didasarkan keputusan bersama antara dokter dan pasien, dan jika penapisan dilakukan, maka penapisan dilakukan tidak lebih sering daripada 2 tahun sekali.<ref>{{cite web|title=EARLY DETECTION OF PROSTATE CANCER: AUA GUIDELINE|url=http://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/prostate-cancer-detection.cfm|work=American Urological Association|accessdate=10 May 2013|year=2013|archive-date=2013-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507095505/http://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/prostate-cancer-detection.cfm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* {{id}} [http://www.uroblog.info/2012/08/biopsi-prostat.html Biopsi prostat ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501030944/http://www.uroblog.info/2012/08/biopsi-prostat.html |date=2013-05-01 }} - Prosedur biopsi Prostat.

* [http://www.prostatecancer.ca/english/home/ Prostate Cancer Research Foundation of Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810141401/http://www.prostatecancer.ca/english/home/ |date=2007-08-10 }}

* [http://www.nih.gov/nia/health National Institute on Aging Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010801180725/http://www.nih.gov/nia/health/ |date=2001-08-01 }}

* [http://www.prostatecancerguides.com/category/cancer-treatment/ Prostate Cancer Treatment Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929080941/http://www.prostatecancerguides.com/category/cancer-treatment/ |date=2007-09-29 }}