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[[Berkas:Donation_Ballabio_Pittoni.jpg|jmpl|''[[Kepala Perawan (Pittoni, Strasbourg)|Kepala Perawan]]'', dari [[Giambattista Pittoni]], 1730.]]
[[
Sang Perawan Suci maria adalah salah satu dari tema-tema penting dalam Kesenian Kristiani, Kesenian agama Katolik Roma dan Kesenian Dunia Barat selama berabad-abad. Ratusan ribu '''seni rupa Bunda Maria dalam agama Katolik Roma''' yang membahas berbagai tema seni Bunda Maria telah dibuat, mulai dari para maestro seperti [[Michelangelo]] dan [[Botticelli]] hingga seniman-seniman kecil di pedesaan.<ref>Timothy Verdon, 2006, ''Mary in Western Art'' ISBN 978-
Walaupun hasil karya seni rupa Bunda Maria
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[[Roman Catholic Marian music|Marian music]] and [[Roman Catholic Marian churches|Marian shrines]] are also components of [[Roman Catholic Mariology]] and interact with Marian art, e.g. the construction of major Marian churches gives rise to major pieces of art for the decoration of the church.<ref>Janusz Rosikon, 2001, ''The Madonnas of Europe: Pilgrimages to the Great Marian Shrines'' ISBN 978-
The body of teachings that constitute Roman Catholic Mariology consist of four basic [[Dogma (Roman Catholic)|Marian dogmas]]: [[Perpetual virginity]], [[Mother of God]], [[Immaculate conception]] and [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption into Heaven]], derived from [[Bible|Biblical scripture]], the writings of the [[Church Father]]s, and the traditions of the Church. Other influences on Marian art have been the [[Feast day]]s of the Church, [[Apparitions|Marian apparitions]], [[Mariology of the saints|writings of the saints]] and popular devotions such as the [[rosary]], the [[Stations of the Cross]], or total consecration, and also [[Mariology of the popes|papal initiatives]], and [[Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters]].
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{{RC-Mariology}}
==The diversity of Marian art==
Roman Catholic Marian art has expressed a wide range of theological topics that relate to Mary, often in ways that are far from obvious, and whose meaning can only be recovered by detailed scholarly analysis. Entire books have been written on topics such as [[Our Lady of Sorrows]], [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]], [[Golden Madonna of Essen]], [[Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos]], [[Madonna della Misericordia (painting)| Virgin of Mercy]], [[Virgin of Ocotlán]], [[Madonna and Child with Flowers]], the [[Hortus conclusus]], or the ''significance of fountains in Marian art'' and their doctrinal implications.<ref>University of Dayton http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/aoeu.htm</ref><ref>University of Dayron http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/themeaning.htm</ref>
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==Early veneration==
[[
Early veneration of Mary is documented in the [[Catacombs of Rome]]. In the catacombs paintings show the Blessed Virgin with her son. More unusual and indicating the burial ground of Saint Peter, was the fact that excavations in the crypt of Saint Peter discovered a very early fresco of Mary together with Saint Peter<ref>M Guarducci Maria nelle epigrafi paleocristiane di Roma 1963, 248</ref> The Roman Priscilla catacombs depict the oldest Marian paintings from the middle of the second century <ref>I Daoust, Marie dans les catacombes 1983</ref> Mary is shown with a child on her lap, a standing man with tunic left hand a book right hand a star over his head as a symbol of the [[messiah]]. Priscilla also has a medallion of the [[Annunciation]].
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==[[Mother of God]]==
[[
That Mary was the [[Mother of God]] is clear from the Gospels, and the theological implications of this were defined and confirmed by the [[Council of Ephesus]] (431). Different aspects of Mary's position as mother have been the subject of a large number of works of Catholic art.
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===Nativity of Jesus===
{{main|Nativity of Jesus in art}}
[[
The [[Nativity of Jesus in art|Nativity of Jesus]] has been a major subject of Christian art since the 4th century. It has been depicted in many different media, both pictorial and sculptural. Pictorial forms include murals, panel paintings, manuscript illuminations, stained glass windows and oil paintings.
The earliest representations of the Nativity itself are very simple, just showing the infant, tightly wrapped, lying near the ground in a trough or wicker basket.
[[
A new form of the image, which from the rare early versions seems to have been formulated in sixth-century Palestine, was to set the essential form of Eastern Orthodox images down to the present day. The setting is now a cave - or rather the specific Cave of the Nativity in Bethlehem, already underneath the Church of the Nativity, and well-established as a place of pilgrimage, with the approval of the Church.
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===Madonna===
[[
The depiction of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] has roots in ancient pictorial and sculptural traditions that informed the earliest Christian communities throughout Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. Important to Italian tradition are Byzantine icons, especially those created in Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital of the longest, enduring medieval civilization whose icons, such as the [[Hodegetria]], participated in civic life and were celebrated for their miraculous properties. Western depictions remained heavily dependent on Byzantine types until at least the 13th century. In the late Middle Ages, the [[Cretan school]], under [[Venice|Venetian]] rule, was the source of great numbers of icons exported to the West, and the artists there could adapt their style to Western iconography when required.
[[
In the [[Romanesque art|Romanesque period]] free-standing statues, typically about half life-size, of the enthroned Madonna and Child were an original Western development, since monumental sculpture was forbidden by Orthodoxy. The [[Golden Madonna of Essen]] of c. 980 is one of the earliest of these, made of gold applied to a wooden core, and still the subject of considerable local veneration, as is the 12th century [[Virgin of Montserrat]] in [[Catalonia]], a more developed treatment.
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====Some key Madonnas====
[[
A number of Madonna paintings and statues have gathered a following as important religious icons and noteworthy works of art in various regions of the world.
Some Madonnas are known by a general name and concept rendered or depicted by various artists. For instance, [[Our Lady of Sorrows]] is the patron saint of several countries such as [[
Some Madonnas become the subject of widespread devotion, and the Marian shrines dedicated to them attract millions of pilgrims per year. An example is [[Our Lady of Aparecida]] in Brazil, whose shrine is surpassed in size only by [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]], and receives more pilgrims per year than any other [[Roman Catholic Marian church]] in the world.
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:* The [[Virgin of Ocotlán]] is a statue of the Virgin Mary in [[Ocotlán]], [[Tlaxcala]], Mexico.
:* [[Our Lady of Navigators]] is a highly venerated Madonna in [[
=====Italy and Spain=====
[[
:* [[Raphael]]'s [[Sistine Madonna]] painting at [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] is considered a key example of [[high Renaissance]] art.
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:* [[Michelangelo]]'s statue of the Virgin Mary and a standing Jesus known as the [[Madonna of Bruges]] at the [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges]], [[Belgium]] shares some similarities with his [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pieta]] which was completed sometime earlier.
:* The 1898 [[Refugium Peccatorum Madonna]]
===Mary in the Life of Christ===
[[
Scenes of Mary and Jesus together fall into two main groups: those with an infant Jesus, and those from the last period of his life. After the episodes of the Nativity, there are a number of further narrative scenes of Mary and the infant Jesus together which are often depicted: the [[Circumcision of Christ]], [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]], [[Flight into Egypt]], and less specific scenes of Mary and Jesus with his cousin [[John the Baptist]], sometimes with John's mother [[Elizabeth (Biblical person)|Elizabeth]]. [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Virgin of the Rocks]] is a famous example. Gatherings of the whole extended family of Jesus form a subject known as the [[Holy Kinship]], popular in the [[Northern Renaissance]]. Mary appears in the background of the only incident in the [[Gospel]]s from the later childhood of Jesus, the [[Finding in the Temple]].
[[
Mary is then usually absent from scenes of the period of Christ's life between his [[Baptism of Jesus|Baptism]] and his Passion, except for the [[Wedding at Cana]], where she is placed in the Gospels. A non-scriptural subject of [[Christ taking leave of his Mother]] (before going to [[Jerusalem]] at the start of his Passion) was often painted in 15th and early 16th century Germany. Mary is placed at the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] by the Gospels, and is almost invariably shown, with Saint [[John the Evangelist]], in fully depicted works, as well as often being shown in the background of earlier scenes of the [[Passion of Christ]]. The [[rood]] cross common in medieval Western churches had statues of Mary and John flanking a central [[crucifix]]. Mary is shown as present at the [[Deposition of Christ]] and his Entombment; in the late Middle Ages the [[Pietà]] emerged in Germany as a separate subject, especially in sculpture. Mary is also included, though this is not mentioned in any of the scriptural accounts, in depictions of the [[Ascension of Jesus]]. After the Ascension, she is the centrally-placed figure in depictions of [[Pentecost]], which is her latest appearance in the Gospels.
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==Perpetual virginity==
[[
The [[dogma (Roman Catholic)|dogma]] of the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]] is the earliest of the four Marian dogmas and Catholic [[liturgy]] has repeatedly referred to Mary as "ever virgin" for centuries.<ref>Marian Dogmas at University of Dayton http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/mariandogmas.html</ref><ref>[http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/liturgy/liturgy.html Divine Liturgy of St John Chrysostom], [http://www.coptic.net/prayers/StBasilLiturgy.html Coptic Liturgy of St Basil], [http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_cyril.pdf Liturgy of St Cyril], [http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ephrem/lit-james.htm Liturgy of St James], [http://www.frmichel.najim.net/liturgyvid.pdf Understanding the Orthodox Liturgy], etc.</ref> The dogma means that Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth to [[Jesus Christ]]. The second-century work originally known as the [[Gospel of James|''Nativity of Mary'']] pays special attention to Mary's virginity.<ref>L. Gambero, ''Mary and the Fathers of the Church'' trans. T. Buffer (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1991), p. 35.</ref>
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[[Fresco]]s depicting this scene have appeared in [[Roman Catholic Marian churches]] for centuries and it has been a topic addressed by many artists in multiple media, ranging from [[stained glass]] to [[mosaic]], to [[relief]], to [[sculpture]] to oil painting.<ref>Annunciation Art, Phaidon Press, 2004, ISBN 0714844470</ref>
[[
It has been of the most frequent subjects of Christian art particularly during the [[Middle Ages]] and Renaissance. The figures of the Virgin Mary and the Archangel Gabriel, being emblematic of purity and grace, were favorite subjects of many painters such as [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Leonardo de Vinci]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Duccio]] and [[Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo|Murillo]] among others. The mosaics of [[Pietro Cavallini]] in [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] in [[Rome]] (1291), the [[fresco]]s of [[Giotto]] in the [[Scrovegni Chapel]] in [[Padua]] (1303), [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]'s fresco at the church of [[Santa Maria Novella]] in [[Florence]] (1486) and [[Donatello]]'s gilded sculpture at the church of [[Santa Croce, Florence]] (1435) are famous examples.
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==Immaculate Conception==
[[
The dogma of the [[Immaculate Conception]] is a key example of the use of ''[[sensus fidelium]]'' shared by the faithful and the [[Magisterium]] rather than pure reliance on [[Scripture]] and [[tradition]].<ref>[http://www.fides.org/eng/approfondire/totustuus/immacolata02.html Agenzia Fides - Congregazione per l'Evangelizzazione dei Popoli]</ref> And depictions of the [[BVM(RC)|Virgin Mary]] on emblems and within art played a perhaps noteworthy part in building the [[sensus fidelium]].
Given that up to the 13th century a series of saints including [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Bonaventure]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], and the [[Dominicans]] in general had either opposed or questioned this doctrine, Roman Catholic art on the subject mostly dates to periods after the 15th century and is absent from [[Renaissance]] art. But with support from popular opinion, the [[Franciscans]] and theologians such as [[Blessed]] [[Duns Scotus]], the popularity of the doctrine increased and a feast-day for it was promoted.
[[
The [[feast of the Immaculate Conception]] was finally established in 1476 by Pope [[Sixtus IV]], without defining it as a dogma, which removed the possibility of controversy for artist or patron in depicting it.
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===Depiction of the Immaculate Conception===
[[
From an art historical perspective, the depiction of the Immaculate Conception involves a number of interesting issues. Many artists in the 15th century faced the problem of how to depict an abstract idea such as the [[Immaculate Conception]], and the problem was not fully solved for 150 years.
Since a key Scriptural text pointed to in support of the doctrine was "[[Tota pulchra es]]...", "Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee", verse 4.7 from the [[Song of Solomon]],<ref>[http://193.8.230.138/etexts/www/Bible/Song_of_Solomon.html The whole text]</ref> a number of symbolic objects drawn from the imagery of the ''Song'', and often already associated with the Annunciation and the Perpetual Virginity, were combined in versions of the [[Hortus conclusus]] ("enclosed garden") subject. This gave a rather cluttered subject, and usually was impossible to combine with correct perspective, so never caught on outside Germany and the [[Low Countries]]. [[Piero di Cosimo]] was among those artists who tried new solutions, but none of these became generally adopted so that the subject would be immediately recognisable to the faithful.
[[
The definitive iconography for the Immaculate Conception, drawing on the emblem tradition, seems to have been established by the master and then father-in-law of [[Diego Velázquez]], the painter and theorist [[Francisco Pacheco]] (1564-1644), to whom the Inquisition in [[Seville]] also contracted the approval of new images. He described his iconography in his ''Art of Painting'' (''Arte de la Pintura'', published posthumously in 1649):
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==Assumption of Mary==
[[
The Catholic doctrine of the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption of Mary into Heaven]] states that Mary was transported into Heaven with her body and soul united. Although the Assumption was only officially declared a [[Roman Catholic dogma|dogma]] by [[Pope Pius XII]] in his [[Apostolic Constitution]] ''[[Munificentissimus Deus]]'' in 1950, its roots in Catholic culture and art go back many centuries. While Pope [[Pius XII]] deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption, the more common teaching of the early Fathers is that she did.<ref> As the Virgin Mary remained an ever-virgin and sinless, it is viewed that the Virgin Mary could not thus suffer the consequences of [[Original Sin]], which is chiefly Death. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3819.htm Nicea II Session 6 Decree</ref><ref>http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/NICAEA2.HTM#2 Nicaea II Definition, "without blemish"</ref>
An early supporter of the Assumption was Saint [[John of Damascus]] (676-794), a [[Doctor of the Church]] who is often called the ''Doctor of the Assumption''.<ref>
Christopher Rengers, ''The 33 Doctors Of The Church'', Tan Books & Publishers, 200, ISBN
The Eastern Church held the feast of the Assumption as early as the second half of the sixth century, and [[Pope Sergius I]] (687-701) ordered its observance in Rome.<ref>University of Dayton http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/maryassump1.html</ref>
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==Queenship of Mary==
{{Main|Queen of Heaven}}
[[
The Roman Catholic teaching that Mary is far above all other creatures in dignity, and after [[Jesus Christ]] possesses primacy over all goes back to the early church. Saint [[Sophronius]] said: "You have surpassed every creature" and Saint [[Germain of Paris]] (469-576) stated: "Your honor and dignity surpass the whole of creation; your greatness places you above the angels." Saint [[John of Damascus]] went further: "Limitless is the difference between God's servants and His Mother." <ref>Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, 1985</ref><ref>[[Ad Caeli Reginam]] 40</ref>
[[
The feast of the [[Queenship of Mary]] was only formally established in 1954 by [[Pope Pius XII]] in his [[encyclical]] [[Ad Caeli Reginam]]. Pius XII also declare the first Marian year and a number of [[Roman Catholic Church]] rededications took place, e.g. the 1955 rededication of the church of ''Saint James the Great'' in [[Montreal]] with the new title [[Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral]] a title proclaimed by Pius XII.
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==[[Marian apparition|Apparitions]]==
[[
Unlike most Roman Catholic theology which originates from scripture as interpreted by theologians and the upper levels of the Church, Roman Catholic Mariology has at times been driven from the ground up by religious experiences (and visions) of simple and modest individuals (in many cases children) on remote hilltops which in time have created strong emotions among large numbers of Roman Catholics. This strong response among Catholics has in turn created [[sensus fidelium]] that has influenced the higher levels of the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Examples include Saint [[Juan Diego]] in 1531 as [[Our Lady of Guadalupe]], Saint [[Bernadette Soubirous]] as [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] in 1858 and [[Lucia dos Santos]], [[Jacinta Marto]] and [[Francisco Marto]] as [[Our Lady of Fatima]] in 1917.<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing ISBN
As an official [[Holy See|Vatican]] website [[Agenzia Fides]] wrote: "The [[dogma]] of the [[Immaculate Conception]] was defined by Pius IX not so much because of proofs in [[Scripture]] or ancient [[tradition]], but due to a profound [[sensus fidelium]], a century-old sense of the faithful, and the Magisterium".<ref>[http://www.fides.org/eng/approfondire/totustuus/immacolata02.html Agenzia Fides Article]</ref>
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However, although every year over five million pilgrims visit Lourdes and Guadalupe each, the volume of Roman Catholic art to accompany this enthusiasm has been essentially restricted to popular images. Hence although apparitions have resulted in the construction of very large Marian churches at [[Lourdes]] and [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe|Guadalupe]] they have not so far had a similar impact on Marian art.
-->
{{mariologi}}
== Galeri-galeri seni rupa Bunda Maria ==
=== [[Keperawanan Abadi Maria|Sang Perawan Abadi]] ===
<gallery>
</gallery>
=== [[Bunda Allah]] ===
==== Kelahiran Yesus ====
<gallery>
</gallery>
==== Madonna ====
===== Lukisan-lukisan Madonna =====
<gallery>
▲Image:Sassoferrato - Jungfrun i bön.jpg|Virgin Mary by [[Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato|Sassoferrato]], 17th century
Berkas:Duccio The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg|''Madonna and Angles'', [[Duccio]], 1282
▲Image:Leonardo da Vinci Benois Madonna.jpg|[[Benois Madonna]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], 1475
Berkas:Madonna and Child (Filippo Lippi).jpg|''Madonna and Child'', [[Filippo Lippi]] 1440-45
▲Image:Raphael - The small Cowper Madonna.jpg|[[small Cowper Madonna]], [[Raphael]], 1505
Berkas:Lucca Madonna by Jan Van Eyck - Städel - Frankfurt am Main - Germany 2017.jpg|[[Jan van Eyck]]'s [[Lucca Madonna (van Eyck)|Lucca Madonna]], as ''[[Throne of Wisdom]]'', 1430
Berkas:Dolorosa.jpg|Dolorosa, [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], 1665
Berkas:Fra Filippo Lippi 002.jpg|Madonna, [[Filippo Lippi]], 1459
▲Image:Bouguereau The Virgin With Angels.jpg|Virgin with Angels, [[Bouguereau]], 1900
</gallery>
===== Patung-patung Madonna =====
<gallery>
</gallery>
==== Bunda Maria dalam hidup Yesus Kristus ====
<gallery>
</gallery>
=== [[Dikandung Tanpa Noda|Pembuahan Tak Bernoda]] ===
<gallery>
</gallery>
=== [[Maria Diangkat ke Surga|Pengangkatan Maria ke Surga]] ===
<gallery>
▲Image:Parma-cupola duomo.jpg|Assumption, [[Parma]] Cathedral
▲Image:Zeil Kirche Hochaltar Figuren Mittelgruppe.jpg|[[Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer|Joseph Feuchtmayer]], Assumption, 1763
</gallery>
=== [[Ratu Surga|Keratuan Maria]] ===
<gallery>
</gallery>
=== Penampakan Bunda Maria ===
<gallery>
▲Image:Eternal father painting guadalupe.jpg|''[[Eternal Father]] painting the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]]'' anonymous, 18th century
<!--
▲Image:VNO-fatima.png|''Crest of Fátima Parish'' [[Fátima, Portugal]]
▲<!--Image:Mexican oil paint on tin retablo of 'Our Lady of Guadalupe', 19th century, El Paso Museum of Art.JPG|Mexican painting of the [[Virgin of Guadalupe]], anonymous, 19th century
-->
</gallery>
== Lihat
[[Seni rupa dalam agama Katolik Roma]]
== Pranala ==
* Arnold Hauser, Mannerism: The Crisis of the Renaissance and the Origins of Modern Art, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965, ISBN
* Levey, Michael (1961). From Giotto to Cézanne. Thames and Hudson,. ISBN 0-500-20024-6.
* Beckwith, John (1969). early Medieval Art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20019-
* Rice, David Talbot (1997). Art of the Byzantine Era. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20004-1.
* Myers, Bernard (1965, 1985). Landmarks of Western Art. Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-35840-2.
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/index.html Christian Iconography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512034542/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/index.html |date=2008-05-12 }} from Augusta State University - see under Virgin Mary, after alphabet of saints
* University of Dyton: ''About Mary'' http://campus.udayton.edu/mary {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100310114622/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary// |date=2010-03-10 }}
:* ''Marian Gallery'': [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/gallery.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005051516/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/gallery.html |date=2008-10-05 }}
:* ''Images of Mary'': [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/respub/reactions.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008181542/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/respub/reactions.html |date=2007-10-08 }}
:* ''Crèches'': [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//gallery/creches/crechesworld.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003072527/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/gallery/creches/crechesworld.html |date=2008-10-03 }}
:* ''Black Madonnas'': [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/blackmdn.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003143622/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/blackmdn.html |date=2012-10-03 }} [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//resources/blackm/blackm.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006095020/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//resources/blackm/blackm.html |date=2008-10-06 }}
:* ''Mary and Fountains'': [http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/aoeu.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208103244/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//resources/aoeu.htm |date=2006-12-08 }}
{{katolik-stub}}
[[Kategori:Kesenian Katolik]]
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