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Revisi per 15 Maret 2021 05.53 lihat sumber 36.80.99.75 (bicara) →Jumlah penduduk Tag: Dikembalikan VisualEditor ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 10 Oktober 2023 02.20 lihat sumber InternetArchiveBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 689.770 suntingan Add 4 books for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231009)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
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Baris 74: == Jumlah penduduk == Perkiraan jumlah penduduk Tikal berkisar pada angka 10.000 hingga 90.000 jiwa. {{sfn\|Coe\|1999\|p=104}} Jumlah penduduk Tikal mulai bertambah pada zaman [[kronologi Mesoamerika\|Praklasik]] (sekitar tahun 2000 SM – 200 M) dan mencapai puncaknya pada zaman Klasik Akhir. Jumlah penduduk kota ini mengalami pertumbuhan pesat dari tahun 700 hingga 830 M, dan kemudian terjadi penurunan yang tajam. Jika yang diperhitungkan adalah wilayah yang terletak di dalam garis pertahanan di daerah pedesaan di sekitar kota, maka jumlah penduduk Tikal pada puncaknya mencapai 120.000 jiwa, dengan kepadatan penduduk sekitar 265 orang per km<sup>2</sup>. Jika seluruh wilayah dalam radius 25 km dari pusat situs Tikal ikut dihitung, jumlah penduduk pada puncaknya mencapai 425.000 jiwa dengan kepadatan 216 orang per km<sup>2</sup>. Angka ini terbilang luar biasa karena di wilayah tersebut terdapat banyak [[rawa-rawa]] yang tidak cocok dijadikan tempat tinggal atau [[pertanian Mesoamerika\|bertani]]. Namun, beberapa arkeolog (seperti David Webster) merasa bahwa angka ini terlampau tinggi.{{sfn\|Webster\|2002\|p=264}} == Penguasa == Baris 473: :{{cite book \|author=Adams, Richard E.W. \|year=2000 \|chapter=Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica \|editor=Richard E.W. Adams \|editor2=Murdo J. Macleod \|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1 \|location=Cambridge, UK \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|pages=1–44\|isbn=0-521-35165-0 \|oclc=33359444\|ref={{sfnref\|Adams\|2000}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Andrews, E. Wyllys \|author2=William L. Fash \|year=2005 \|chapter=Issues in Copán Archaeology\|editor=E. Wyllys Andrews\|editor2=William L. Fash \|title=Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom \|pages=395–425 \|location=Santa Fe dan Oxford\|publisher=[[School of American Research]] Press dan James Currey Ltd. \|isbn=0-85255-981-X\|oclc=56194789\|ref={{sfnref\|Wyllys Andrews\|Fash\|2005}}}} : {{cite web \|author=Banco de Guatemala \|url=http://www.banguat.gob.gt/inc/ver.asp?id=~~/monedasybilletes/ilustraciones~~%2Fmonedasybilletes%2Filustraciones-11-denominaciones.htm&e=40306 \|title=Monedas \|accessdate=2009-11-13 \|publisher=Banco de Guatemala \|language=es \|ref={{sfnref\|Banco de Guatemala}} \|archive-date=2016-08-17 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817090036/http://www.banguat.gob.gt/inc/ver.asp?id=%2Fmonedasybilletes%2Filustraciones-11-denominaciones.htm&e=40306 \|dead-url=yes }} : {{cite journal \|title=The Destruction of Structure 5D-33-1st at Tikal \|author=Berlin, Heinrich \|journal=American Antiquity \|volume=32 \|issue=2 \|date=April 1967 \|pages=241–242 \|publisher=Society for American Archaeology \|jstor=277915 \|location=Washington, D. C., USA \|issn=0002-7316 \|oclc=754651089 \|doi=10.2307/277915\|ref={{sfnref\|Berlin\|1967}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Coe, Michael D. \|authorlink=Michael D. Coe \|year=1999 \|title=The Maya \|url=https://archive.org/details/maya0000coem_h0k7 \|edition=6\|series=Ancient peoples and places series\|location=London dan New York \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-28066-5 \|oclc=59432778\|ref={{sfnref\|Coe\|1999}}}} Baris 481: :{{cite book \|author=Gill, Richardson B. \|year=2000 \|title=The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death \|location=Albuquerque \|publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] \|isbn=0-8263-2194-1 \|oclc=43567384\|ref={{sfnref\|Gill\|2000}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Hammond, Norman \|year=2000 \|chapter=The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes \|editor=Richard E.W. Adams \|editor2=Murdo J. Macleod \|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1 \|location=Cambridge, UK \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|pages=197–249\|isbn=0-521-35165-0 \|oclc=33359444\|ref={{sfnref\|Hammond\|2000}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Harrison, Peter D. \|year=2006 \|chapter=Maya Architecture at Tikal \|pages=~~218–231~~[https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse/page/218 218]–231 \|editor= Nikolai Grube \|editor-link=Nikolai Grube \|others=Eva Eggebrecht dan Matthias Seidel (asisten editor) \|title=Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest \|url=https://archive.org/details/mayadivinekingso0000unse \|location=Köln \|publisher=[[Könemann]] \|isbn=3-8331-1957-8 \|oclc=71165439\|ref={{sfnref\|Harrison\|2006}}}} :{{cite journal\|author=Hidinger, Lori A. \|year=1996 \|title=Measuring the Impacts of Ecotourism on Animal Populations: A Case Study of Tikal National Park, Guatemala \|url=http://gip.uniovi.es/docume/ecotu.pdf \|journal=Yale Forestry & Environment Bulletin \|pages=45–59 \|volume=99 \|issue=1\|ref={{sfnref\|Hidinger\|1996}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Jones, Grant D. \|year=1998 \|title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=RA2-PT82#v=onepage&q&f=false \|publisher=Stanford University Press \|location=Stanford, California, USA \|isbn=9780804735223 \|oclc=38747674\|ref={{sfnref\|Jones\|1998}}}} Baris 488: :{{cite journal\|doi=10.1017/S0956536199101135\|author=Looper, Matthew G. \|year=1999 \|title=New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala \|journal=Ancient Mesoamerica \|location=Cambridge and New York\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] \|volume=10 \|issue=2 \|pages=263–280 \|issn=0956-5361 \|oclc=86542758\|ref={{sfnref\|Looper\|1999}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Looper, Matthew G. \|year=2003 \|title=Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua \|url=https://archive.org/details/lightningwarrior0000loop \|series=Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies \|location=Austin \|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] \|isbn=0-292-70556-5\|oclc=52208614\|ref={{sfnref\|Looper\|2003}}}} :{{cite book\|author=Martin, Simon \|authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist)\|author2=Nikolai Grube\|author2-link=Nikolai Grube \|year=2000 \|title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya \|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart \|location=London dan New York \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-05103-8 \|oclc=47358325\|ref={{sfnref\|Martin\|Grube\|2000}}}} :{{cite book\|author=Martin, Simon \|authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist)\|author2=Nikolai Grube\|author2-link=Nikolai Grube \|year=2008 \|title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya \|edition=2 \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|location=London dan New York \|isbn=978-0-500-28726-2 \|oclc=191753193\|ref={{sfnref\|Martin\|Grube\|2008}}}} :{{cite web \|author=Martínez, Horacio \|author2=David Webster \|author3=Jay Silverstein \|author4=Timothy Murtha \|author5=Kirk Straight \|author6=Irinna Montepeque \|year=2004 \|title=Reconocimiento en la periferia de Tikal: Los Terraplenes Norte, Oeste y Este, nuevas exploraciones y perspectivas \|url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/56.03%20-%20Horacio%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf \|format=[[PDF]] online publication \|work=XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2003 \|editor=J.P. Laporte \|editor2=B. Arroyo \|editor3=H. Escobedo \|editor4=H. Mejía \|pages=635–641 \|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala \|accessdate=2009-06-24 \|language=es \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914060753/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/56.03%20-%20Horacio%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf \|archivedate=14 September 2011 \|df=dmy-all \|ref={{sfnref\|Martínez et al\|2004}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Means, Philip Ainsworth \|authorlink=Philip Ainsworth Means \|year=1917 \|title=[[Wikisource:History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas\|History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas]] \|series=Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University \|volume=VII \|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA \|publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology \|oclc=681599\|ref={{sfnref\|Means\|1917}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Miller, Mary Ellen \|authorlink=Mary Miller (art historian) \|year=1999 \|title=Maya Art and Architecture\|url=https://archive.org/details/mayaartarchitect00mill \|location=London and New York \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-20327-X \|oclc=41659173\|ref={{sfnref\|Miller\|1999}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Miller, Mary \|authorlink=Mary Miller (art historian) \|author2=Karl Taube \|author2-link=Karl Taube \|year=1993 \|title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion \|url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-500-05068-6 \|oclc=27667317\|ref={{sfnref\|Miller\|Taube\|1993}}}} :{{cite journal \|author=Morales, Tirso \|author2=Benito Burgos \|author3=Miguel Acosta \|author4=Sergio Pinelo \|author5=Marco Tulio Castellanos \|author6=Leopoldo González \|author7=Francisco Castañeda \|author8=Edy Barrios \|author9=Rudy Larios \|displayauthors=9 \|author10=Cruz Jau \|year=2008 \|title=Trabajos realizados por la Unidad de Arqueología del Parque Nacional Tikal, 2006-2007. \|journal=XXI Simposio de Arqueología en Guatemala, 2007 \|editor=J.P. Laporte \|editor2=B. Arroyo \|editor3=H. Mejía \|pages=413–436 \|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología \|location=Guatemala \|url=http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/27_-_Tirso_et_al.07.pdf \|format=[[PDF]] \|accessdate=2011-06-21 \|language=es \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914041426/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/27_-_Tirso_et_al.07.pdf \|archivedate=14 September 2011 \|df=dmy-all \|ref={{sfnref\|Morales et al\|2008}}}} :{{Cite journal \|author=Puleston, Dennis E.\|author2=Donald W. Callender, Jr. \|title=Defensive Earthworks at Tikal \|date=1967 \|journal=Expedition \|volume=9 \|issue=3 \|pages=40–48 \|issn=0014-4738 \|publisher=University of Pennsylvania \|oclc=1568625\|ref={{sfnref\|Puleston\|Callender\|1967}}}} Baris 504: : {{cite web \|author=UNESCO World Heritage Center \|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64 \|title=Tikal National Park \|accessdate=2009-11-13 \|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Center\|ref={{sfnref\|UNESCO World Heritage Center}}}} : {{cite book \|author=Valdés, Juan Antonio \|author2=Fahsen, Federico \|year=2005 \|chapter=Disaster in Sight: The Terminal Classic at Tikal and Uaxactun \|editor=Arthur A. Demarest \|editor2=Prudence M. Rice \|editor3=Don S. Rice \|title=The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation \|url=https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth \|location=Boulder \|publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] \|pages=[https://archive.org/details/terminalclassici00arth/page/162 162]–194\|isbn=0-87081-822-8 \|oclc=61719499\|ref={{sfnref\|Valdés\|Fahsen\|2005}}}} :{{cite book \|author=Webster, David L. \|year=2002 \|title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse \|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs \|location=London \|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] \|isbn=0-500-05113-5 \|oclc=48753878\|ref={{sfnref\|Webster\|2002}}}} {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> Baris 512: {{wikivoyage\|Tikal}} * {{es icon}} [http://mcd.gob.gt/tikal/ Situs Resmi], Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Olahraga Guatemala * {{en icon}} [http://archive.cyark.org/tikal-intro Arsip Media Digital Tikal di situs CyArk] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114004841/http://archive.cyark.org/tikal-intro \|date=2011-11-14 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.topworldimages.com/streetview/Tikal Tikal Google Street View] {{Situs Maya}} {{artikel pilihan}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Tikal]]