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{{periksa terjemahan|en|Migration to Xinjiang}}
'''Migrasi Xinjiang''' adalah sebuah gerakan orang-orang yang terjadi pada masa lalu dan masa kini, yang seringkalisering kali disponsori oleh berbagai negara yang menguasai wilayah tersebut, yang meliputi [[dinasti Han]], [[dinasti Qing]], [[Republik Tiongkok]], dan [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]].
 
== Latar belakang ==
[[Berkas:Xinjiang regions simplified.png|thumbjmpl|rightka|Dzungaria (Merah) dan Cekungan Tarim (Biru)]]
 
[[Berkas:Xinjiang regions.png|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Xinjiang Utara (Cekungan Junggar) (Kuning), Xinjiang Timur- [[Depresi Turpan]] ([[Prefektur Turpan]] dan [[Prefektur Hami]]) (Merah), dan Cekungan Tarim (Biru)]]
 
[[Berkas:Altai, Tienschan-Orte.png|thumbjmpl|250px|leftkiri|Peta fisik yang menampilkan pemisahan Dzungaria dan Cekungan Tarim (Taklamakan) oleh Pegunungan Tien Shan]]
 
[[Xinjiang]] terdiri dari dua wilayah utama yang berbeda secara geografi, sejarah, dan etnis, [[Dzungaria]] di utara Pegunungan Tianshan dan [[Cekungan Tarim]] di selatan Pegunungan Tianshan, sebelum [[dinasti Qing|Qing Tiongkok]] menyatukannya dalam satu entitas politik yang bernama provinsi [[Xinjiang]] pada 1884. Pada masa penaklukan Qing pada 1759, Dzungaria ditinggali oleh para pemukim stepa, [[suku Dzungar]] [[Mongol Oriat]] [[Buddha Tibetan]] nomadik, sementara Cekungan Tarim Basin ditinggali oleh pemukim oasis, para petani Muslim pemakai bahasa Turkic, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai [[suku Uighur]].
 
Dinasti Qing makin sadar akan perbedaan antara bekas wilayah Buddhis Mongol di utara Tiansan dan Muslim Turkic di selatan Tianshan, dan mula-mula mereka diperintah dalam unit administratif terpisah.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 69.</ref> Namun, bangsa Qing mulai berpikir untuk menjadikan kedua kawasan tersebut sebagai satu wilayah khas yang disebut Xinjiang .<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 70.</ref> Konsep Xinjiang sebagai satu identitas geografi khas dibuat oleh Qing dan aslinya bukan penduduk asli yang memandangnya demikian, namun lebih sebagai sudut pandang yang dipegang orang-orang Tiongkok.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 67.</ref> Pada masa pemerintahan Qing, tidak ada "identitas regional" yang dipegang oleh orang Xinjiang biasa, selain, identitas khas Xinjiang yang diberikan kepada wilayah tersebut oleh Qing, meskipun keduanya memiliki geografi, sejarah dan budaya yang terpisah, namun pada waktu yang sama dibuat oleh Tiongkok, menjadi multietnis, ditinggal oleh Han dan Hui, dan terpisah dari Asia Tengah selama lebih dari satu setengah abad.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false Liu & Faure 1996], p. 77.</ref>
Baris 16 ⟶ 17:
== Sejarah ==
 
=== Latar belakang ===
Xinjiang Selatan di bawah Tianshan memiliki koloni-koloni militer yang didirikan oleh dinasti Han.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=15 March 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=243–}}</ref>
 
Para sejarawan nasionalis Uighur seperti [[Turghun Almas]] mengklaim bahwa Uighur terpisah dan merdeka dari Tiongkok selama 6000 tahun, dan bahwa seluruh orang non-Uighur adalah imigran non-pribumi di Xinjiang.<ref name="Bovingdon30">{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|pp=25, 30–31}}</ref> Namun, [[Dinasti Han ]] (206 SM–220 M) mendirikan koloni militer ([[tuntian]]) dan pengkomandanan ([[duhufu]]) untuk menguasai Xinjiang dari 120 SM, sementara [[Dinasti Tang]] (618-907) juga mengusai sebagian besar wilayah Xinjiang sampai [[pemberontakan An Lushan]].<ref name="Bovingdon25">{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|pp=25–26}}</ref> Para sejarawan Tiongkok membantah klaim-klaim nasionalis Uighur dengan memberikan bukti sejarah 2000 tahun dari pemukiman Han di Xinjiang, mendokumentasikan sejarah [[Mongol di Tiongkok|Mongol]], [[orang Kazakh|Kazakh]], [[orang Uzbek|Uzbek]], [[orang Manchu|Manchu]], [[orang Hui|Hui]], [[orang Xibo|Xibo]] di Xinjiang, dan menyatakan tentang "migrasi kawasan barat" orang [[Huigu]] (dianggap sama dengan "UyghurUighur" oleh pemerintah RRT) dari [[Mongolia]] pada abad ke-9.<ref name="Bovingdon30"/> NaabadNama "Uighur" dikaitkan dengan sebuah suku [[Buddhi]]s di [[Cekungan Tarim]] pada abad ke-9, namun secara keseluruhan menghilang pada abad ke-15, sampai dibangkitkan oleh [[Uni Soviet]] pada abad ke-20.<ref>{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|p=28}}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
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* {{cite book|title=Challenges facing Chinese political development|first1=Sujian|last1=Guo|first2=Baogang|last2=Guo|editor1-first=Sujian|editor1-last=Guo|editor2-first=Baogang|editor2-last=Guo|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=srUkAQAAIAAJ&q=Over+90%25+of+the+Han+Chinese+live+in+cities+in+Northern+Xinjiang+while+the+majority+of+Uighurs+live+in+Southern&dq=Over+90%25+of+the+Han+Chinese+live+in+cities+in+Northern+Xinjiang+while+the+majority+of+Uighurs+live+in+Southern|isbn=0739120948|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Singing the Village: Music, Memory and Ritual Among the Sibe of Xinjiang|first=Rachel|last=Harris|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sQlxJdK6wGUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=019726297X|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Population Migration and Labor Market Segmentation: Empirical Evidence from Xinjiang, Northwest China|first=Anthony J.|last=Howell|others=Michigan State University|volume=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=ProQuest|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cSRw2dithoIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1109243235|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Islamic Culture, Volumes 27-29|others=Islamic Culture Board |year=1971|publisher=Deccan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTHjAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0842017046|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Return To The Silk Routes|editor1-first=Mirja|editor1-last=Juntunen|editor2-first=Birgit N.|editor2-last=Schlyter |edition=illustrated|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iT7YAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1136175199|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877|first=Hodong|last=Kim|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AtduqAtBzegC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804767238|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|first=Kwangmin|last=Kim|others=University of California, Berkeley|volume=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1109101260|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia|issue=|first1=Owen|last1=Lattimore|first2=Sh|last2=Nachukdorji|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1955|publisher=Brill Archive|url=https://books.google.com/?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf |journal= China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |title= Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China |last1= Lin |first1= Hsiao-ting |last2= |first2= |volume= 5 |number= No 1 |issn= 1653-4212 |year= 2007 |publisher= Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program |accessdate= |archive-date= 2010-09-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100923025246/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf |dead-url= yes }}
* {{cite book|last=Lattimore|first=Owen|title=Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/pivotofasiasinki0000latt|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1950|page=}}
* {{Cite book|last= Levene|first= Mark| year= 2008| chapter= Empires, Native Peoples, and Genocides | editor-first = A. Dirk | editor-last = Moses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC|title= Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|pages=183–204|location = Oxford and New York | publisher =Berghahn |isbn= 1-84545-452-9 |accessdate=22 April 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China|editor1-first=Leong H.|editor1-last=Liew|editor2-first=Shaoguang|editor2-last=Wang|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZavAkGUNdSkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203404297|accessdate=9 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0295800550|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China|first1=Tao Tao|last1=Liu|first2=David|last2=Faure|volume=|edition=|year=1996|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FW8SBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9622094023|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795|first=Peter|last=Lorge|volume=|edition=|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=htPxVEh3owAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134372868|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=The silk road|first=Norma|last=Martyn|volume=|edition=|year=1987|publisher=Methuen|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hD3yAAAAMAAJ&q=Dzungaria+chinese+migrants&dq=Dzungaria+chinese+migrants|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde, Volume 12|first1=Edme |last1=Mentelle |author2=Malte Conrad Brun (dit Conrad) Malte-Brun|author3=Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle|volume=|edition=|year=1804|publisher=H. Tardieu|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CghUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite journal |last= Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. |last2= |first2= |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate= 11 May 2014 |archive-date= 2014-05-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140513084042/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |dead-url= yes }}
* {{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Socialist Revolutions in Asia: The Social History of Mongolia in the 20th Century|issue=|first=Irina Y.|last=Morozova|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-1GRAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=113578437X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
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* {{cite book|title=Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory [2 volumes]: From Practice to Theory|editor1-first=Susan Allen|editor1-last=Nan|editor2-first=Zachariah Cherian|editor2-last=Mampilly|editor3-first=Andrea|editor3-last=Bartoli|volume=|edition=|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XLgWhJXHqYAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313375771|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory|editor1-first=Susan Allen|editor1-last=Nan|editor2-first=Zachariah Cherian|editor2-last=Mampilly|editor3-first=Andrea|editor3-last=Bartoli|volume=Volume One|edition=|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Hx0p4RCdD4wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313375763|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934|first=Lars-Erik|last=Nyman|volume=Volume 8 of Lund studies in international history|edition=|year=1977|publisher=Esselte studium|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JNlwAAAAMAAJ&q=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century&dq=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century|isbn=9124272876|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier|first=S. C. M.|last=Paine|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1996|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zMrx5Rw5n0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1563247240|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia|issue=|first=James|last=Palmer|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=reprint|year=2011|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0465022073|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800|first=Charles H.|last=Parker|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SKgs8-pj4_YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1139491415|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities, Volume 1|first=Carole|last=Pegg|edition=illustrated|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uxEGTwiCvd8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false9|isbn=0295980303|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4Zm_Bj6zc7EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=067401684X|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia|first=Peter C|last=Perdue|volume=|edition=reprint|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0674042026|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=312949|journal=Modern Asian Studies|title=Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia|last=Perdue|first=Peter C.|volume= 30|number=No. 4 Special Issue: War in Modern China |date=October 1996|pages=757–793|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00016796}}
* {{cite book|title=State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change|editor-first=Vincent|editor-last=Pollard|volume=Volume 29 of Studies in Critical Social Sciences|edition=illustrated|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5p_rjMLgj_8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004194452|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet|first1=John|last1=Powers|first2=David|last2=Templeman|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810879840|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=The modern approach to history|first=Buddha|last=Prakash|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=University Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-1HAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=March of Central Asia|first=Ram|last=Rahul|volume=|edition=|year=2000|publisher=Indus Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tI77bC989PoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=8173871094|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana|last2=Raschke|last=|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313365407|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=reprint|year=1992|publisher=Harvard University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DMU8Ue0HECcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107870|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107862|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite news |last=RYAN |first= WILLIAM L.|date=2 January 1969|title= Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363 |newspaper= The Lewiston Daily Sun |page=3|location= |publisher= |accessdate= 12 May 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Notes on the Central Asiatic Question|editor=M. Romanovski|chapter=Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866 by Robert Michell|volume=|year=1870|publisher=Office of Superintendent of Government Printing|location=Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/?id=reBFF3fWjPAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|volume=Volume 74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East|issue=|first=Alan J. K.|last=Sanders|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=3, illustrated|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810874520|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity, Volume 3|first=Dinah C|last=Shelton|editor-first=Dinah|editor-last=Sheltonvolume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ|isbn=0028658507|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987|volume=Volume 3 of Aspects of Altaic civilization / ed. by Denis Sinor Volume 145 of Indiana University Uralic and Altaic series, Indiana University Bloomington|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor|others=Contributor: Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|edition=|year=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0700703802|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |editor-first=S. Frederick |editor-last=Starr |volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=31 October 2016 |ref={{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China|series=Socialism and Social Movements Series|first1=James D.|last1=Seymour|first2=Richard|last2=Anderson|others=Contributor: Sidong Fan|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HHwkn9pnjSwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765605104|accessdate=22 April 2014 |ref={{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China|first=Eric|last=Tamm|others=|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Counterpoint|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1582438765|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004255672|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=28 May 2010 |title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm |newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek |page=1 |location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
* {{cite news |last= Tinibai |first= Kenjali |date= 28 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |newspaper= Gazeta.kz |page= |location= |publisher= |accessdate= 12 May 2014 |archive-date= 2014-05-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140513032600/http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |dead-url= yes }}
* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html |newspaper= Transitions Online |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang|first=Christian|last=Tyler|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&printsec=frontcover&vq=Merchant+jahangir#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0813535336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73-75|issue=|author=Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1982|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ|isbn=344702237X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor1-first=Susan M.|editor1-last=Walcott|editor2-first=Corey|editor2-last=Johnson|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1135078750|accessdate=13 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=China and the New International Order|editor1-first=Gungwu|editor1-last=Wang|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mXXnd81uoMoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203932269|accessdate=9 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security|first=Martin I.|last=Wayne|volume=|edition=|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2ybmWJXjxUYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134106238|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite journal |url= http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2014 |jstor = 20062627 | doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century|journal= Modern China |last1= Zhao |first1=Gang |last2= |first2= |volume= 32 |pages= 3 |number=Number 1 |date= January 2006|website= |publisher= Sage Publications |deadurl=no |accessdate=17 April 2014}}
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* {{cite news |author= UPI |date=22 September 1981 |title=Radio war aims at China Moslems |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513 |newspaper= The Montreal Gazette |page=11|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}
 
{{Topik Xinjiang}}
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