Urartu: Perbedaan antara revisi

|s1 = MedianKekaisaran EmpireMedia

|s2 = Satrapy ofSatrap Armenia

|common_languages = [[bahasaBahasa Urartu|Urartu]]<br/>[[Bahasa Akkadia|Asyur]]<br/>[[Bahasa Proto-Armenia|Proto-ArmenianArmenia]]<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54">{{cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}}</ref>

With the expansion of Urartian territory, many of the gods worshiped by conquered peoples were incorporated into the Urartian pantheon, as a mean to confirm the annexation of territories and promote political stability. However, although the Urartians incorporated many deities into their pantheon, they appeared to be selective in their choices. Although many Urartian kings made conquests in the North, such as the [[Lake Sevan|Sevan]] region, many of those peoples' gods remain excluded. This was most likely the case because Urartians considered the people in the North to be barbaric, and disliked their deities as much as they did them. Good examples of incorporated deities however are the goddesses [[Bagvarti]] (Bagmashtu) and [[Selardi]]. On Mheri-Dur, or Meher-Tur (the "Gate of Mehr"), overlooking modern [[Van (Turkey)|Van]], an inscription lists a total of 79 deities, and what type of sacrificial offerings should be made to each; goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals served as the sacrificial offerings. Urartians did not practice human sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Kingdom of Armenia|url= https://archive.org/details/kingdomofarmenia0000chah|last=Chahin |first=Mark|year=1987 |publisher=Dorset Press|isbn=0-88029-609-7|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>

It is generally assumed that Proto-Armenian speakers entered [[Anatolia]] from around 1200&nbsp;BC, ultimately deriving from a [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkans]] context, and over the following centuries spread east to the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name="SAE"/><ref name="Dyakonov et al.">Dyakonov, I.M., V.D. Neronova, and I.S. Sventsitskaya. ''[http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000002/st21.shtml History of the Ancient World]''. vol. ii, Moscow, 1983.</ref><ref>"Armenian origins: An overview of ancient and modern sources and theories", by Thomas J. Samuelian, Iravunq, 2000, 34 p., ASIN: B0006E8NC26; p. 14</ref> A competing theory suggested by [[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in 1984 places the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] homeland in the [[Armenian Highland]], see [[Armenian hypothesis]], which would entail the presence of [[Proto-Armenian]]s in the area during the entire lifetime of the Urartian state.<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995">See Gamkrelidze, Thomas and Vyacheslav Ivanov ''Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-culture''. New York : M. de Gruyter, 1995.</ref> According to historian M. Chahin, "Urartian history is part of Armenian history, in the same sense that the history of the ancient Britons is part of English history, and that of the Gauls is part of French history. Armenians can legitimately claim, through Urartu, an historical continuity of some 4000 years; their history is among those of the most ancient peoples in the world."<ref name=chahin />

* [http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html Livius History of Urartu/Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911062456/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html |date=2013-09-11 }}

* [http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html An Urartian Ozymandias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012205439/http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html |date=2008-10-12 }} – article by Paul Zimansky, ''Biblical Archaeologist''