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|image_map = 13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif
|image_map_caption = Urartu, abad ke-9 sampai ke–6 SM.
|s1 = MedianKekaisaran EmpireMedia
|flag_s1 = Median Empire.svg
|s2 = Satrapy ofSatrap Armenia
|flag_s2 = Yervanduni Armenia, IV-II BC.gif
|
|capital = [[Arzashkun]]<br>[[Tushpa]] (setelah 832&nbsp;SM)
|common_languages = [[bahasaBahasa Urartu|Urartu]]<br/>[[Bahasa Akkadia|Asyur]]<br/>[[Bahasa Proto-Armenia|Proto-ArmenianArmenia]]<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54">{{cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}}</ref>
|religion = [[:en:religions of the Ancient Near East|Polytheism]]
|currency =
|
|leader1 = [[:en:Aramu|Arame]]
|leader2 = [[Sarduri I]]
|leader3 = [[Ishpuini]]
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|year_leader6 = 753-735
}}
<!--{{History of Armenia|expanded=age1|BC=1}}-->
'''Urartu''' ({{lang-hy|Ուրարտու}} - ''Urartu'', [[Akkadianbahasa language|AssyrianAkkadia]] [[Asyur]]: ''{{lang|akk|māt Urarṭu}}'';<ref>Eberhard Schrader, ''The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament'' (1885), p. 65.</ref> [[Akkadian|Babylonianbahasa Akkadia]] [[Babel]]: ''Urashtu''), adalah nama lain dari '''Kerajaan Ararat''' yang tercatat dalam [[Alkitab]] ({{lang-hy|Արարատյան Թագավորություն}}) atau '''Kerajaan Van''' ({{lang-hy|Վանի Թագավորություն}}, [[:en:Urartian language|Urartian]]: ''{{lang|xur|Biai, Biainili}}'';<ref name="Hewsen-2000">{{Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000|first=Robert H.|last=Hewsen|page=13|title="Van in This World; Paradise in the Next" The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan}}</ref>) adalah suatu kerajaan dari [[Zaman Besi]] yang berpusat pada [[Danau Van]] di dataran tinggi [[Armenia]].
 
Secara sempit, ''Urartu'' adalah istilah Asyur untuk wilayah geografis, sedangkan "kerajaan Urartu" atau "negeri-negeri Biainili" adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh historiografi modern untuk negeri [[Proto-Armenian]] berbahasa [[:en:Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]] dari [[Zaman Besi]] yang muncul di wilayah itu.<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54"/><ref name=andrastas /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Greppin|first=John A. C.|title=Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1991|volume=3|issue=4|pages=720–730|quote=Even for now, however, it seems difficult to deny that the Armenians had contact, at an early date, with a Hurro-Urartian people.|doi=10.2307/603403}}</ref><ref name=chahin>{{cite book|last=Chahin|first=M.|title=The kingdom of Armenia: a history|year=2001|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond|isbn=0700714529|page=182|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC|edition=2. rev. ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Scarre|first=edited by Chris|title=Human past : world prehistory and the development of human societies.|year=2013|publisher=W W Norton|isbn=0500290636|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dKXYMQEACAAJ|edition=3rd ed., completely rev. and updated.}}</ref><!--
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The landscape corresponds to the mountainous [[plateau]] between [[Asia Minor]], [[Mesopotamia]], and the [[Caucasus mountains]], later known as the Armenian Highlands. The kingdom rose to power in the mid-9th century BC, but was conquered by [[Medes|Media]] in the early 6th century BC. The heirs of Urartu are the [[Armenians]] and their successive kingdoms.<ref name=chahin /><ref name=richard>{{cite book|last=Frye|first=Richard N.|title=The history of ancient Iran|year=1984|publisher=C.H. Beck|location=München|isbn=3406093973|page=73|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0y1jeSqbHLwC|quote=The real heirs of the Urartians, however, were neither the Scythians nor Medes but the Armenians.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Redgate|first=A. E.|title=The Armenians|year=2000|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=0631220372|page=5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&dq|edition=Reprint.|quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}</ref><ref name=dlang>{{cite book|last=Lang|first=David Marshall|title=Armenia : cradle of civilization|year=1980|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=London|isbn=0049560093|pages=85–111|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HG4MAQAAMAAJ|edition=3}}</ref>
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== Nama ==
Nama ''Urartu'' berasal dari sumber-sumber Asyur yang menggunakan [[bahasa Akkadia|bahasa Akkadia]]: raja Asyur, [[ShalmaneserSalmaneser I]] (1263–1234&nbsp;SM) mencatat serangan ke wilayah ini dengan menaklukkan seluruh teritori "Uruatri."<ref>Abram Rigg Jr., Horace. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1937), pp. 416–418.</ref><ref>Zimansky, Paul E. ''Ancient Ararat: A Handbook of Urartian Studies''. Delmar, N. Y.: Caravan Books, 1998, p. 28. ISBN 0-88206-091-0.</ref>
Teks Salmaneser menggunakan nama "Urartu" untuk wilayah geografis, bukan suatu kerajaan, dan menyebut nama delapan "negeri" yang berada di dalam daerah Urartu (yang belum bersatu pada waktu terjadinya serangan militer itu) . "Urartu" merupakan [[cognate]] dengan istilah [[Alkitab]] "Ararat," Akkadia "Urashtu," dan Armenia "[[:en:Ayrarat|Ayrarat]]." Nama yang digunakan oleh penduduk setempat sebagai [[toponim]] adalah ''Biainili'' (atau ''Biaineli''), yang membentuk akar kata [[bahasa Armenia]] ''Վան'' ("[[:en:Van (Turkey)|Van]]"),<ref>I. M. Diakonoff, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 105, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1985), pp. 597–603</ref> sehingga muncul nama "Kerajaan Van (Bianili)" atau "''Vannic Kingdom''."
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Scholars such as [[Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt]] (1910) believed that the people of Urartu called themselves ''Khaldini'' after their god [[Khaldi (god)|Khaldi]].<ref>''Lehmann-Haupt C. F.'' Armenien, Berlin, B. Behr, 1910—1931</ref> [[Boris Piotrovsky]] wrote that "the Urartians first appear in history in the 13th century B.C. as a league of tribes or countries which did not yet constitute a unitary state. In the Assyrian annals the term Uruatri (Urartu) as a name for this league was superseded during a considerable period of years by the term "land of [[Nairi]]"".<ref>Piotrovsky, Boris B. ''The Ancient Civilization of Urartu''. New York: Cowles Book Co., Inc., 1969. p.51</ref> Scholars<ref>[http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/ararat.html Ararat (WebBible Encyclopedia) – ChristianAnswers.Net]</ref> believe that ''Urartu'' is an Akkadian variation of ''Ararat'' of the Old Testament. Indeed, [[Mount Ararat]] is located in ancient Urartian territory, approximately 120 [[kilometer|km]] north of its former capital. In addition to referring to the famous Biblical mountain, ''Ararat'' also appears as the name of a kingdom in [[Jeremiah]] 51:27, mentioned together with [[Mannaeans|Minni]] and [[Ashkenaz]].
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==Religion==
[[File:Khaldi.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Depiction of the Urartian god [[Khaldi (god)|Khaldi]]]]
With the expansion of Urartian territory, many of the gods worshiped by conquered peoples were incorporated into the Urartian pantheon, as a mean to confirm the annexation of territories and promote political stability. However, although the Urartians incorporated many deities into their pantheon, they appeared to be selective in their choices. Although many Urartian kings made conquests in the North, such as the [[Lake Sevan|Sevan]] region, many of those peoples' gods remain excluded. This was most likely the case because Urartians considered the people in the North to be barbaric, and disliked their deities as much as they did them. Good examples of incorporated deities however are the goddesses [[Bagvarti]] (Bagmashtu) and [[Selardi]]. On Mheri-Dur, or Meher-Tur (the "Gate of Mehr"), overlooking modern [[Van (Turkey)|Van]], an inscription lists a total of 79 deities, and what type of sacrificial offerings should be made to each; goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals served as the sacrificial offerings. Urartians did not practice human sacrifice.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Kingdom of Armenia|url= https://archive.org/details/kingdomofarmenia0000chah|last=Chahin |first=Mark|year=1987 |publisher=Dorset Press|isbn=0-88029-609-7|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>
 
The pantheon was headed by a triad made up of Khaldi (the supreme god), Theispas (Teisheba) god of thunder and storms, as well as sometimes war, and Shivini a solar god. Their king was also the chief-priest or envoy of Khaldi. Some temples to Khaldi were part of the royal palace complex while others were independent structures.
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The Iron Age Urartian state was the successor of the Late Bronze Age [[Hurrian]] state of [[Mitanni]], and the Urartian language spoken by the ruling class is the successor of the Hurrian language (see [[Hurro-Urartian]]).<ref name="Ancient Hurrians">Diakonov Igor M., Starostin S.A. ''Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Languages''. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, R. Kitzinger, München, 1986; [http://history-world.org/hurrians.htm Ancient Hurrians]</ref><ref>Piotrovsky. ''Ancient Civilization of Urartu'' p. ?.</ref>
The Urartian state was in turn succeeded in the area in the 6th century BC by the [[Indo-European]] speaking [[Orontid Dynasty|Orontid Armenian kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074433/Urartu Urartu on Britannica]</ref> The presence of a [[Proto-Armenian]] population in the area already during Urartian rule is subject to speculation:
It is generally assumed that Proto-Armenian speakers entered [[Anatolia]] from around 1200&nbsp;BC, ultimately deriving from a [[Paleo-Balkan languages|Paleo-Balkans]] context, and over the following centuries spread east to the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name="SAE"/><ref name="Dyakonov et al.">Dyakonov, I.M., V.D. Neronova, and I.S. Sventsitskaya. ''[http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000002/st21.shtml History of the Ancient World]''. vol. ii, Moscow, 1983.</ref><ref>"Armenian origins: An overview of ancient and modern sources and theories", by Thomas J. Samuelian, Iravunq, 2000, 34 p., ASIN: B0006E8NC26; p. 14</ref> A competing theory suggested by [[Thomas Gamkrelidze]] and [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav V. Ivanov]] in 1984 places the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Proto-Indo-European]] homeland in the [[Armenian Highland]], see [[Armenian hypothesis]], which would entail the presence of [[Proto-Armenian]]s in the area during the entire lifetime of the Urartian state.<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995">See Gamkrelidze, Thomas and Vyacheslav Ivanov ''Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-culture''. New York : M. de Gruyter, 1995.</ref> According to historian M. Chahin, "Urartian history is part of Armenian history, in the same sense that the history of the ancient Britons is part of English history, and that of the Gauls is part of French history. Armenians can legitimately claim, through Urartu, an historical continuity of some 4000 years; their history is among those of the most ancient peoples in the world."<ref name=chahin />
 
After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity at the hands of [[Assyria]], the Armenians eventually came to dominate the highlands after the fall of the [[Neo Assyrian Empire]], absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.<ref>[http://www.starspring.com/ascender/urartu/urartu.html Star Spring Urartu]</ref> The Armenians became, thus, the direct successors of the kingdom of Urartu and inherited their domain.
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WhileBahasa theUrartu Urartiandipakai languageoleh waskalangan spokenelit by the royal elitekerajaan, thetetapi populationpenduduknya theykemungkinan ruledmultietnis, maydan havedi been multi-ethnic, and inakhir latemasa UrartianUrartu timeskebanyakan largelyberbahasa (pre-Proto-) Armenian-speakingArmenia.<ref name=andrastas>Róna-Tas, András.''Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History''. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999 p. 76 ISBN 963-9116-48-3.</ref> UnderMenurut thisteori theoryini, thependuduk Armenian-speakingberbahasa populationArmenia weremerupakan theketurunan descendants of theorang [[proto-Armenian]]s whoyang migratedbermigrasi toke thedataran Armeniantinggi HighlandArmenia insekitar c.abad theke-7 7thSM, centurybercampur BC,dengan mixingpenduduk withsetempat theyang localberbahasa Hurrian-speaking population (i.e.ini thedisebut "Teori Frigia" ("Phrygian theory,"), pertama firstkali suggesteddikemukakan byoleh [[Herodotus]]).
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A minority belief, advocated primarily by the official historiography of Armenia, but also supported by experts in Assyrian and Urartian studies such as [[Igor Diakonov]], [[Giorgi Melikishvili]], Mikhail Nikolsky Ivan Mestchaninov, suggests that Urartian was solely the formal written language of the state, while its inhabitants, including the royal family, spoke Armenian.<ref name="SAE">{{hy icon}} Katvalyan, M. and Karo Ghafadaryan. ''«Ուրարտու»'' (Urartu). [[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]. vol. xii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1986, pp. 276–283.</ref>
The theory primarily hinges on the language the Urartian cuneiform inscriptions being very repetitive and scant in vocabulary (having as little as 350–400 roots). Furthermore, over 250 years of usage, it shows no development, which is taken to indicate that the language had ceased to be spoken before the time of the inscriptions or was used only for official purposes.<ref name="SAE"/> This belief is compatible with the "[[Armenian hypothesis]]" suggested by [[Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov|Vyacheslav Ivanov]] and [[Tamaz Gamkrelidze]] (1984), postulating the Armenian language as an ''in situ'' development of a 3rd millennium BC [[Proto-Indo-European language]].<ref name="See Gamkrelidze 1995"/>
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Menurut ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]'':
{{quote|Orang Armenia menurut Diakonoff, merupakan campuran dari orang Hurria (dan Urartu), Luvian dan Proto-Armenian [[Mushki]] yang membawa bahasa IE (''Indo-European''; "Indo-Eropa") mereka ke arah timur melintasi Anatolia. Setelah tiba di teritori bersejarahnya, Proto-Armenia nampaknyatampaknya mengalami pengaruh kuat dari bahasa-bahasa yang kemudian digantikannya. Fonologi Armenia, misalnya, tampak telah dipengaruhi oleh budaya Urartu, menunjukkan masa panjang pemakaian bersama dua bahasa itu.<ref>“Armenians” dalam ""Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture'' atau EIEC, disunting oleh J. P. Mallory dan Douglas Q. Adams, terbitan tahun 1997 oleh Fitzroy Dearborn.</ref>}}
 
Penemuan kembali Urartu telah memainkan peran penting dalam nasionalisme Armenia pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20.<ref>[[Anne Elizabeth Redgate]], ''The Armenians'', Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-521-48065-9, p. 276.</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
<!--{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
* [[Economy of Urartu]]-->
* [[Armenia]]
* [[Gunung Ararat]]
<!--* [[Ara the Beautiful]]
* [[Proto-Armenian language]]
* [[Chaldia]]
* [[Hurro-Urartian languages]]-->
* [[Daftar Raja Urartu]]
* [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Nakh-Daghestanian Languages]]
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== Pustaka ==
* [[Ashkharbek Kalantar]], ''Materials on Armenian and Urartian History'' (with a contribution by Mirjo Salvini), Civilisations du Proche-Orient: Series 4 – Hors Série, Neuchâtel, Paris, 2004;ISBN 978-2-940032-14-3
* [[Boris B. Piotrovsky]], ''The Ancient Civilization of Urartu'' (translated from Russian by James Hogarth), New York:Cowles Book Company, 1969.
* M. Salvini, ''Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer'', Darmstadt 1995.
* R. B. Wartke, ''Urartu&nbsp;— Das Reich am Ararat'' In: Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Bd. 59, Mainz 1993.
* P. E. Zimansky, ''Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State'', [Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization], Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1985.
* P. E. Zimansky, ''Ancient Ararat. A Handbook of Urartian Studies'', New York 1998.
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|Urartu}}
* [http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html Livius History of Urartu/Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911062456/http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/armenia/urartu.html |date=2013-09-11 }}
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Urartu Historical Maps of Urartu at WikiMedia Commons]
* [http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html An Urartian Ozymandias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012205439/http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html |date=2008-10-12 }} – article by Paul Zimansky, ''Biblical Archaeologist''
* [http://www.allaboutturkey.com/urartu.htm Urartu Civilization]
* [http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Urartu_Ararat.html Urartu (Greek Ararat)]
* [http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=410&id=941 Capital and Periphery in the Kingdom of Urartu], Yehuda Dagan, Israel Antiquities Authority
<!--{{Regions of Kingdom of Armenia}}
{{Armenia topics}}
{{Urartu topics}}-->
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
 
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