Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sosialisme''' ([[kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia|serapan]] dari {{lang-nl|socialisme}}) adalah serangkaian [[sistem ekonomi]] dan [[Sistem sosial|sosial]] yang ditandai dengan [[kepemilikan sosial]] atas [[Alat produksi|alat-alat produksi]] dan [[manajemen mandiri pekerja]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |title=Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1918 |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |authorlink=Upton Sinclair |quote=Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'}}</ref><ref name="Nove">{{cite web |last=Nove |first=Alec |title=Socialism |website=New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008) |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173 |quote=A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rosser |first=Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. |title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy |url=https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7 |publisher=MIT Press |date=23 July 2003 |isbn=978-0-262-18234-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7/page/53 53] |quote=Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.}}</ref><ref name="N. Scott Arnold 1998. pg. 8">"What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. ''The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study''. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8</ref><ref name="Busky1">{{cite book |last=Busky |first=Donald F. |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |publisher=Praeger |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-275-96886-1 |page=2 |quote=Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bertrand Badie |author2=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |author3=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6 |page=2456 |quote=Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown |first=Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart |title=Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6 |publisher=Harcourt College Pub |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-15-512403-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/7 7] |quote=Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brus |first=Wlodzimierz |title=The Economics and Politics of Socialism |publisher=Routledge |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-86647-7 |page=87 |quote=This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Readers Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57958-091-9 |page=1516 |quote=Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.}}</ref>}} serta [[Teori politik|teori-teori]] dan gerakan politik yang terkait dengannya.<ref name="Socialism at The Free dictionary">"2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/socialism "Socialism" at The Free dictionary]</ref> Kepemilikan sosial dapat berupa [[kepemilikan negara]], [[Kepemilikan kolektif|kolektif]], [[koperasi]], atau [[kepemilikan sosial atas ekuitas]].<ref>{{cite book|last= O'Hara|first= Phillip|title= Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2|publisher= [[Routledge]]|date=September 2003|isbn= 0-415-24187-1|page = 71|quote=In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.}}</ref> Ada banyak varian sosialisme dan tidak ada definisi tunggal yang merangkum semuanya,<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1">{{harvnb|Lamb|Docherty|2006|p=1}}</ref> dengan kepemilikan sosial menjadi elemen umum yang dimiliki [[Tipe sosialisme|berbagai variannya]].<ref name="Busky1"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Scott |title=The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyeconom00arno |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-508827-4 |pages=7–8[https://archive.org/details/philosophyeconom00arno/page/7 7]–8 |quote=This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hastings, Mason and Pyper |first=Adrian, Alistair and Hugh |title=The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=21 December 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-860024-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677 677] |quote=Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.}}</ref> '''Sosialis''' merujuk pada orang yang menganut paham sosialisme.

Sistem sosialis dibagi menjadi dua, dalam bentuk nonpasar dan [[Pasar (ekonomi)|pasar]].<ref name="Kolb">{{cite book |last=Kolb |first=Robert |title=Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc |date=19 October 2007 |isbn=978-1412916523 |page=1345 |quote=There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.}}</ref> Sosialisme nonpasar melibatkan penggantian [[pasar faktor]] dan [[uang]] dengan kriteria teknis berdasarkan [[Kalkulasi dalam barang|perhitungan yang dilakukan dalam bentuk barang]], dan dengan demikian menghasilkan mekanisme ekonomi yang berfungsi sesuai dengan [[Hukum nilai|hukum ekonomi]] yang berbeda dari [[kapitalisme]]. Sosialisme nonpasar bertujuan untuk menghindari ketidakefisienan dan [[Krisis ekonomi|krisis]] yang secara tradisional diasosiasikan dengan [[akumulasi kapital]] dan sistem profit.{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockman |first=Johanna |title=Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3 |page=20 |quote=socialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Steele |first=David Ramsay |title=From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation |url=https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee |publisher=Open Court |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-87548-449-5 |pages=175–77[https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee/page/175 175]–77 |quote=Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.}}</ref><ref>''Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism'', by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 485–511. April 1992: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."</ref><ref>''Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists'', by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."</ref><ref>''The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited'', by Nove, Alexander. 1991. p. 13: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like ‘scientific management’, ‘the science of socially organized production’, but it would not be economics."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems? |last=Kotz |first=David M. |accessdate=19 February 2011 |website=University of Massachusetts |url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Soc_and_Cap_Diff_Syst_06_12.pdf |format=PDF}} "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."</ref><ref name="Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past 1">''Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past'', by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 2: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prychito |first=David L. |title=Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/marketsplanningd0000pryc |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-519-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/marketsplanningd0000pryc/page/n21 12] |quote=Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed.}}</ref>}} Sebaliknya, [[sosialisme pasar]] mempertahankan penggunaan harga moneter, pasar faktor; dan dalam beberapa kasus, [[motif profit]], sehubungan dengan operasi perusahaan yang dimiliki secara sosial dan alokasi barang modal di antara mereka. Keuntungan yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan ini akan dikelola secara langsung oleh tenaga kerja dari masing-masing perusahaan, atau diberikan ke masyarakat luas dalam bentuk [[dividen sosial]].<ref name="Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, 2004">''Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism'', by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Phillip |title=Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-24187-8 |page=71 |quote=Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pierson |first=Christopher |title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism |url=https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01478-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier/page/96 96] |quote=At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ‘social ownership’. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists’ general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital...}}</ref> [[Perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis]] memperhatikan kelayakan dan metode alokasi sumber daya bagi sistem sosialis.

[[Gerakan politik]] sosialis mencakup serangkaian filsafat politik yang berasal dari gerakan revolusioner pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan karena adanya kepedulian terhadap masalah sosial yang terkait dengan kapitalisme.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1"/> Pada akhir abad ke-19, setelah karya [[Karl Marx]] dan kolaboratornya [[Friedrich Engels]], sosialisme telah menjadi oposisi terhadap kapitalisme dan menganjurkan sistem [[Pascakapitalisme|pascakapitalis]] yang didasarkan pada suatu bentuk kepemilikan sosial atas alat produksi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gasper |first=Phillip |title=The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document |url=https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0 |publisher=Haymarket Books |date=October 2005 |isbn=978-1-931859-25-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0/page/24 24] |quote=As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Giddens 1994, p. 71">Anthony Giddens. ''Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics''. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.</ref> Pada 1920-an, [[demokrasi sosial]] dan [[komunisme]] menjadi dua kecenderungan politik dominan di gerakan sosialis internasional.<ref>"Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." Michael Newman. ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 5</ref> Pada masa tersebut sosialisme muncul sebagai "gerakan sekuler paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-20 di seluruh dunia. Sosialisme adalah ideologi politik (atau pandangan dunia), gerakan politik yang luas dan terpecah-pecah"<ref>George Thomas Kurian (ed). ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science'' CQ Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554</ref> dan ketika kebangkitan Uni Soviet sebagai [[negara sosialis]] nominal pertama di dunia menyebabkan menyebarnya asosisasi sosialisme dengan [[Ekonomi terencana tipe Soviet|model ekonomi Soviet]], beberapa ekonom dan intelektual berpendapat bahwa dalam praktinya model tersebut berfungsi sebagai bentuk [[kapitalisme negara]],<ref>[http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union], M.C. Howard and J.E. King</ref><ref>[[Richard D. Wolff]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311070639/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees |date=2018-03-11 }}. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 9 July 2015.</ref><ref>[[Noam Chomsky]] (1986). [https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]. ''chomsky.info''.</ref> administrasi tidak terencana atau [[ekonomi komando]].<ref name="The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985">{{cite journal |title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1985-01_37_1/page/118 |last=Wilhelm |first=John Howard |year=1985 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]] |pages=118–30 |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellman |first=Michael |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning |title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti |url=https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg |editor1-first=Saul |editor1-last=Estrin |editor2-first=Grzegorz W. |editor2-last=Kołodko |editor3-first=Milica |editor3-last=Uvalić |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-54697-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg/page/n42 22] |quote=In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...}}</ref> [[Partai sosialis|Partai]] dan gagasan sosialis tetap menjadi kekuatan politik dengan berbagai tingkat kekuatan dan pengaruh di semua benua, serta memimpin pemerintahan nasional di banyak negara di dunia. Saat ini, beberapa sosialis juga mengadopsi prinsip dari gerakan sosial lain, seperti [[Ekososialisme|lingkungan]], [[Feminisme sosialis|feminisme]] dan [[progresivisme]].<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. ''Encyclopedia of Political Thought''. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280.</ref>

[[Berkas:Hw-fourierCharles Fourier (by Hans F. Helmolt).jpg|jmpl|lurus|[[Charles Fourier]], pemikir awal [[sosialis Perancis]] terkemuka]]

Tujuan fundamental sosialisme adalah untuk mencapai tingkat lanjut dari produksi material; dan oleh karenanya produktivitas, efisiensi dan rasionalitas yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kapitalisme dan semua sistem sebelumnya; di bawah pandangan bahwa perluasan kemampuan produktif manusia adalah dasar bagi perluasan kebebasan dan kesetaraan di dalam masyarakat.<ref>''Socialism and the Market: The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited''. Routledge Library of 20th Century Economics, 2000. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-415-19586-7}}.</ref> Banyak bentuk teori sosialis berpendapat bahwa perilaku manusia sebagian besar dibentuk oleh lingkungan sosial. Khususnya, sosialisme berpendapat bahwa [[adat istiadat]], nilai-nilai, sifat-sifat kultural dan praktik ekonomi adalah ciptaan sosial dan bukan hasil dari hukum alam yang kekal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Claessens |first=August |title=The logic of socialism |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-104-23840-7 |page=15 |quote=The individual is largely a product of his environment and much of his conduct and behavior is the reflex of getting a living in a particular stage of society.}}</ref><ref>Ferri, Enrico, "Socialism and Modern Science", in ''Evolution and Socialism'' (1912), p.&nbsp;79:<blockquote> Upon what point are orthodox political economy and socialism in absolute conflict? Political economy has held and holds that the economic laws governing the production and distribution of wealth which it has established are natural laws ... not in the sense that they are laws naturally determined by the condition of the social organism (which would be correct), but that they are absolute laws, that is to say that they apply to humanity at all times and in all places, and consequently, that they are immutable in their principal points, though they may be subject to modification in details. Scientific socialism holds, the contrary, that the laws established by classical political economy, since the time of Adam Smith, are laws peculiar to the present period in the history of civilized humanity, and that they are, consequently, laws essentially relative to the period of their analysis and discovery.</blockquote></ref> Objek kritiknya oleh karena itu bukanlah keserakahan atau kesadaran manusia, tapi kondisi material dan sistem sosial buatan manusia (yaitu struktur ekonomi masyarakat) yang memunculkan masalah sosial dan inefisiensi. [[Bertrand Russell]], yang sering kali dianggap sebagai bapak filsafat analitik, diidentifikasi sebagai sosialis. Russell menentang aspek perjuangan kelas Marxisme, memandang sosialisme semata-mata sebagai penyesuaian relasi ekonomi untuk mengakomodasi produksi mesin modern demi keuntungan seluruh umat manusia melalui pengurangan progresif waktu kerja yang diperlukan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |url=http://www.zpub.com/notes/idle.html |title=In Praise of Idleness |year=1932 |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822071656/http://www.zpub.com/notes/idle.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Bagi kaum Marxis ortodoks, sosialisme adalah tahap yang lebih rendah dari komunisme berdasarkan prinsip "dari masing-masing sesuai dengan kemampuannya, untuk setiap orang sesuai kontribusinya" sementara komunisme tahap atas didasarkan pada prinsip "dari masing-masing sesuai dengan kemampuannya, untuk setiap orang sesuai kebutuhannya.";<ref name="KS">{{cite book|last=Schaff|first=Kory|title=Philosophy and the problems of work: a reader|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md|year=2001|pages=[http://books.google.com/books?id=mdLh5EMehwgC&pg=PA224&dq=isbn=0742507955&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1&sig=ACfU3U2S6uiRNCig9mq_bY4yKB7877tY4A 224]|isbn=0-7425-0795-5}}</ref><ref name="WA">{{cite book|last=Walicki|first=Andrzej|title=Marxism and the leap to the kingdom of freedom: the rise and fall of the Communist utopia|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismleaptokin0000wali|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif|year=1995|isbn=0-8047-2384-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/marxismleaptokin0000wali/page/95 95]}}</ref> tahap atas menjadi mungkin hanya setelah tahap sosialis mengembangkan lebih lanjut efisiensi ekonomi dan otomatisasi produksi menyebabkan berlimpah-limpahnya barang dan jasa.

Konsepsi asli sosialisme adalah sistem ekonomi yang produksinya diatur secara langsung menghasilkan barang dan jasa untuk kegunaan mereka (atau nilai-guna dalam ekonomi klasik dan Marxian): alokasi langsung sumber daya dalam istilah unit fisik yang bertentangan dengan perhitungan finansial dan hukum ekonomi kapitalisme (lihat [[hukum nilai]]), sering melibatkan kategori terakhir ekonomi kapitalistik seperti [[Penyewaan|sewa]], [[Suku bunga|bunga]], [[laba]], dan uang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockman |first=Johanna |title=Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3 |page=20 |quote=According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.}}</ref> Dalam ekonomi sosialis yang berkembang sepenuhnya, produksi dan penyeimbangan masukan dan keluaran faktor menjadi proses teknis yang harus dilakukan oleh para insinyur.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gregory and Stuart |first=Paul and Robert |title=Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, Seventh Edition: "Socialist Economy" |url=https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000greg |publisher=George Hoffman |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-618-26181-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000greg/page/117 117] |quote=In such a setting, information problems are not serious, and engineers rather than economists can resolve the issue of factor proportions.}}</ref>

Anarkisme adalah [[filsafat politik]] yang menganjurkan [[masyarakat tanpa negara]] yang sering didefinisikan sebagai lembaga sukarela yang [[pemerintahan sendiri|memerintah sendiri]],<ref>"ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><ref>"In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin___Anarchism__from_the_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.html Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>"Anarchism." The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005. p. 14 "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable."</ref><ref>Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. p. 85</ref> tetapi beberapa penulis mendefinisikan lembaga yang lebih spesifik berdasarkan [[Asosiasi bebas (komunisme dan anarkisme)|asosiasi bebas]] non-[[hirarkis]].<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref>"as many anarchists have stressed, it is not government as such that they find objectionable, but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state." Judith Suissa. ''Anarchism and Education: a Philosophical Perspective''. Routledge. New York. 2006. p. 7</ref><ref>"That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement—at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." [[Peter Kropotkin]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Anarchism__its_philosophy_and_ideal.html Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal]</ref><ref>"anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy—hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615071249/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/The_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective__An_Anarchist_FAQ__03_17_.html#toc2 |date=2012-06-15 }} in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> Anarkisme menganggap [[negara]] tidak diinginkan, tidak perlu atau bahkan berbahaya.<ref name="definition">

=== Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis ===

{{main|Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis}}

Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis modern adalah gerakan politik luas yang berupaya untuk mempromosikan cita-cita sosialisme dalam konteks sistem demokrasi. Beberapa sosialis demokrat mendukung [[demokrasi sosial]] sebagai langkah temporer untuk mereformasi sistem saat ini, sementara yang lainnya menolak reformisme demi metode yang lebih revolusioner. Sementara itu, demokrasi sosial modern menekankan program modifikasi legislatif bertahap dari kapitalisme untuk menjadikannya lebih adil dan manusiawi, sementara tujuan akhir teoretis untuk membangun masyarakat sosialis sepenuhnya dilupakan atau didefinisikan ulang dengan cara pro-kapitalis. Kedua gerakan ini mirip dalam terminologi maupun ideologi, meski ada beberapa perbedaan utama.

Perbedaan utama antara demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme demokratikdemokratis adalah tujuan politik mereka: demokrat sosial kontemporer mendukung [[negara kesejahteraan]] dan [[perundingan bersama]] sebagai sarana untuk "memanusiakan" kapitalisme, sedangkan sosialis demokrat berusaha untuk mengganti kapitalisme dengan sistem ekonomi sosialis, dengan alasan bahwa setiap usaha untuk "memanusiakan" kapitalisme melalui regulasi dan kebijakan kesejahteraan akan merusak pasar dan menciptakan kontradiksi ekonomi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schweickart |first=David |title=Democratic Socialism |website=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice |year=2006 |url=http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm |archivedate=17 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }} "Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state—pensions for all, public health care, public education, unemployment insurance. They supported and tried to strengthen the labour movement. The latter, as socialists, argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanised, and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere. (E.g., if you push unemployment too low, you'll get inflation; if job security is too strong, labour discipline breaks down; etc.)"</ref>

Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis secara umum merujuk pada setiap gerakan politik yang berupaya untuk membangun ekonomi yang didasarkan pada [[demokrasi ekonomi]] oleh dan untuk kelas pekerja. Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis sulit untuk didefinisikan dan sekelompok sarjana memiliki definisi yang sangat berbeda untuk istilah tersebut. Beberapa definisi hanya merujuk pada segala bentuk sosialisme yang mengikuti jalan pemilihan umum, [[Reformisme|reformis]] atau evolusioner menuju sosialisme, daripada yang revolusioner.<ref>This definition is captured in this statement by [[Anthony Crosland]], who "argued that the socialisms of the pre-war world (not just that of the [[Marxist]]s, but of the democratic socialists too) were now increasingly irrelevant". {{cite journal |first=Chris |last=Pierson |title=Lost property: What the Third Way lacks |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |date=June 2005 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=145–63 |doi=10.1080/13569310500097265}} Other texts which use the terms "democratic socialism" in this way include Malcolm Hamilton ''Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden'' (St Martin's Press 1989).</ref>

{{quotation|Anda tidak dapat berbicara tentang mengakhiri permukiman kumuh tanpa terlebih dulu mengatakan profit harus disingkirkan darinya. Anda benar-benar merusak dan berurusan dengan hal berbahaya karena Anda mengacaukan orang-orang di sana. Sekarang, ini berarti kita memasuki situasi yang sulit, karena sungguh artinya kita mengatakan bahwa ada yang salah dengan kapitalisme. Harus ada distribusi kekayaan yang lebih baik, dan mungkin Amerika harus bergerak menuju sosialisme demokratikdemokratis. | [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], 1966<ref>{{cite book |title=Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought |last=Franklin |first=Robert Michael |page=125 |publisher=Fortress Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8006-2392-0}}</ref><ref>Peter Dreier (20 January 2014). [http://truth-out.org/news/item/21281-martin-luther-king-was-a-radical-not-a-saint Martin Luther King Was a Radical, Not a Saint]. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 20 January 2014.</ref><ref>Osagyefo Uhuru Sekou (20 January 2014). [http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/1/martin-luther-kingsocialismantiimperialism.html The radical gospel of Martin Luther King]. ''[[Al Jazeera America]].'' Retrieved 20 January 2014.</ref>}}

[[Blanquisme]] merujuk pada konsepsi revolusi yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]] yang menyatakan bahwa revolusi sosial harus dilakukan oleh kelompok yang relatif kecil yang terdiri dari konspirator yang sangat terorganisir dan tertutup.<ref>[http://www.wisdomsupreme.com/dictionary/blanquism.php WisdomSupreme.com definition of Blanquism], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> Setelah merebut kekuasaan, kaum revolusioner kemudian akan menggunakan kekuatan negara untuk memperkenalkan sosialisme. Ini dianggap sebagai semacam "putschisme" tertentu, yakni pandangan bahwa revolusi politik harus dilaksanakan dalam bentuk ''[[putsch]]'' atau ''kudeta''.<ref>[http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/glossary/b.html#Blanquism NewYouth.com entry for Blanquism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821163359/http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/glossary/b.html#Blanquism |date=2008-08-21 }}, last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Rosa Luxemburg]] dan [[Eduard Bernstein]]<ref name="bern">{{cite web |author=Lenin |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch06.htm#s2 |title=The State and Revolution |year=1917}}</ref> mengkritik [[Vladimir Lenin]] karena konsepsi revolusinya yang elitis dan pada dasarnya Blanquis.<ref>[[Rosa Luxemburg]] as part of a longer section on Blanquism in her "Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy" (later published as "Leninism or Marxism?"), writes: "For Lenin, the difference between the [[Social democracy]] and Blanquism is reduced to the observation that in place of a handful of conspirators we have a class-conscious proletariat. He forgets that this difference implies a complete revision of our ideas on organisation and, therefore, an entirely different conception of centralism and the relations existing between the party and the struggle itself. Blanquism did not count on the [[direct action]] of the working class. It, therefore, did not need to organise the people for the revolution. The people were expected to play their part only at the moment of revolution. Preparation for the revolution concerned only the little group of revolutionists armed for the coup. Indeed, to assure the success of the revolutionary conspiracy, it was considered wiser to keep the mass at some distance from the conspirators.Rosa Luxemburg, [http://www.marx.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/ch01.htm ''Leninism or Marxism?''], [http://www.marx.org Marx.org], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Marxisme–Leninisme]] adalah ideologi politik yang menggabungkan [[Marxisme]] (konsep [[Sosialisme ilmiah|sosialis ilmiah]] yang diteorikan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]]) dan [[Leninisme]] (ekspansi teoretis Marxisme yang mencakup [[anti-imperialisme]], [[sentralisme demokratikdemokratis]] dan [[Vanguardisme#Partai politik|prinsip pembangunan partai]]).<ref>''Marxism–Leninism''. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.</ref> Marxisme-Leninisme adalah ideologi resmi [[Partai Komunis Uni Soviet]] dan [[Komunis Internasional]] (1919-1943) dan kemudian menjadi ideologi panduan utama bagi kaum [[Trotskyisme|Trotskyis]], [[Maoisme|Maois]] dan [[Stalinisme|Stalinis]].

Sosialisme libertarian (kadang disebut [[anarkisme sosial]],<ref name="Ostergaard 1991. p. 21">[[Geoffrey Ostergaard|Ostergaard, Geoffrey]]. "Anarchism". ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought''. Blackwell Publishing, 1991. p. 21.</ref><ref name="Noam Chomsky 2004, p. 739">Chomsky, Noam (2004). ''Language and Politics''. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739</ref> [[libertarianisme sayap kiri]]<ref>Bookchin, Murray and Janet Biehl. ''The Murray Bookchin Reader''. Cassell, 1997. p. 170 {{ISBN|0-304-33873-7}}</ref><ref>Hicks, Steven V. and Daniel E. Shannon. ''The American journal of economics and sociolology''. Blackwell Pub, 2003. p. 612</ref> dan libertarianisme sosialis)<ref>Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). ''The social history of crime and punishment in America. An encyclopedia.'' 5 vols. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. {{ISBN|1-4129-8876-4}}. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and ..."</ref> adalah kelompok filsafat politik [[Anti-otoritarianisme|anti-otoritarian]]<ref>"It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs" [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1#sthash.40vnyElp.dpuf I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1#sthash.40vnyElp.dpuf |date=2017-11-16 }} at [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> di dalam gerakan sosialis yang menolak sosialisme sebagai kepemilikan dan kontrol ekonomi negara yang tersentralisasi,<ref>"unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralised state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation..." [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> termasuk kritik terhadap [[Perbudakan upah|relasi buruh upah]] di tempat kerja,<ref>"Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 |date=2017-11-16 }} "I1. Isn´t libertarian socialism an oxymoron" in [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> serta negara itu sendiri.<ref name=":0">"So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production." [http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 "I1. Isn´t libertarian socialism an oxymoron" in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116212712/http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 |date=2017-11-16 }} [[An Anarchist FAQ]]</ref> Sosialisme libertarian menekankan [[manajemen mandiri pekerja]] di tempat kerja<ref name=":0"/> dan [[Desentralisasi#Desentralisasi sosialis libertarian|struktur organisasi politik yang didesentralisasi]],<ref>" ...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations. [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. Pg. 305</ref> menyatakan bahwa masyarakat yang didasarkan atas kebebasan dan kesetaraan dapat dicapai melalui penghapusan lembaga [[otoriter]] yang mengontrol [[alat produksi]] tertentu dan mensubordinasikan mayoritas kepada kelas pemilik atau elit politik dan ekonomi.<ref>Mendes, Silva. ''Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo'' Vol. 1 (1896): "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of [[private property]] (while retaining respect for [[personal property]]) and [[liberty]] by abolition of [[authority]]".</ref> Sosialis libertarian umumnya menempatkan harapan mereka dengan cara demokrasi langsung yang [[Desentralisasi#Desentralisasi sosialis libertarian|terdesentralisasi]] serta asosiasi [[Federalisme|federasi]] atau [[konfederasi]] seperti seperti [[munisipalisme libertarian]], [[majelis rakyat]], [[serikat pekerja]], dan [[dewan pekerja]].<ref>"...preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rocker |first=Rudolf |title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice |page=65 |year=2004 |publisher=[[AK Press]] |isbn=978-1-902593-92-0}}</ref> Terkait dengan hal tersebut, anarko-sindikalis [[Gaston Leval]] menjelaskan: "Oleh karena itu kita meramalkan sebuah Masyarakat di mana semua aktivitas akan dikoordinasikan, sebuah struktur yang pada waktu yang sama memiliki fleksibilitas yang cukup untuk memungkinkan otonomi seluas mungkin bagi kehidupan sosial, atau bagi keberlangsungan setiap penghidupan, dan keterpaduan yang cukup untuk mencegah kekacauan...Dalam masyarakat yang terorganisir dengan baik, semua hal itu harus dicapai secara sistematis melalui federasi yang pararelparalel, disatukan secara vertikal di tingkat tertinggi, membentuk satu organisme besar yang di dalamnya semua fungsi ekonomi akan dilakukan dalam solidaritas dengan yang lain, oleh karenanya akan secara permanen menjaga kohesi yang diperlukan". Semua itu biasanya dilakukan dalam seruan umum untuk relasi manusia yang [[Kebebasan|libertarian]]<ref>"LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choice of lifestyle." [[Roderick T. Long]]. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. p 305</ref> dan [[Asosiasi bebas (komunisme dan anarkisme)|sukarela]]<ref>"What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action...An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing." "What is Libertarian Socialism?" by Ulli Diemer. Volume 2, Number 1 (Summer 1997 issue) of ''The Red Menace''.</ref> melalui identifikasi, kritik dan pembongkaran praktis dari otoritas tidak sah di semua aspek kehidupan manusia.{{refn|<ref name="iaf-ifa.org"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="Ward 1966"/><ref name="Brown 2002 106"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism |url=http://chomsky.info/1986____/ |website=chomsky.info |accessdate=22 November 2015 |quote=Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.}}</ref><ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1]</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left,—follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref>}} Dengan demikian, sosialisme libertarian dalam gerakan sosialis yang lebih luas berusaha untuk membedakan dirinya dengan [[Leninisme]]/[[Bolsheviks|Bolshevisme]] dan [[demokrasi sosial]].<ref>"It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [[Adam Smith|(Adam) Smith]] were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by [[guilds]] as they were to the activities of the state. The [[History of socialism|history of socialist thought]] includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the [[Bolshevism]] in the east and varieties of [[Fabianism]] in the west. John O´Neil." ''The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics''. Routledge. 1998. p. 3</ref>

Demokrasi sosial adalah ideologi politik yang "berasal dari tradisi pemikiran politik sosialis. Banyak demokrat sosial menyebut dirinya sebagai sosialis atau sosialis demokrat, dan beberapa lainnya, seperti [[Tony Blair]], menggunakan istilah tersebut secara bergantian.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=q07jeo_wrk4C&pg=PA86|title=Social Democratic System|last=Raza|first=Syed Ali|publisher=Global Peace Trust|year=|isbn=978-969-9757-00-6|location=|page=86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Ai2BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy|last=O'Reilly|first=David|date=2007-04-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-62547-1|location=|page=91|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/magazine/america-can-never-sort-out-whether-socialism-is-marginal-or-rising.html|title=America Can Never Sort Out Whether ‘Socialism’ Is Marginal or Rising|last=Gage|first=Beverly|date=July 17, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref> Yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa ada perbedaan yang jelas antara ketiga istilah tersebut, dan lebih suka menggambarkan kepercayaan politiknya dengan istilah ‘demokrasi sosial’ saja.<ref>Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy'' (2013). Pallgrave MacMillan. p. 7. {{ISBN|1-137-01326-5}}</ref> Ada dua arus utama, baik untuk membangun [[sosialisme demokratikdemokratis]], atau membangun negara kesejahteraan di dalam kerangka sistem kapitalis. Varian pertama secara resmi memiliki tujuan untuk membangun [[sosialisme demokratikdemokratis]] melalui metode [[Reformisme|reformis]] dan [[Gradualisme|gradualis]].<ref name="Busky8">{{Cite journal |first=Donald F. |last=Busky |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |place=Westport, Connecticut, USA |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2000 |page=8 |quote=The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International, which almost all social democratic parties are members of, declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Pada varian kedua, demokrasi sosial menjadi rezim kebijakan yang melibatkan [[negara kesejahteraan]], skema [[perundingan bersama]], dukungan terhadap pelayanan publik yang dibiayai publik, serta ekonomi berbasis kapitalis seperti [[ekonomi campuran]]. Sistem ini sering digunakan untuk merujuk pada model sosial dan kebijakan ekonomi yang menonjol di Eropa Barat dan Utara selama paruh kedua abad ke-20.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sejersted and Adams and Daly |first=Francis and Madeleine and Richard |title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsocialdemoc0000seje |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-14774-1}}</ref><ref name="Foundations of social democracy, 2009">''Foundations of social democracy'', 2004. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, p. 8, November 2009.</ref> Sistem ini juga digambarkan oleh [[Jerry Mander]] sebagai ekonomi "hibrida", sebuah kolaborasi aktif antara visi kapitalis dan sosialis. Meski sistem tersebut tidak sempurna, mereka cenderung memberikan standar hidup yang tinggi.<ref>[[Jerry Mander]] (24 July 2013). [http://www.alternet.org/books/there-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there?page=0%2C2 "There Are Good Alternatives to US Capitalism, But No Way to Get There."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041538/https://www.alternet.org/books/there-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there?page=0%2C2 |date=2017-10-20 }} ''[[Alternet]].'' Retrieved 12 August 2013.</ref> Sejumlah penelitian dan survey menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat [[demokrat sosial]] dibandingkan yang neoliberal.<ref>Andrew Brown (12 September 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/12/europe-happiest-progressives-conservatives-social-democracies-wellbeing-poll Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?] ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Richard Eskow (15 October 2014). [http://ourfuture.org/20141015/new-study-finds-big-government-makes-people-happy-free-markets-dont New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don’t]. ourfuture.org. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>[[Benjamin Radcliff]] (25 September 2013). [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/opinion/radcliff-politics-of-happiness/ Western nations with social safety net happier]. ''[[CNN]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Craig Brown (11 May 2009). [http://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041538/https://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies |date=2017-10-20 }}. [[Commondreams]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref>

[[Feminisme sosialis]] adalah cabang [[feminisme]] yang berfokus pada ranah publik dan privat kehidupan perempuan, serta berpendapat bahwa [[Pembebasan perempuan|pembebasan]] hanya dapat dicapai dengan berupaya untuk mengakhiri sumber ekonomi dan [[budaya|kultural]] dari penindasan perempuan.<ref>[http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Socialist-Feminism.html What is Socialist Feminism?], retrieved on 28 May 2007.</ref> Fondasi [[feminisme Marxis]] diletakkan oleh [[Friedrich Engels]] dalam analisanya mengenai penindasan gender di ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State]]'' (1884). Karya [[August Bebel]], ''Woman under Socialism'' (1879), "karya tunggal terkait seksualitas yang paling banyak dibaca oleh petinggi dan anggota [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman]] (SPD)".<ref>''Journal of Homosexuality'', 1995, Volume 29, Issue 2/3. {{ISSN|0091-8369}} – Simultaneously published as: Gay men and the sexual history of the political left, [[Gert Hekma]] et al. Eds. Harrington Park Press 1995, {{ISBN|1-56023-067-3}}. p. 14</ref> Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20, [[Clara Zetkin]] dan [[Eleanor Marx]] menentang [[demonisasi]] laki-laki dan mendukung revolusi [[proletariat]] yang akan mengatasi sebanyak mungkin ketidaksetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan.<ref name=Stokes>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=John |title=Eleanor Marx (1855–1898): Life, Work, Contacts |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanormarx185510000unse |year=2000 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |isbn=978-0-7546-0113-5}}</ref> Karena gerakan mereka sudah memiliki tuntutan paling radikal dalam kesetaraan perempuan, sebagian besar pemimpin Marxis, termasuk Clara Zetkin<ref>Zetkin, Clara, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1976/women/3-zetkin.html ''On a Bourgeois Feminist Petition''] (1895).</ref><ref>Zetkin, Clara, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1920/lenin/zetkin1.htm ''Lenin On the Women's Question''].</ref> dan [[Alexandra Kollontai]],<ref>Kollontai, Alexandra, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1909/social-basis.htm ''The Social Basis of the Woman Question''] (1909).</ref><ref>Kollontai, Alexandra, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1919/women-workers/ch01.htm ''Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights''] (1919).</ref> mempertentangkan Marxisme melawan [[feminisme liberal]] dibandingkan dengan mencoba menggabungkan keduanya. [[Anarko-feminisme]] dimulai pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20 oleh penulis dan teoretikus seperti feminis anarkis [[Emma Goldman]] dan [[Voltairine de Cleyre]].<ref>Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (ed.). ''Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader'', Dark Star: 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-902593-40-1}}. p. 9.</ref> Dalam [[Perang Saudara Spanyol]], kelompok anarko-feminis, {{lang|es|[[Mujeres Libres]]}} ("Perempuan Bebas") terkait dengan {{lang|es|[[Federación Anarquista Ibérica]]}}, diorganisir untuk mempertahankan gagasan anarkis dan feminis.<ref>Ackelsberg, Martha A. Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women, AK Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-902593-96-8}}.</ref> Pada 1972, [[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]] menerbitkan "Socialist Feminism: A Strategy for the Women's Movement", yang diyakini sebagai publikasi pertama yang menggunakan istilah "feminisme sosialis".<ref name="CWLUOver">{{cite web |author1=Margeret "Peg" Strobel |author2=Sue Davenport |year=1999 |title=The Chicago Women's Liberation Union: An Introduction |website=The CWLU Herstory Website |publisher=University of Illinois |url=http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUAbout/abdoc1.html |accessdate=25 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104090301/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/CWLUAbout/abdoc1.html |archivedate=4 November 2011 |df=}}</ref>

Banyak [[Sosialisme dan hak LGBT|sosialis merupakan pendukung awal hak-hak LGBT]]. Bagi sosialis terdahulu, [[Charles Fourier]], kebebasan sejati hanya dapat terjadi tanpa menekan renjana, karena penindasan renjana tidak hanya merusak individu, tapi juga masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Menulis sebelum munculnya istilah "homoseksualitas", Fourier mengakui bahwa baik laki-laki maupun perempuan memiliki berbagai kebutuhan dan preferensi yang luas dan dapat berubah sepanjang hidup mereka, termasuk seksualitas sesama jenis dan ''androgénité''. Dia berpendapat bahwa semua ekspresi seksual harus dinikmati selama tidak ada orang yang dicela, serta "mengiakan perbedaan seseorang" sebenarnya dapat menguatkan integrasi sosial.<ref>[[Charles Fourier]], ''Le Nouveau Monde amoureux'' (written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967: Paris: Éditions Anthropos). pp. 389, 391, 429, 458, 459, 462, and 463.</ref> Dalam karya [[Oscar Wilde]], ''[[The Soul of Man Under Socialism]]'', dengan semangat dia mengadvokasi masyarakat [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]] di mana semua berbagi kekayaan, sambil memperingatkan bahaya sistem sosial yang menghancurkan individualitas. Politik [[Sosialisme libertarian|sosialis libertarian]] Wilde juga dimiliki oleh tokoh-tokoh lain yang secara aktif mengkampanyekan emansipasi homoseksual pada akhir abad ke-19, seperti [[Edward Carpenter]].<ref>According to his biographer Neil McKenna, Wilde was part of a secret organisation that aimed to legalise homosexuality, and was known among the group as a leader of "the Cause". (McKenna, Neil. 2003. ''The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde''.)</ref> Dia menulis ''[[The Intermediate Sex]]: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women'' pada 1908, sebuah karya awal yang menganjurkan [[pembebasan gay]].<ref>Flood, M. (2007) International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref> Dia juga tokoh berpengaruh dalam pembentukan [[Masyarakat Fabian]] dan [[Partai Buruh (UK)|Partai Buruh]]. Setelah [[Revolusi Rusia]] di bawah pimpinan [[Vladimir Lenin]] dan [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Uni Soviet]] menghapuskan undang-undang sebelumnya yang menentang homoseksualitas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Russell|title=The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jACXalmJ3nEC|year=2002|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-7582-0100-3|page=124}}</ref> [[Harry Hay]] adalah pemimpin awal gerakan [[hak LGBT]] di Amerika, serta sebagai anggota [[Partai Komunis AS]]. Dia dikenal atas perannya dalam membantu mendirikan beberapa organisasi gay, termasuk [[Mattachine Society]], kelompok hak gay pertama yang bertahan di Amerika Serikat, dan pada masa awalnya memiliki pengaruh Marxis yang kuat. ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' melaporkan bahwa "karena Marxis sebagai pendiri kelompok percaya bahwa ketiakadilan dan penindasan yang mereka derita berasal dari hubungan yang tertanam dalam di struktur masyarakat Amerika".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Mattachine.pdf |format=PDF |title=Mattachine Society at Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) |website=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419214800/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Mattachine.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Muncul juga dari sejumlah peristiwa, seperti Peristiwa Mei 1968 di Prancis, [[Penentangan terhadap keterlibatan pemerintah AS dalam Perang Vietnam|gerakan anti-Perang Vietnam]], dan [[kerusuhan Stonewall]] pada 1969, organisasi pembebasan gay militan mulai bermunculan di seluruh dunia. Banyak yang melihat akar mereka di radikalisme kiri lebih dari kelompok-kelompok homofilia yang mapan pada saat itu,<ref>[http://www.washblade.com/2004/11-5/news/national/movement.cfm Gay movement boosted by ’79 march on Washington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116051252/http://www.washblade.com/2004/11-5/news/national/movement.cfm |date=2009-11-16 }}, Lou Chabarro 2004 for the [[Washington Blade]].</ref> meskipun [[Front Pembebasan Gay]] mengambil sikap [[Antikapitalisme|antikapitalis]] dan menyerang peran [[keluarga inti]] dan [[peran gender|gender]] tradisional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/glf-london.html |title=Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto. London |origyear=1971 |year=1978}}</ref>

[[Ekososialisme]], sosialisme hijau atau ekologi sosialis adalah posisi politik yang menggabungkan aspek [[Marxisme]], sosialisme dan/atau [[sosialisme libertarian]] dengan [[politik hijau]], ekologi dan [[alterglobalisasi]]. Ekososialis umumnya percaya bahwa perluasan sistem kapitalis adalah penyebab [[eksklusi sosial]], kemiskinan, perang, dan [[degradasi lingkungan]] melalui [[globalisasi]] dan [[imperialisme]] di bawah pengawasan [[negara]] dan struktur transnasional yang represif.<ref name="Manifesto">{{cite book |last=Kovel |first=J. |author2=Löwy, M. |title=An ecosocialist manifesto |year=2001}}</ref> Bertentangan dengan penggambaran [[Karl Marx]] oleh beberapa aktivis lingkungan,<ref name=Eckersley>Eckersley, R., ''Environmentalism and Political Theory'', 1992 (Albany, NY: SUNY Press)</ref> [[Ekologi sosial (teori)|ahli ekologi sosial]],<ref name=Clark>Clark, J., ''The Anarchist Moment'', 1984 (Montreal: Black Rose)</ref> dan sesama sosialis<ref name=Benton>Benton, T. (ed.), ''The Greening of Marxism'', 1996 (New York: Guildford)</ref> sebagai [[Produktivisme|produktivis]] yang menyukai dominasi atas alam, ekososialis telah meninjau kembali tulisan Marx dan percaya bahwa dia "adalah pencetus utama pandangan dunia ekologis".<ref name=Kovel>Kovel, J., ''The Enemy of Nature'', 2002</ref> Penulis ekososialis seperti [[John Bellamy Foster]]<ref name=JBF>Foster, J. B., ''Marx's Ecology'', 2000 (New York: Monthly Review Press)</ref> dan Paul Burkett,<ref name=Burkett>Burkett, P., ''Marx and Nature'', 1999 (New York: St. Martin's Press)</ref> menunjukkan diskusi Marx tentang "keretakan metabolis" antara manusia dan alam, pernyataannya bahwa "kepemilikan pribadi atas dunia oleh individu tunggal akan tampak sangat absurd, sama seperti kepemilikan pribadi manusia oleh manusia lainnya" dan pengamatannya bahwa suatu masyarakat "menyerahkan [[planet]] kepada generasi penerus dalam kondisi yang lebih baik".<ref name=Capital3>Marx, K., ''Capital Vol. 3.'', 1894</ref> Sosialis Inggris, [[William Morris]] sebagian besar dihargai atas pengembangan prinsip-prinsip utama dari apa yang kemudian disebut ekososialisme.<ref name=Babylon>Wall, D., ''Babylon and Beyond: The Economics of Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements'', 2005</ref> Selama 1880-an dan 1890-an, Morris mempromosikan gagasan ekososialisnya di dalam [[Federasi Demokrat Sosial]] dan [[Liga Sosialis (Britania Raya, 1885)|Liga Sosialis]].<ref name=GLSite>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenleft.org.uk |title=www.greenleft.org.uk|website=greenleft.org.uk |accessdate=3 April 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405022509/http://www.greenleft.org.uk/ |archivedate=5 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Anarkisme hijau]], atau ekoanarkisme, adalah [[Aliran pemikiran anarkis|aliran pemikiran]] di dalam [[anarkisme]] yang menempatkan penekanan khusus pada [[permasalah lingkungan]]. Pengaruh awal penting yaitu pemikiran dari [[Anarkisme|anarkis]] Amerika, [[Henry David Thoreau]] dan bukunya ''[[Walden]]''<ref name="Thoreau">"Su obra más representativa es Walden, aparecida en 1854, aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847, cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque, y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza, en una vida de soledad y sobriedad. De esta experiencia, su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza, y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural. Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por [[John Zerzan]]. Para George Woodcock, esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX."[http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html "La Insumisión voluntaria. El Anarquismo individualista Español durante la Dictadura i la Segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526224800/http://www.acracia.org/xdiez.html |date=26 May 2006 }}</ref> dan [[Élisée Reclus]].<ref name="Reclus1">{{cite web |url=http://www.natustar.com/uk/naturism-begin.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=11 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025125935/http://www.natustar.com/uk/naturism-begin.html |archivedate=25 October 2012 |df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secA3.html#seca33 |title=A.3 What types of anarchism are there? |website=Anarchist Writers |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2018-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615004526/http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/secA3.html#seca33 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* [[Sosialisme demokratikdemokratis]]

* [[Joshua Muravchik]], [https://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/resources.html ''Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019012658/http://www.pbs.org/heavenonearth/resources.html |date=2014-10-19 }}, San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002. {{ISBN|1-893554-45-7}}.