Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sosialisme''' ([[kata serapan dalam bahasa Indonesia|serapan]] dari {{lang-nl|socialisme}}) adalah serangkaian [[sistem ekonomi]] dan [[Sistem sosial|sosial]] yang ditandai dengan [[kepemilikan sosial]] atas [[Alat produksi|alat-alat produksi]] dan [[manajemen mandiri pekerja]],{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |title=Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1918 |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |authorlink=Upton Sinclair |quote=Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'}}</ref><ref name="Nove">{{cite web |last=Nove |first=Alec |title=Socialism |website=New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition (2008) |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000173 |quote=A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialised or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rosser |first=Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. |title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy |url=https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7 |publisher=MIT Press |date=23 July 2003 |isbn=978-0-262-18234-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparativeecono0000ross_v4p7/page/53 53] |quote=Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.}}</ref><ref name="N. Scott Arnold 1998. pg. 8">"What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system" N. Scott Arnold. ''The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study''. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 8</ref><ref name="Busky1">{{cite book |last=Busky |first=Donald F. |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |publisher=Praeger |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-275-96886-1 |page=2 |quote=Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Bertrand Badie |author2=Dirk Berg-Schlosser |author3=Leonardo Morlino |title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6 |page=2456 |quote=Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown |first=Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart |title=Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach |url=https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6 |publisher=Harcourt College Pub |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-15-512403-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/7 7] |quote=Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and/or cooperative, nonprofit groups.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brus |first=Wlodzimierz |title=The Economics and Politics of Socialism |publisher=Routledge |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-86647-7 |page=87 |quote=This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system. The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Michie |first=Jonathan |title=Readers Guide to the Social Sciences |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57958-091-9 |page=1516 |quote=Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend…Second, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The society—i.e. every individual equally—owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.}}</ref>}} serta [[Teori politik|teori-teori]] dan gerakan politik yang terkait dengannya.<ref name="Socialism at The Free dictionary">"2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system" [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/socialism "Socialism" at The Free dictionary]</ref> Kepemilikan sosial dapat berupa [[kepemilikan negara]], [[Kepemilikan kolektif|kolektif]], [[koperasi]], atau [[kepemilikan sosial atas ekuitas]].<ref>{{cite book|last= O'Hara|first= Phillip|title= Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2|publisher= [[Routledge]]|date=September 2003|isbn= 0-415-24187-1|page = 71|quote=In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialized ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.}}</ref> Ada banyak varian sosialisme dan tidak ada definisi tunggal yang merangkum semuanya,<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1">{{harvnb|Lamb|Docherty|2006|p=1}}</ref> dengan kepemilikan sosial menjadi elemen umum yang dimiliki [[Tipe sosialisme|berbagai variannya]].<ref name="Busky1"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Scott |title=The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyeconom00arno |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-508827-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/philosophyeconom00arno/page/7 7]–8 |quote=This term is harder to define, since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ‘really is.’ It would seem that everyone (socialists and nonsocialists alike) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends, goals, values, or ideals. It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends; whatever that may mean in positive terms, it certainly presupposes, at a minimum, the belief that these ends and values cannot be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production…Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hastings, Mason and Pyper |first=Adrian, Alistair and Hugh |title=The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=21 December 2000 |isbn=978-0-19-860024-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hast/page/677 677] |quote=Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one...Nevertheless, socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership. By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital; bringing the means of production, distribution, and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy. It is difficult to see how it can survive, in theory or practice, without this central idea.}}</ref> '''Sosialis''' merujuk pada orang yang menganut paham sosialisme.

Sistem sosialis dibagi menjadi dua, dalam bentuk nonpasar dan [[Pasar (ekonomi)|pasar]].<ref name="Kolb">{{cite book |last=Kolb |first=Robert |title=Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, First Edition |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc |date=19 October 2007 |isbn=978-1412916523 |page=1345 |quote=There are many forms of socialism, all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership. These many forms, all focused on advancing distributive justice for long-term social welfare, can be divided into two broad types of socialism: nonmarket and market.}}</ref> Sosialisme nonpasar melibatkan penggantian [[pasar faktor]] dan [[uang]] dengan kriteria teknis berdasarkan [[Kalkulasi dalam barang|perhitungan yang dilakukan dalam bentuk barang]], dan dengan demikian menghasilkan mekanisme ekonomi yang berfungsi sesuai dengan [[Hukum nilai|hukum ekonomi]] yang berbeda dari [[kapitalisme]]. Sosialisme nonpasar bertujuan untuk menghindari ketidakefisienan dan [[Krisis ekonomi|krisis]] yang secara tradisional diasosiasikan dengan [[akumulasi kapital]] dan sistem profit.{{refn|<ref>{{cite book |last=Bockman |first=Johanna |title=Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3 |page=20 |quote=socialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Steele |first=David Ramsay |title=From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation |url=https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee |publisher=Open Court |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-87548-449-5 |pages=175–77[https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee/page/175 175]–77 |quote=Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.}}</ref><ref>''Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism'', by Arneson, Richard J. 1992. Ethics, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 485–511. April 1992: "Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis."</ref><ref>''Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists'', by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (pp. 61–63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs...Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality."</ref><ref>''The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited'', by Nove, Alexander. 1991. p. 13: "Under socialism, by definition, it (private property and factor markets) would be eliminated. There would then be something like ‘scientific management’, ‘the science of socially organized production’, but it would not be economics."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Socialism and Capitalism: Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems? |last=Kotz |first=David M. |accessdate=19 February 2011 |website=University of Massachusetts |url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Soc_and_Cap_Diff_Syst_06_12.pdf |format=PDF}} "This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists, Christian socialists, and even anarchists. At that time, there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system: public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production, economic planning instead of market forces, production for use instead of for profit."</ref><ref name="Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past 1">''Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past'', by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3–4, p. 2: "Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people's material standards of living. Indeed, in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism's claim to superiority over capitalism, for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prychito |first=David L. |title=Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/marketsplanningd0000pryc |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-519-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/marketsplanningd0000pryc/page/n21 12] |quote=Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production, the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise, a consciously organized social division of labor. Under socialism, money, competitive pricing, and profit-loss accounting would be destroyed.}}</ref>}} Sebaliknya, [[sosialisme pasar]] mempertahankan penggunaan harga moneter, pasar faktor; dan dalam beberapa kasus, [[motif profit]], sehubungan dengan operasi perusahaan yang dimiliki secara sosial dan alokasi barang modal di antara mereka. Keuntungan yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan ini akan dikelola secara langsung oleh tenaga kerja dari masing-masing perusahaan, atau diberikan ke masyarakat luas dalam bentuk [[dividen sosial]].<ref name="Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, 2004">''Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism'', by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Phillip |title=Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-24187-8 |page=71 |quote=Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pierson |first=Christopher |title=Socialism After Communism: The New Market Socialism |url=https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier |publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01478-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialismafterco0000pier/page/96 96] |quote=At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large-scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ‘social ownership’. Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large-scale holdings of private capital is essential. This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists’ general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with (the consequences of) the private ownership of capital...}}</ref> [[Perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis]] memperhatikan kelayakan dan metode alokasi sumber daya bagi sistem sosialis.

[[Gerakan politik]] sosialis mencakup serangkaian filsafat politik yang berasal dari gerakan revolusioner pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan karena adanya kepedulian terhadap masalah sosial yang terkait dengan kapitalisme.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1"/> Pada akhir abad ke-19, setelah karya [[Karl Marx]] dan kolaboratornya [[Friedrich Engels]], sosialisme telah menjadi oposisi terhadap kapitalisme dan menganjurkan sistem [[Pascakapitalisme|pascakapitalis]] yang didasarkan pada suatu bentuk kepemilikan sosial atas alat produksi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gasper |first=Phillip |title=The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document |url=https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0 |publisher=Haymarket Books |date=October 2005 |isbn=978-1-931859-25-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/communistmanifes0000marx_s7l0/page/24 24] |quote=As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Giddens 1994, p. 71">Anthony Giddens. ''Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics''. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.</ref> Pada 1920-an, [[demokrasi sosial]] dan [[komunisme]] menjadi dua kecenderungan politik dominan di gerakan sosialis internasional.<ref>"Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." Michael Newman. ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 5</ref> Pada masa tersebut sosialisme muncul sebagai "gerakan sekuler paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-20 di seluruh dunia. Sosialisme adalah ideologi politik (atau pandangan dunia), gerakan politik yang luas dan terpecah-pecah"<ref>George Thomas Kurian (ed). ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science'' CQ Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554</ref> dan ketika kebangkitan Uni Soviet sebagai [[negara sosialis]] nominal pertama di dunia menyebabkan menyebarnya asosisasi sosialisme dengan [[Ekonomi terencana tipe Soviet|model ekonomi Soviet]], beberapa ekonom dan intelektual berpendapat bahwa dalam praktinya model tersebut berfungsi sebagai bentuk [[kapitalisme negara]],<ref>[http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union], M.C. Howard and J.E. King</ref><ref>[[Richard D. Wolff]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311070639/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees |date=2018-03-11 }}. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 9 July 2015.</ref><ref>[[Noam Chomsky]] (1986). [https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]. ''chomsky.info''.</ref> administrasi tidak terencana atau [[ekonomi komando]].<ref name="The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985">{{cite journal |title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1985-01_37_1/page/118 |last=Wilhelm |first=John Howard |year=1985 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]] |pages=118–30 |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellman |first=Michael |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning |title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti |url=https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg |editor1-first=Saul |editor1-last=Estrin |editor2-first=Grzegorz W. |editor2-last=Kołodko |editor3-first=Milica |editor3-last=Uvalić |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-54697-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg/page/n42 22] |quote=In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...}}</ref> [[Partai sosialis|Partai]] dan gagasan sosialis tetap menjadi kekuatan politik dengan berbagai tingkat kekuatan dan pengaruh di semua benua, serta memimpin pemerintahan nasional di banyak negara di dunia. Saat ini, beberapa sosialis juga mengadopsi prinsip dari gerakan sosial lain, seperti [[Ekososialisme|lingkungan]], [[Feminisme sosialis|feminisme]] dan [[progresivisme]].<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. ''Encyclopedia of Political Thought''. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280.</ref>

Banyak [[Sosialisme dan hak LGBT|sosialis merupakan pendukung awal hak-hak LGBT]]. Bagi sosialis terdahulu, [[Charles Fourier]], kebebasan sejati hanya dapat terjadi tanpa menekan renjana, karena penindasan renjana tidak hanya merusak individu, tapi juga masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Menulis sebelum munculnya istilah "homoseksualitas", Fourier mengakui bahwa baik laki-laki maupun perempuan memiliki berbagai kebutuhan dan preferensi yang luas dan dapat berubah sepanjang hidup mereka, termasuk seksualitas sesama jenis dan ''androgénité''. Dia berpendapat bahwa semua ekspresi seksual harus dinikmati selama tidak ada orang yang dicela, serta "mengiakan perbedaan seseorang" sebenarnya dapat menguatkan integrasi sosial.<ref>[[Charles Fourier]], ''Le Nouveau Monde amoureux'' (written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967: Paris: Éditions Anthropos). pp. 389, 391, 429, 458, 459, 462, and 463.</ref> Dalam karya [[Oscar Wilde]], ''[[The Soul of Man Under Socialism]]'', dengan semangat dia mengadvokasi masyarakat [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]] di mana semua berbagi kekayaan, sambil memperingatkan bahaya sistem sosial yang menghancurkan individualitas. Politik [[Sosialisme libertarian|sosialis libertarian]] Wilde juga dimiliki oleh tokoh-tokoh lain yang secara aktif mengkampanyekan emansipasi homoseksual pada akhir abad ke-19, seperti [[Edward Carpenter]].<ref>According to his biographer Neil McKenna, Wilde was part of a secret organisation that aimed to legalise homosexuality, and was known among the group as a leader of "the Cause". (McKenna, Neil. 2003. ''The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde''.)</ref> Dia menulis ''[[The Intermediate Sex]]: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women'' pada 1908, sebuah karya awal yang menganjurkan [[pembebasan gay]].<ref>Flood, M. (2007) International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities, Routledge: Abingdon, p. 315</ref> Dia juga tokoh berpengaruh dalam pembentukan [[Masyarakat Fabian]] dan [[Partai Buruh (UK)|Partai Buruh]]. Setelah [[Revolusi Rusia]] di bawah pimpinan [[Vladimir Lenin]] dan [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Uni Soviet]] menghapuskan undang-undang sebelumnya yang menentang homoseksualitas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Russell|title=The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jACXalmJ3nEC|year=2002|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-7582-0100-3|page=124}}</ref> [[Harry Hay]] adalah pemimpin awal gerakan [[hak LGBT]] di Amerika, serta sebagai anggota [[Partai Komunis AS]]. Dia dikenal atas perannya dalam membantu mendirikan beberapa organisasi gay, termasuk [[Mattachine Society]], kelompok hak gay pertama yang bertahan di Amerika Serikat, dan pada masa awalnya memiliki pengaruh Marxis yang kuat. ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' melaporkan bahwa "karena Marxis sebagai pendiri kelompok percaya bahwa ketiakadilan dan penindasan yang mereka derita berasal dari hubungan yang tertanam dalam di struktur masyarakat Amerika".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Mattachine.pdf |format=PDF |title=Mattachine Society at Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) |website=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |access-date=2019-09-16 |archive-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419214800/http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Mattachine.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Muncul juga dari sejumlah peristiwa, seperti Peristiwa Mei 1968 di Prancis, [[Penentangan terhadap keterlibatan pemerintah AS dalam Perang Vietnam|gerakan anti-Perang Vietnam]], dan [[kerusuhan Stonewall]] pada 1969, organisasi pembebasan gay militan mulai bermunculan di seluruh dunia. Banyak yang melihat akar mereka di radikalisme kiri lebih dari kelompok-kelompok homofilia yang mapan pada saat itu,<ref>[http://www.washblade.com/2004/11-5/news/national/movement.cfm Gay movement boosted by ’79 march on Washington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116051252/http://www.washblade.com/2004/11-5/news/national/movement.cfm |date=2009-11-16 }}, Lou Chabarro 2004 for the [[Washington Blade]].</ref> meskipun [[Front Pembebasan Gay]] mengambil sikap [[Antikapitalisme|antikapitalis]] dan menyerang peran [[keluarga inti]] dan [[peran gender|gender]] tradisional.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/glf-london.html |title=Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto. London |origyear=1971 |year=1978}}</ref>