Sungai Columbia: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231010)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
| (4 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 13:
<!-- *** Nama *** -->
| etymology = Kapal Kapten Robert Gray, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]''
| nickname = Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|url=https://archive.org/details/columbia0000holb|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref>
<!-- *** Negara dll. *** -->
| country = Amerika Serikat
Baris 80:
<!-- *** Ukuran *** -->
| length_imperial = 1243
| length_note =<ref>{{cite web | title = The Columbia River | publisher = Columbia River Keeper | date = 2013 | url = http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | accessdate = December 5, 2013 | archive-date = 2019-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107035115/https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
| width_imperial =
| depth_imperial =
Baris 107:
<!-- Processed by Geoboxer 3.0 on 2008-01-24T04:31:36+01:00 --> }}
'''Sungai Columbia''' adalah sungai terbesar di kawasan [[Pacific Northwest]] di Amerika Utara.<ref>According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf "Largest Rivers in the United States"], "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.</ref> [[Hulu sungai]] terletak di [[Pegunungan Rocky]] di [[British Columbia]], Kanada. Mengalir ke barat laut dan kemudian ke selatan ke negara bagian AS [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], kemudian berubah ke barat untuk membentuk sebagian besar perbatasan antara Washington dan negara bagian [[Oregon]] sebelum bermuara ke Samudra Pasifik. Sungai ini panjangnya {{convert|1243|mi|km|abbr=on}}, dan [[anak sungai]] yang terbesar adalah [[Sungai Snake]]. [[Daerah aliran sungai]]nya adalah kira-kira seukuran
Menurut volume, Sungai Columbia adalah sungai terbesar keempat di Amerika Serikat; Sungai Columbia memiliki aliran terbesar dari setiap sungai Amerika Utara mengalir ke Pasifik. Aliran deras sungai dan [[Kemiringan|gradien]] yang relatif curam memberikan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangkitan listrik. [[Daftar bendungan di daerah aliran sungai Columbia|Empat belas bendungan hidroelektrik]] pada [[batang utama]] Columbia dan banyak lagi pada anak sungainya menghasilkan lebih dari 44% dari total [[Hidroelektrisitas|generasi hidroelektrik]] AS<ref name="IEA2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16891 |title=The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total U.S. hydroelectric generation |date=27 June 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2016 |work=report |format=web |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |author=}}</ref> – daya hidroelektrik yang jauh lebih besar dibandingkan sungai lainnya di Amerika Utara.
Baris 124:
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia River |volume=6 |short=x}}
* [http://www.critfc.org/ Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission]
* [http://www2.epa.gov/columbiariver Columbia River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021732/https://www.epa.gov/columbiariver |date=2016-09-29 }} US Environmental Protection Agency
* [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html ''National Geographic'' on the Columbia]
* [http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html BC Hydro Generation System Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503163806/http://www.bchydro.com/energy_in_bc/our_system/generation.html |date=2012-05-03 }}
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/columbia/forest/ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area] from the US Forest Service
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084202/http://www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html CORIE, a Columbia River observation and prediction system]
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/tollcan/searchterm/columbia/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Tollman and Canaris Photographs] Photographs document the salmon fishing industry on the southern Washington coast and in the lower Columbia River around the year 1897 and offer valuable insights into the history of commercial salmon fishing and the techniques used at the beginning of the 20th century.
* {{Wayback |date=20080102084202 |url=www.iinet.com/~englishriver/LewisClarkColumbiaRiver/Regions/Places/columbia_river.html |title=Timeline of exploration of the Columbia }}, dating back to the 17th century
| |||