Zenobia: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

==== Kekuasaan ====

 

===== Budaya =====

===== Agama =====

[[Berkas:Relief Bel Baalshamin Yarhibol Aglibol MBA Lyon 1992-13.jpg|jmpl|alt=Relief rendah empat dewa yang terlihat seperti manusia|Dewa-dewa terpenting di Tadmur (kanan ke kiri): [[Bel (mitologi)|Bel]], [[Yarhibol]], [[Aglibol]], dan [[Baalshamin]]]]

 

Uskup [[Athanasius|Athanasios dari Aleksandria]] menulis bahwa Zenobia tidak "menyerahkan gereja kepada orang Yahudi untuk dijadikan sinagoge";{{sfn|Teixidor|2005|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA217 217]}} walaupun sang ratu tidak memeluk agama Kristen, ia dapat memahami kekuasaan para uskup di kalangan jemaat.{{sfn|Teixidor|2005|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA220 220]}} Di Antiokhia (kota yang memiliki komunitas Kristen yang besar), Zenobia dapat mengendalikan gereja dengan menaungi imam-imam terkemuka, kemungkinan juga termasuk [[Paulus dari Samosata|Paulos dari Samosata]].{{sfn|Teixidor|2005|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA220 220]}} Ia mungkin pernah memberikan pangkat ''[[ducenarius]]'' (hakim kecil) kepada Paulos. Paulos sendiri tampaknya juga dilindungi oleh sang ratu, dan Zenobia mungkin telah membantunya mempertahankan gereja keuskupannya setelah ia dicopot dari jabatannya sebagai Uskup Antiokhia oleh [[sinode]] uskup-uskup pada tahun 268.{{#tag:ref|Paul of Samosata is considered a [[Heresy|heretic]] by mainstream Christianity, accused of denying the preexistence of [[Jesus|Christ]].{{sfn|Macquarrie|2003|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=g_LGvNuxlJgC&pg=PA149 149]}} Penyebutan pertama mengenai hubungan Zenobia dengan Paulos dari Samosata berasal dari ''Sejarah Orang Arian'' dari abad ke-4 karya Athanasios dari Aleksandria.{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA312 312]}} Menurut [[Eusebius dari Kaisarea|Eusebius]], Paulos lebih senang dipanggil ''"ducenarius"'' daripada uskup;{{sfn|Stoneman|2003|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA149 149][https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA151 151]}}{{sfn|Teixidor|2005|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA220 220]}} terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa ia memegang pangkat ini di bawah naungan Zenobia.{{sfn|Millar|1971|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DFLqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 1]}} Namun, tidak ada bukti bahwa Paulos pernah diundang ke istana Tadmur, dan hubungannya dengan Zenobia dibesar-besarkan oleh sumber-sumber yang dibuat sesudahnya.{{sfn|Southern|2008|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DqMrR29Cc7MC&pg=PA86 86]}}{{sfn|Watson|2004|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 65]}} The queen may have supported him as bishop to promote religious tolerance.{{sfn|Southern|2008|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DqMrR29Cc7MC&pg=PA86 86]}}|group=ket.}}{{sfn|Millar|1971|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DFLqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 1]}}

* {{cite journal|first= Glen Warren|last= Bowersock|year= 1984|title=The Miracle of Memnon|journal=Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists|publisher=The American Society of Papyrologists|volume=21|ISSN= 0003-1186|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244–284|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau|first=George C.|last= Brauer|publisher=Noyes Press|year= 1975|isbn= 978-0-8155-5036-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first= Trevor|last=Bryce|title= Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History|url= https://archive.org/details/ancientsyriathre0000bryc| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100292-2|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period|author1-first=Trevor|author1-last=Bryce|author2-first=Jessie|author2-last= Birkett-Rees|publisher=Routledge|year= 2016|isbn= 978-1-317-56210-8|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first= Stanley Mayer|last=Burstein|title=The Reign of Cleopatra|origyear=2004|year=2007| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3871-8|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Modern Arab Historiography: Historical Discourse and the Nation-State|first= Youssef|last=Choueiri|origyear=1989|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|edition= revised|isbn=978-1-136-86862-7|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|first= Sally J.|last= Cornelison|year= 2002|title= A French King and a Magic Ring: The Girolami and a Relic of St. Zenobius in Renaissance Florence|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|publisher= University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America|volume=55|issue=2|ISSN= 0034-4338|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first=Samuel N. C |last= Lieu|title=Manichaeism in Central Asia and China| year=1998| publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10405-1|series= Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-last=Emmel|editor2-first=Hans-Joachim|editor2-last=Klimkeit|volume=45|ISSN=0929-2470|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title= Stubborn Theological Questions|url= https://archive.org/details/stubborntheologi0000macq|first= John |last=Macquarrie|year=2003|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=978-0-334-02907-6|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title= The Grove Book of Opera Singers|first= Laura Williams|last=Macy|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533765-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|chapter=Palmyrene Elites. Aspects of Self-Representation and Integration in Hadrian's Age|title=Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces|first1=Stefano|last1=Magnani|first2=Paola|last2=Mior|editor1-first=Rada|editor1-last=Varga|editor2-first=Viorica|editor2-last=Rusu-Bolinde|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08614-7|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|first= Firgus |last= Millar|year= 1971|title=Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria|journal=Journal of Roman Studies|publisher=The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies|volume=61|OCLC=58727367|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/300003}}

* {{cite book|first= Fergus |last=Millar|title= The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337| year=1993| publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-77886-3|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal|first=Donelle|last=Ruwe|year= 2012|title=Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra: Adelaide O'Keeffe, the Jewish Conversion Novel, and the Limits of Rational Education|journal= Eighteenth-Century Life|publisher=Duke University Press|volume=36|issue=1|ISSN=0098-2601|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present|url=https://archive.org/details/amongruinssyriap0000sahn|first= Christian|last=Sahner|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-939670-2|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title= Septimia Zenobia Sebaste|language= it|first= Eugenia Equini|last=Schneider|year=1993|publisher=Roma : "L'Erma" di Bretschneider|isbn=978-88-7062-812-8|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first=Irfan|last=Shahîd|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Part1: Political and Military History)|volume=1|year= 1995|publisher= Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|isbn=978-0-88402-214-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Private Households and Public Politics in 3rd–5th Century Jewish Palestine|series= Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism|volume= 90|first= Alexei|last=Sivertsev|year=2002|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147780-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/womenartistsinhi00slat|first= Wendy|last=Slatkin|origyear= 1985|year=2001|edition= 4|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-027319-2|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation|first= Andrew M.|last=Smith II|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2013|isbn= 978-0-19-986110-1|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen|first= Patricia|last=Southern|publisher=A&C Black|year= 2008|isbn= 978-1-4411-4248-1|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first= Richard |last=Stoneman|title=Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome|origyear=1992|year=2003|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-08315-2|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first= Javier|last=Teixidor|editor-first=Eleonora|editor-last=Cussini|title=A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers|chapter= Palmyra in the third century|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12418-9|ref=harv}}

{{Sister project links|wikt=Ζηνοβία|commons=Zenobia|n=no|q=no|s=Portal:Zenobia|b=no|v=no}}

* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/zenobia.htm Vaballathus dan Zenobia]

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