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Baris 5: \|languages = '[[Bahasa Minoa\|Minoa]]' (tidak diketahui) \|time = [[Kronologi Minoa\|MM IB hingga LM IIIA]] 1800–1450 ~~BCE~~SM{{sfn\|Daniels\|Bright\|1996\|pp=132}} \|status = Punah \|sisters = [[Hieroglif Kreta]] Baris 22: \| characters = Linear A }} '''Linear A''' adalah sistem penulisan [[~~Peradaban Minoa\|~~peradaban Minoa]] (Kreta) dari tahun 1800 sampai 1450 SM, yang secara hipotetis digunakan untuk menulis [[bahasa Minoa]]. Linear A adalah aksara utama yang digunakan dalam istana dan tulisan religius peradaban Minoa. Aksara ini ditemukan oleh arkeolog Sir  [[Arthur Evans]]. Linear A digantikan oleh [[Linear B]], yang digunakan oleh peradaban [[Mykenai]] untuk menulis bentuk awal [[~~Bahasa Yunani Kuno\|~~bahasa Yunani Kuno]]. Belum ada satupun teks dalam Linear A yang berhasil diuraikan. Istilah ''linear'' mengacu pada fakta bahwa aksara ini ditulis dengan menggunakan semacam ''stylus'' untuk menorehkan garis ke dalam lempengan tanah liat, tidak seperti [[aksara paku]], yang ditulis dengan menggunakan ''stylus'' yang ditekan ke dalam tanah liat untuk membentuk ''irisan''. Linear A memiliki sekelompok aksara yang berevolusi secara independen dari sistem Mesir dan Mesopotamia. Selama milenium kedua SM, terdapat empat cabang utama: Linear A, Linear B, [[Cypro-Minoan]], dan [[~~Hieroglif Kreta\|~~hieroglif Kreta]].<ref name="Packard-MLA-C1">{{harvnb\|Packard\|1974\|loc=Chapter 1: Introduction}}.</ref> Pada tahun 1950-an, Linear B diuraikan sebagai [[Yunani Mykenai]]. Linear B memiliki banyak simbol yang sama dengan Linier  A, dan mungkin menunjukkan nilai suku kata yang serupa. Tetapi baik Linear B maupun aksara lainnya yang diusulkan tidak mengarah pada bahasa yang dapat dibaca oleh para ahli. Satu-satunya bagian dari aksara ini yang dapat dibaca dengan pasti adalah tanda untuk angka, yang hanya dikenal sebagai nilai numerik; kata-kata untuk angka-angka itu tetap tidak diketahui. __NOTOC__ ==Aksara== Sebagian besar hipotesis tentang skrip Linear A dan bahasa Minoa berkaitan dengan Linear B. Linear A memiliki ratusan simbol, diyakini mewakili nilai suku kata, ideografik, dan semantik dengan cara yang mirip dengan [[Linear B]]. Terlepas dari simbol suku kata yang dianggap mirip dengan dengan Linear B, sekitar 80% [[logogram]] Linear A benar-benar unik;<ref name="Packard-MLA-C1"/><ref name="Younger-7B">{{cite web \|last=Younger \|first=John \|work=Linear A texts in phonetic transcription \|title=7b. The Script \|year=2000 \|publisher=University of Kansas \|url=http://www.people.ku.edu/~jyounger/LinearA/#7b}}~~</ref><ref name="Packard-MLA-C1">{{harvnb\|Packard\|1974\|loc=Chapter 1: Introduction}}.~~</ref> perbedaan nilai suara antara Linier A dan Linear B berkisar dari 9% hingga 13%.{{sfn\|Owens\|1999\|pp=23–24 (David Packard, in 1974, calculated a sound-value difference of 10.80% ± 1.80%; Yves Duhoux, in 1989, calculated a sound-value difference of 14.34% ± 1.80% and Gareth Owens, in 1996, calculated a sound-value difference of 9–13%)}} Huruf ini terutama ditulis dari kiri-ke-kanan, tetapi kadang-kadang muncul sebagai skrip kanan-ke-kiri atau [[boustrophedon]]. Aksara linear A dapat dibagi menjadi empat kategori: * angka dan simbol metrik, * simbol fonetik, * ligatur dan tanda komposit, dan * ideogram. Angka Linear A mengikuti sistem desimal, unit diwakili oleh garis vertikal, puluhan dengan garis horizontal, ratusan dengan lingkaran, dan ribuan dengan lingkaran bersinar. Tanda khusus yang bertepatan dengan angka dianggap sebagai pecahan.<ref>{{harvnb\|Packard\|1974\|pages=23–24}}</ref> Fitur yang menarik adalah pencatatan angka dalam skrip: Angka tertinggi yang tercatat dalam teks Linear A yang diketahui adalah 3000, tetapi terdapat simbol khusus untuk menunjukkan pecahan dan bobot. === Simbol dan tanda === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" \|+ Linear A: simbol dan lambang bilangan menurut E. Bennett. Pengucapan didasarkan pada analogi dengan [[Linear B]]. \|- ! colspan="2" \| 01-20 ! colspan="2" \| 21-30 ! colspan="2" \| 31-53 ! colspan="2" \| 54-74 ! colspan="2" \| 76-122 ! colspan="2" \| 123-306 \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A001.svg]] \| ''DA'' ''01'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A021.svg]] \| ''QI'' ''21'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A031.svg]] \| ''SA'' ''31'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A054.svg]] \| ''WA'' ''54'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A076.svg]] \| ''76'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A123.svg]] \| ''123'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A002.svg]] \| ''RO'' ''02'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A021f.svg]] \| ''21<sup>f</sup>'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A034.svg]] \| ''34'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A055.svg]] \| ''55'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A077.svg]] \| ''KA'' ''77'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A131a.svg]] \| ''131a'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A003.svg]] \| ''PA'' ''03'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A021m.svg]] \| ''21<sup>m</sup>'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A037.svg]] \| ''TI'' ''37'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A056.svg]] \| ''PA<sub>3</sub>'' ''56'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A078.svg]] \| ''QE'' ''78'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A131b.svg]] \| ''131b'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A004.svg]] \| ''TE'' ''04'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A022.svg]] \| ''MI?'' ''22'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A038.svg]] \| ''E'' ''38'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A057.svg]] \| ''JA'' ''57'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A079.svg]] \| ''WO<sub>2</sub>''? ''79'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A131c.svg]] \| ''131c'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A005.svg]] \| ''05'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A022f.svg]] \| ''22<sup>f</sup>'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A039.svg]] \| ''PI'' ''39'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A058.svg]] \| ''SU'' ''58'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A080.svg]] \| ''MA'' ''80'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A164.svg]] \| ''164'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A006.svg]] \| ''NA'' ''06'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A022m.svg]] \| ''22<sup>m</sup>'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A040.svg]] \| ''WI'' ''40'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A059.svg]] \| ''TA'' ''59'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A081.svg]] \| ''KU'' ''81'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A171.svg]] \| ''171'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A007.svg]] \| ''DI'' ''07'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A023.svg]] \| ''MU'' ''23'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A041.svg]] \| ''SI'' ''41'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A060.svg]] \| ''RA'' ''60'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A082.svg]] \| ''82'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A180.svg]] \| ''180'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A008.svg]] \| ''A'' ''08'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A023m.svg]] \| ''23<sup>m</sup>'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A044.svg]] \| ''KE'' ''44'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A061.svg]] \| ''O'' ''61'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A085.svg]] \| ''85'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A188.svg]] \| ''188'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A009.svg]] \| ''S'' ''09'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A024.svg]] \| ''NE'' ''24'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A045.svg]] \| ''45'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A065.svg]] \| ''JU'' ''65'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A086.svg]] \| ''86'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A191.svg]] \| ''191'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A010.svg]] \| ''10'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A026.svg]] \| ''RU'' ''26'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A046.svg]] \| ''46'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A066.svg]] \| ''TA<sub>2</sub>'' ''66'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A087.svg]] \| ''TWE'' ''87'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A301.svg]] \| ''301'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A011.svg]] \| ''11'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A027.svg]] \| ''RE'' ''27'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A047.svg]] \| ''47'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A067.svg]] \| ''KI'' ''67'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A100.svg]] \| ''100/<br/>102'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A302.svg]] \| ''302'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A013.svg]] \| ''ME'' ''13'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A028.svg]] \| ''I'' ''28'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A049.svg]] \| ''49'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A069.svg]] \| ''TU'' ''69'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A118.svg]] \| ''118'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A303.svg]] \| ''303'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A016.svg]] \| ''QA<sub>2</sub>'' ''16'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A028b.svg]] \| ''28b'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A050.svg]] \| ''PU'' ''50'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A070.svg]] \| ''70'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A120.svg]] \| ''120'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A304.svg]] \| ''304'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A017.svg]] \| ''ZA'' ''17'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A029.svg]] \| ''29'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A051.svg]] \| ''DU'' ''51'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A073.svg]] \| ''MI'' ''73'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A120b.svg]] \| ''120b'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A305.svg]] \| ''305'' \|- \| [[File:Linear A Sign A020.svg]] \| ''ZO'' ''20'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A030.svg]] \| ''NI'' ''30'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A053.svg]] \| ''53'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A074.svg]] \| ''ZE'' ''74'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A122.svg]] \| ''122'' \| [[File:Linear A Sign A306.svg]] \| ''306'' \|} == Referensi == Baris 51 ⟶ 600: {{cite book\|last1=Dietrich\|first1=Manfried\|last2=Loretz\|first2=Oswald\|title=In Memoriam: Cyrus H. Gordon\|year=2001\|location=Münster\|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag\|isbn=978-3-934628-00-7\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlrvMQEACAAJ}} {{cite book\|last1=Facchetti\|first1=Giulio M.\|last2=Negri\|first2=Mario\|title=Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa\|year=2003\|language=it\|location=Firenze\|publisher=L.S. Olschki\|isbn=978-88-222-5291-3\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgpZAAAAMAAJ}} {{cite book\|last=Finkelberg\|first=Margalit\|chapter=Bronze Age Writing: Contacts between East and West\|editor1=Cline, E.H.\|editor2=Harris-Cline, D.\|title=The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 18–20 April 1997. Liège 1998\|journal=Aegeum\|volume=18\|year=1998\|pages=265–272\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234459/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum18(pdf)/31%20Finkelberg.pdf\|archive-date=3 March 2016\|chapter-url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum18(pdf)/31%20Finkelberg.pdf }} {{cite journal\|last=Georgiev\|first=Vladimir I.\|title=Les deux langues des inscriptions crétoises en linéaire A\|journal=Linguistique Balkanique\|volume=7\|issue=1\|year=1963\|pages=1–104\|language=fr}} {{cite journal\|last=Haarmann\|first=Harald\|title=The Danube Script and Other Ancient Writing Systems: A Typology of Distinctive Features\|journal=The Journal of Archaeomythology\|volume=4\|number=1\|year=2008\|pages=12–46 }} {{cite journal\|last=Nagy\|first=Gregory\|title=Greek-Like Elements in Linear A\|journal=Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies\|issue=4\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=1963\|pages=181–211 \|url=http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/download/11991/4031}} {{cite journal\|last=Olivier\|first=J.P.\|title=Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium B.C.\|journal=World Archaeology\|volume=17\|issue=3\|year=1986\|pages=377–389\|doi=10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977\|url=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/248436/4/53a239ae-5319-44a5-b013-69ca027964b7.txt}} {{cite journal\|last=Owens\|first=Gareth\|title=The Structure of the Minoan Language\|journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies\|volume=27\|number=1–2\|year=1999\|pages=15–56 \|url=http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/documents/minoan_language/jies27.pdf \|access-date=2021-01-14\|archive-date=2020-07-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723005340/https://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/documents/minoan_language/jies27.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} {{cite news\|last=Owens\|first=Gareth Alun\|title=Η Δομή της Μινωικής Γλώσσας\|trans-title=The Structure of the Minoan Language\|year=2007\|location=Heraklion\|publisher=TEI of Crete –Daidalika \|language=el \|url=http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/documents/minoan_language/minoan2007_gr.pdf\|access-date=2021-01-14\|archive-date=2016-06-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603124455/http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/documents/minoan_language/minoan2007_gr.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} {{cite book\|last=Packard\|first=David W.\|title=Minoan Linear A\|year=1974\|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-02580-6\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vax3kwoscWQC }} {{cite book\|last=Palaima\|first=Thomas G.\|author-link=Thomas G. Palaima\|chapter=Cypro-Minoan Scripts: Problems of Historical Context\|editor1=Duhoux, Yves\|editor2=Palaima, Thomas G.\|editor3=Bennet, John\|title=Problems in Decipherment\|year=1997\|orig-year=1989\|publisher=Peeters\|location=Louvain-La-Neuve\|pages=121–188\|isbn=978-90-6831-177-8\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TanjAHRuJt4C&pg=PA121}} {{cite journal\|last=Palmer\|first=Leonard Robert\|title=Luvian and Linear A\|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society\|volume=57\|issue=1\|year=1958\|pages=75–100\|doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1958.tb01273.x}} {{cite book\|last=Robinson\|first=Andrew\|title=Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction\|year=2009\|location=Oxford\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-9-40-215757-4\|url=http://minoanscript.nl/volume-i-part-i/}} {{cite journal\|last=Schoep\|first=Ilse\|title=Tablets and Territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB Political Geography through Undeciphered Documents\|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1999-04_103_2/page/201\|journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]] \|volume=103 \|number=2 \|year=1999 \|pages=201–21\|doi=10.2307/506745\|jstor=506745}} {{cite book\|last=van Soesbergen\|first=Peter\|series=Minoan Linear A\|volume=I\|title=Hurrians and Hurrian in Minoan Crete\|chapter=Part 1, Text\|year=2016\|location=Amsterdam\|publisher=Brave New Books\|isbn=978-0-19-956778-2\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E299l2_XY0wC}} {{cite book\|last=Yatsemirsky\|first=Sergei A.\|title=Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov\|trans-title=Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages \|year=2011 \|language=ru\|location=Moscow\|publisher=Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury \|isbn=978-5-9551-0479-9\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4e8twAACAAJ}} {{refend\|2}} Baris 71 ⟶ 620: Marangozis, John (2007). ''An introduction to Minoan Linear A''. LINCOM Europa, {{ISBN\|3-89586-386-6}} {{cite journal\|last=Montecchi\|first=Barbara\|title=A Classification Proposal of Linear A Tablets from Haghia Triada in Classes and Series\|journal=Kadmos\|volume=49\|issue=1\|date=January 2010\|pages=11–38\|doi=10.1515/KADMOS.2010.002\|s2cid=124902710}} {{cite journal\|last=Nagy\|first=Gregory\|title=Observations on the Sign-Grouping and Vocabulary of Linear A\|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1965-10_69_4/page/295\|journal=American Journal of Archaeology\|volume=69\|pages=295–330\|number=4\|date=October 1965\|doi=10.2307/502181\|jstor=502181}} {{cite journal\|last=Palmer\|first=Ruth\|title=Linear A Commodities: A Comparison of Resources\|journal=Aegeum\|volume=12\|year=1995\|url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palmer.pdf\|access-date=2021-01-14\|archive-date=2015-04-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123207/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palmer.pdf\|dead-url=yes}} {{cite book\|last=Salgarella\|first=Ester\|title=Aegean Linear Script(s): Rethinking the Relationship between Linear A and Linear B\|location=Cambridge\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2020\|isbn=9781108479387}} * Thomas, Helena. Understanding the transition from Linear A to Linear B script. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Supervisor: Professor John Bennet. Thesis (D. Phil.). University of Oxford, 2003. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311–338). {{cite book\|last=Woodard\|first=Roger D.\|title=Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer\|url=https://archive.org/details/greekwritingfrom0000wood\|location=New York\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1997\|isbn=978-0-19-510520-9}} ([http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/BMCR-L/Mirror/1998/98.4.04.html Review] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219041014/http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu/mailing_lists/BMCR-L/Mirror/1998/98.4.04.html \|date=2006-02-19 }}) == Pranala luar == Baris 81 ⟶ 630: [http://www.people.ku.edu/~jyounger/LinearA/ Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription] by John Younger (Last Update: 10 July 2020). [https://sigla.phis.me/ Interactive database of Linear A inscriptions] [http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/ DAIDALIKA – Scripts and Languages of Minoan and Mycenaean Crete] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203023/http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika/ \|date=2011-07-18 }} [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lineara.htm Omniglot: Writing Systems & Languages of the World] [http://lila.sns.it/mnamon/index.php?page=Risorse&id=19 Mnamon: Antiche Scritture del Mediterraneo (Antique Writings of the Mediterranean)] Baris 92 ⟶ 641: *[https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiaKvashilava Interpretation of the Linear A Scripts] by Gia Kvashilava [[Kategori:Bahasa Eteokreta]] ~~{{bahasa-stub}}~~ ~~[[Category:Bahasa Eteokreta]]~~