Penyerbuan Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi

|caption=Kapal Jerman [[Kapal perang Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]], menembak [[Westerplatte]], [[1 September]] [[1939]].

|date=[[1 September]] – [[6 Oktober]] [[1939]]{{br}}(1 bulan, 5 hari)

|place=[[Republik Polandia Kedua|Polandia]] dan [[Kota Merdeka Danzig]]

|result=Kemenangan [[Blok Poros]] dan [[Soviet]]; Teritori Polandia terbagi antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet

|combatant1={{negaraFlag|Polandia|1939}} [[Republik Polandia Kedua|Polandia]]

|combatant2=[[Berkas:Flag{{Flagdeco|Jerman of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]Nazi}} [[Nazi Jerman Nazi]]<{{br/>[[Berkas:Flag}}{{Flagdeco|Uni of the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]]Soviet}} [[Uni Soviet]]<{{br/>[[Berkas:Flag of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg}}{{flagdeco|22px]]Rusia}} [[Republik Slowakia (1939–1945)|Slowakia]]

|commander1={{negara|Polandia}} [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Wacław Stachiewicz]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Tadeusz Kutrzeba]]{{br}}{{negara|Polandia}} [[Juliusz Rómmel]]

|commander2=[[Berkas:Flag{{Flagdeco|Jerman of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]Nazi}} [[Fedor von Bock]]<{{br/>[[Berkas:Flag}}{{Flagdeco|Jerman of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]Nazi}} [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]<{{br/>}}{{Flagdeco|Jerman Nazi}} [[Berkas:FlagWalter ofvon the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22pxReichenau]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni Soviet}} [[Mikhail Kovalev]] <small>(Front Belorusia),</small><{{br/>[[Berkas:Flag}}{{Flagdeco|Uni of the_Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]]Soviet}} [[Semyon Timoshenko]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Uni <small>(FrontSoviet}} Ukraina),</small><br/>[[Berkas:FlagVasily of First Slovak Republic 1939-1945.svg|22pxChuikov]]{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Rusia}} [[Ferdinand Čatloš]]

|strength1='''Polandia''':<{{br/>}}39 divisi,<ref name=pereslegin>Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93</ref><{{br/>}} 16 brigadir,<ref name=pereslegin/><{{br/>}}4.300 senapan,<ref name=pereslegin/><{{br/>}}880 tank,<{{br/>400}}800 pesawat tempur<ref name=polishgovernment>Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [http://www.ww2.pl/The,1939,Campaign,22.html The 1939 Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211729/http://www.ww2.pl/The%2C1939%2CCampaign%2C22.html |date=2013-12-11 }} [[Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 2005</ref><{{br/>}} '''Jumlah: 950.000'''

|strength2='''Jerman''':<{{br/>}}56 divisi,<{{br/>}}4 brigadir,<{{br/>}}9.000 senapan,<ref name=polishgovernment/><{{br/>}}2.500 tank,<ref name=polishgovernment/><{{br/>}}2.315 pesawat tempur<ref>E.R Hooton, p85</ref> <{{br/>}}'''Uni Soviet''':<{{br/>}}33+ divisi,<{{br/>}}11+ brigadir,<{{br/>}}4.959 senapan,<{{br/>}}4.736 tank,<{{br/>}}3.300 pesawat tempur<{{br/>}}'''Slowakia''':<{{br/>}}3 divisi<{{br/>}}'''Jumlah''':<{{br/>}}1.500.000 orangpasukan Jerman,<ref name=polishgovernment/><{{br/>}} 800.000+ orangpasukan Soviet,<{{br/>}} 50.000 orangpasukan Slowakia<{{br/>}}'''Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+'''

|casualties1='''Polandia''':<{{br/>}}66.000 tewas,<{{br/>}}133.700 terluka,<{{br/>}}694.000 ditangkap

|casualties2='''Jerman''':<{{br/>}}16.343 tewas,<{{br/>}}27.280 terluka,<{{br/>}}320 hilang<{{br/>}}'''Uni Soviet''':<{{br/>737}}1.475 tewas atau hilang,<{{br/>1}}2.125383 terluka<{{br/>}}'''Slowakia''':<{{br/>18}}37 tewas,<{{br/>46}}114 terluka,<{{br/>}}11 hilang

'''InvasiPenyerbuan Polandia tahun 1939''' (di [[Polandia]] juga disebut "'''Kampanye September'''", "''Kampania wrześniowa''," dan "'''Perang Defensif 1939'''," "''Wojna obronna 1939 roku''"; di [[Jerman]], "'''Kampanye Polandia'''," "''Polenfeldzug''," dinamai "[[Fall Weiss (1939)|''Fall Weiss'']]," "Case White," oleh Jerman, dan terkadangkadang-kadang disebut "'''Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939'''"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh [[Jerman Nazi Jerman]], [[Uni Soviet]], dan kontingen [[Invasi Slowakia ke Polandia|Slowakia]] yang merupakan sebab khusus [[Perang Dunia II]].

InvasiPenyerbuan [[Polandia]] menandai dimulainya [[Palagan Eropa dalam Perang Dunia II|Perang Dunia II di Eropa]]. karena[[Blok sekutuSekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]] Polandia,: [[Britania Raya]], [[Australia]], dan [[Selandia Baru]],<ref name="NZHistory">{{cite web |author=History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand |title=Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand |year=2005 |work=New Zealand's History online |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/2334 |accessdate=2007-01-15 |language=English}}</ref> menyatakan perang kepada [[Jerman Nazi|Jerman]] pada tanggal [[3 September]], yang segera diikuti oleh [[PerancisPrancis]], [[Afrika Selatan]], dan [[Kanada]] diantara lainnya. InvasiPenyerbuan Polandia dimulai pada tanggal [[1 September]] [[1939]], satu minggu setelah penandatanganan [[Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop]], dan invasipenyerbuan ini berakhir pada tanggal [[6 Oktober]] [[1939]], dengansetelah Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan PerancisPrancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangansangat sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat [[Perang Phoney]]).

Dengan terjadinya [[Insiden Gleiwitz|"Serangan Polandia" palsu oleh Jerman]] pada tanggal [[31 Agustus]] [[1939]], pada [[1 September]], pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari arah utara, selatan, dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terbagi menjadi tipisterpencar untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam [[Pertempuran Bzura]], Jerman mendapat keuntungan yang tidak perlu dipersoalkan lagi.tentara Polandia lalu mulai mundur ke tenggara, mengikuti rencana untuk memanggil bantuan pertahanan pada daerahmelindungi ''[[Romanianprzedmoście bridgeheadrumuńskie]]'', tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu serangan balasanbantuan Sekutu.<ref name="Baliszewski-MH">Baliszewski, ''Most honoru''</ref>

Pada tanggal [[17 September]] [[1939]], [[tentara Merah]] Soviet menyerang [[Kresy|daerah timur Polandia]] dalam kooperasi dengan Jerman.<ref name="Fischer">Fischer 1999–2000</ref> Soviet mengambil daerah mereka darisesuai dengan pembagian pada pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop, yang membagi Eropa Timur untuk Nazi dan Soviet.<ref name="Cienciala">{{cite web |authorlink=Anna M. Cienciala |first=Anna M. |last=Cienciala |year=2004 |url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm |title=The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II |publisher=[[University of Kansas]] |accessdate=2006-03-15 |archive-date=2012-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801010755/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Untuk menghadapi front kedua, pemerintahPemerintah Polandia memilihmenyadari bahwa mempertahakan ''RomanianPrzedmoście bridgeheadrumuńskie'' sudah tidak lagi feasibleberguna dan memerintahkan evakuasi semua pasukan ke [[RomaniaRumania]].<ref name="Sanford">{{wikiref |id=Sanford-2005 |text=Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24}}</ref> Pada [[1 Oktober]], Jerman dan Uni Soviet sepenuhnyaberhasil menguasai seluruh Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah. Tanah dan Angkatan Udara Polandia yang masih ada dievakuasi ke [[Romania]] dan [[Hongaria]]. Banyak yang melarikan diri bergabung dengan pasukan Polandia di [[Perancis]], [[Suriah]], dan [[Britania Raya]].

Setelah kampanye militer September, [[Negara Rahasia Polandia|gerakan perlawanan]] dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus berkontribusiterlibat dalam operasi militer Sekutu. Jerman merebut wilayah Polandia yang diduduki Soviet ketika Jerman menyerang Uni Soviet pada tanggal [[22 Juni]] [[1941]], dan kehilangan teritori pada tahun 1944 kepada tentara Merah. Setelah perang, Polandia kehilangan lebih dari 20% populasi sebelum perang dibawah pendudukan yang mendandai berakhirnya [[Negara Polandia Kedua]].

* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |title=The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure |url=https://archive.org/details/germanarmy1933190000coop_r0w6|publisher=Stein and Day |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=0-8128-2468-7}}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz |last=Chodakiewicz |first=Marek Jan |title=Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-7391-0484-5}}

* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=[[Brute Force (book)|Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War]] |publisher=Viking Adult |edition=1st American ed. |year=1999 |isbn=0-670-80773-7}}

* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq16st2z?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |dead-url=yes }}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Jan T. Gross |last=Gross |first=Jan T. |title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-09603-1}}

* {{cite book |last=Hooton |first=E. R. |year=2007 |title=Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Chervron/Ian Allen |isbn=978-1-903223-71-7}}

* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Robert M. |title=The German Campaign in Poland (1939) |publisher=Zenger |year=1980 |isbn=0-89201-064-9}}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Richard C. Lukas |last=Lukas |first=Richard C. |title=Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-7818-0901-0}}

* {{cite book |last=Majer |first=Diemut |coauthors=et al. |title=Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8018-6493-3}}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Anita J. Prazmowska |last=Prazmowska |first=Anita J. |title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally |url=https://archive.org/details/britainpoland1930000praz|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-48385-9}}

* {{cite book |last=Rossino |first=Alexander B. |title=Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerstrikespol0000ross|location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2003 |isbn=0-7006-1234-3}}

* {{cite book |authorlink=George Sanford (scholar) |last=Sanford |first=George |year=2005 |title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory |location=London, New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415338735}}

* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter Charles |title=Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/stukaspearheadli0000smit|publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-85367-329-3}}

* {{cite book |last=Sword |first=Keith |title=The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1991 |isbn=0-312-05570-6}}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Wacław Stachiewicz |first=Wacław |last=Stachiewicz |title=Wierności dochować żołnierskiej |publisher=OW RYTM |year=1998 |isbn=83-86678-71-2 |language=Polish}}

* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. J. P. |coauthors=Mayer, S. L. (eds.) |title=A History Of World War Two |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldwa00tayl|location=London |publisher=Octopus Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-70640-399-1}}

* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |coauthors=Gerrard, Howard |title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg |url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-84176-408-6}}

* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |title=The Polish Army 1939–1945 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1982 |isbn=0-85045-417-4}}

* {{cite book |first=Jochen |last=Böhler |title=Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) |year=2006 |publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag |location=Frankfurt |isbn=3-596-16307-2 |language=German}}

* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-III.html detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents]

* [http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215210220/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html |date=2007-12-15 }}

* [http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033339/http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}

* [http://www.achtungpanzer.com/polcamp.htm The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer]

* [http://www.feldgrau.com/stats.html German Statistics including September Campaign losses]

* [http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/EuropeatWar/blitzkrieg_poland.htm Brief Campaign losses and more statistics]

* [http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829215526/http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ |date=2005-08-29 }}

* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25&nbsp;August 1939.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126160834/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm |date=2005-11-26 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040817080534/http://ww2.boom.ru/Poland/defence.html Poland's Defence War], a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939

* [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507162338/http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html |date=2005-05-07 }} and [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404033022/http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html |date=2005-04-04 }}

* [http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html German reply] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007164624/http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html |date=2006-10-07 }} to British Government's ultimatum of [[3 September]] [[1939]]

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland] [[1 September]] [[1939]].

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/08/99/world_war_11/default.stm BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe]

* [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125141611/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html |date=2005-11-25 }}

* [http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War] An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war

* [http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm Invasion of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229230401/http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm |date=2007-12-29 }}

[[enKategori:InvasionRusia ofdalam Polandtahun (1939)]]

[[esKategori:InvasiónJerman dedalam Polonia detahun 1939]]