Angkatan Udara Turki: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= Angkatan Udara Turki
|image=
|caption=
|start_date=
|country= {{
|allegiance=
|branch=
|type=
|role=
|size= 50.000 personel<ref>{{cite web|title=The Military Balance 2021 |url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021}}</ref><br>1.248 pesawat<ref>{{cite web|title=Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin muharip uçak envanteri |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/turk-hava-kuvvetlerinin-muharip-ucak-envanteri/}}</ref>
|command_structure= [[Angkatan Bersenjata Turki]]
|garrison= [[Ankara]]
Baris 23 ⟶ 22:
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= {{clist|title={{nobold|Daftar pertempuran}}|[[Perang
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
<!-- Commanders -->
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|notable_commanders=
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol= [[Berkas:
|identification_symbol_label= Roundel
|aircraft_attack= [[TAI Anka|Anka-S]], [[Bayraktar TB2|TB2]], [[Bayraktar Akıncı|Akıncı]]
|aircraft_bomber=[[F-4 Phantom|F-4E]]
|aircraft_fighter= [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D]]
|aircraft_interceptor=
|aircraft_recon= [[TAI Baykuş|Baykuş]], [[TAI Gözcü|Gözcü]], [[IAI Heron|Heron]], [[TAI Pelikan|Pelikan]], [[TAI Keklik|Keklik]], [[Baykar Malazgirt Helicopter UAV|Malazgirt]], [[TAI Martı|Martı]], [[TAI Şimşek|Şimşek]], [[Bayraktar UAV|TB-1]], [[TAI Turna|Turna]], [[Vestel Karayel|Karayel]]
|aircraft_patrol=
|aircraft_trainer=
|aircraft_electronic=
|aircraft_transport=
|identification_symbol_2=[[Berkas:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|65px]]|website=[http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/ www.hvkk.tsk.tr]|identification_symbol_3=[[Berkas:Ribbon of the Turkish Air Force.svg|center|120px]]|identification_symbol_3_label=Brevet|identification_symbol_2_label=Fin flash|native_name=''Türk Hava Kuvvetleri''|commander3_label=Komandan Angkatan Udara|commander3={{Flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Air Force Command.svg|size=23px}} [[Jenderal]] Hasan Küçükakyüz|commander2_label=Kepala Staf Umum|commander2={{Flagicon image|Standard of General staff of Turkish Armed Forces.svg|size=23px}} [[Jenderal]] Yaşar Güler|commander1_label=Panglima Tertinggi|commander1={{Flagicon image|Flag of the President of Turkey.svg|size=23px}} [[Presiden Turki|Presiden]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]|aircraft_tanker=[[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135]]|image_size=220px}}
'''Angkatan Udara Turki''' (
Pada tahun 1998, Angkatan Bersenjata Turki mengumumkan program modernisasi senilai US$160 miliar selama periode dua puluh tahun di berbagai proyek.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit:Turkey, p.22 (2005)</ref> $45 miliar dialokasikan untuk perombakan Angkatan Udara Turki, dan termasuk komisioning pesawat tempur baru (terdiri dari [[TFX|TAI TFX]] dan [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]]) dan helikopter (terdiri dari pengangkut berat, serang, angkat sedang dan umum ringan. helikopter tujuan).
Menurut [[Flight International]] ([[Flightglobal|Flightglobal.com]]) dan Institut ''International Institute for Strategic Studies'', Angkatan Udara Turki memiliki kekuatan aktif 50.000 personel militer dan mengoperasikan sekitar 1.248 pesawat berawak (2020).
== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:Turkish pilots in 1912.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pilot Utsmaniyah pada tahun 1912]]
Sejarah penerbangan militer Utsmaniyah dimulai antara Juni 1909<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-07|title=Wayback Machine|url=http://www.turkeyswar.com/aviation.html|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2013-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207125505/http://www.turkeyswar.com/aviation.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> dan Juli 1911.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Olson|first=Robert|date=2000|title=The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937-8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571104|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=40|issue=1|pages=67–94|issn=0043-2539}}</ref> Pada tahun 1911 mantan komandan Tentara Aksi [[Mahmut Şevket Pasha]] berhasil mengirim beberapa perwira militer Turki ke sekolah penerbangan Bleriot Prancis. Pada tahun yang sama pembentukan angkatan udara Turki dipertimbangkan. Selama [[perang Italia-Turki]] tahun 1911, [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]] harus mengakui kelemahan mereka karena tidak memiliki angkatan udara. Selanjutnya Utsmaniyah mempekerjakan insinyur Jerman dan Prancis yang membantu mereka mendirikan angkatan udara dengan selusin pesawat. Skuadron Penerbangan Utsmaniyah berpartisipasi dalam [[Perang Balkan I|Perang Balkan]] (1912–1913) dan [[Perang Dunia I]] (1914–1918).
Setelah berdirinya [[Turki|Republik Turki]] pada 29 Oktober 1923, dibuat rencana untuk membentuk angkatan udara modern. Awalnya terdiri dari tiga unit penerbangan normal dan satu angkatan laut, dan sebuah sekolah udara, jumlah unit ditingkatkan menjadi 10 unit penerbangan normal dan tiga unit penerbangan angkatan laut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2014-10-07|title=1923-1944 - Turkish Air Force|url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=22|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220754/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=22|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1940, brigade udara Turki memiliki lebih dari 500 pesawat tempur dalam inventarisnya, menjadikannya angkatan udara terbesar di [[Balkan]] dan [[Timur Tengah]].<ref name=":0" /> Setelah Turki menjadi anggota [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara|NATO]] pada tahun 1952, proses modernisasi dipercepat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-10-07|title=1944-1980 - Turkish Air Force|url=http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=23|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007151256/http://www.hvkk.tsk.tr/EN/IcerikDetay.aspx?ID=23|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Pada tahun 1962, ''Taktik Hava Kuvveti'' (Angkatan Udara Taktis) didirikan dengan memperbarui unit ''Hava Tümeni'' (Divisi Udara) menjadi organisasi tingkat korps. Pada tahun 1974 Angkatan Udara diterjunkan dalam [[Sengketa Siprus|Perang Siprus]]. Dengan kedatangan jet tempur generasi ke-3 pada tahun 1980, Angkatan Udara direorganisasi.<ref name=":1" />
Turki adalah salah satu dari lima negara anggota [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara|NATO]] yang merupakan bagian dari kebijakan berbagi nuklir aliansi, bersama dengan [[Belanda]], [[Belgia]], [[Italia]], dan [[Jerman]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-10|title=Yankee Bombs Go Home: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/yankee-bombs-go-home-foreign-minister-wants-us-nukes-out-of-germany-a-618550.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|language=en|issn=2195-1349|access-date=2022-04-15}}</ref> Sebanyak 90 [[B61|bom nuklir B61]] disimpan di Pangkalan Udara Incirlik, 40 di antaranya dialokasikan untuk digunakan oleh Angkatan Udara Turki jika terjadi konflik nuklir, tetapi penggunaannya memerlukan persetujuan NATO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005|url=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro_pt1.pdf|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2011-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101060355/http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro_pt1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada 2010, [[Amerika Serikat]] sedang mempertimbangkan untuk menarik bom nuklir ini dari Turki, dan dari beberapa lokasi asing lainnya di Eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-15|title=Report: US considers withdrawing nuclear bombs from Turkey|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-206266-report-us-considers-withdrawing-nuclear-bombs-from-turkey.html|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2014-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015215258/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-206266-report-us-considers-withdrawing-nuclear-bombs-from-turkey.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>
Menyusul [[Upaya kudeta Turki 2016|upaya kudeta yang gagal pada tahun 2016]] dan pembersihan berikutnya, lebih dari 300 pilot dipecat dari angkatan udara, termasuk pilot yang menembak jatuh [[Sukhoi Su-24|Su-24 Fencer]] [[Rusia]] setahun sebelumnya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peck|first=Michael|title=Turkey Nearly Killed Off Its Own Air Force|url=https://www.meforum.org/60437/turkey-nearly-killed-off-its-own-air-force|website=Middle East Forum|language=en|access-date=2022-04-15}}</ref> Hal ini mengakibatkan TAF kesulitan untuk menjaga armada tempur F-16 mereka tetap siap tempur. Pemerintah Turki mulai mencari bantuan luar negeri untuk menutupi kekurangan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey's air force can barely fly its F-16s - analyst|url=https://ahvalnews.com/defence/turkeys-air-force-can-barely-fly-its-f-16s-analyst|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2021-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904040744/https://ahvalnews.com/defence/turkeys-air-force-can-barely-fly-its-f-16s-analyst|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
== Persediaan pesawat ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:
! style="text-align:
! style="text-align:l
! style="text-align:
! style="text-align:
! style="text-align: center; background:#acc;" |Catatan
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat tempur]]
|-
|[[F-4 Phantom II]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Pesawat tempur pengebom|tempur-pengebom]]
|F-4E
|48<ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{cite web|last=|first=|year=2022|title=World Air Forces 2022|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/flight-international/how-afghanistans-fall-reshaped-world-air-forces-inventory/146576.article|work=|publisher=Flightglobal Insight|doi=|accessdate=15 March 2022|url-access=registration}}</ref>
|ditingkatkan ke F-4 Terminator 2020 oleh [[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klein and Aloni|first1=Andreas and Schlomo|date=2009|title=The 'Kurnass' in IDF/AF Service 1989 until Today|publisher=Double Ugly Books}}</ref>
|
|[[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Pesawat tempur multiperan|tempur multiperan]]
|F-16C/D
|245<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|87 varian D menyediakan [[Pesawat latih|latih konversi]].
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat peringatan dini|Pesawat AWACS]]
|-
|[[Boeing 737 AEW&C]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Pesawat peringatan dini|AEW]]
|E-7A
|4<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
|
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat patroli maritim|Patroli maritim]]
|
|[[CN-235|CASA CN-235]]
|{{Flag|Spanyol}}
|patroli / utilitas
|
|1<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pengisian bahan bakar di udara|Pesawat tanker]]
|
|[[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135 Stratotanker]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|pengisi bahan bakar
|KC-135R
|7<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat angkut militer|Pesawat angkut]]
|
|[[Transall C-160]]
|{{Flag|Jerman}}
|angkut / [[Peperangan elektronik|EW]]
|
|1<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|
|[[CN-235|CASA CN-235]]
|{{Flag|Spanyol}}
|angkut / utilitas
|
|42<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|1 digunakan untuk [[Pesawat intai|pengintaian]] - dilisensikan oleh [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]]<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-10-21|title=Turkey boosts order for CN-235|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/turkey-boosts-order-for-cn-235/23702.article|work=Flightglobal|access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref>
|-
|[[C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130 Hercules]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|[[Pesawat angkut|angkut taktis]]
|C-
|17<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
|[[Airbus A400M|Airbus A400M Atlas]]
|{{Flag|Spanyol}}
|angkut taktis
|
|10<ref>{{Cite web|last=savunmatr|title=Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin son A400M uçağı teslim edildi|url=https://www.savunmatr.com/savunma-sanayii/turk-hava-kuvvetleri-nin-son-a400m-ucagi-teslim-edildi-h17207.html|website=https://www.savunmatr.com/|language=tr|access-date=2022-03-30}}</ref>
|
|
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Helikopter]]
|
|[[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|utilitas
|UH-1H
|57<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|
|[[Sikorsky S-70]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|utilitas / [[Pencarian dan penyelamatan|CSAR]]
|T-70
|
|6 dalam pesanan<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />- dilisensikan oleh [[Turkish Aerospace Industries|TAI]]<ref name="TAIx">{{cite web|title=Helicopter {{!}} TAI|url=https://www.tusas.com/en/products/helicopter|website=tusas.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101172451/https://www.tusas.com/en/products/helicopter|archive-date=1 January 2020|accessdate=17 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma|Eurocopter AS332]]
|{{Flag|Prancis}}
|utilitas / angkut
|
|21<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat latih]]
|-
|[[KAI KT-1]]
|{{Flag|Korea Selatan}}
|latih / [[Pesawat serang|serang ringan]]
|
|39<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
|[[TAI Hürkuş]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|latih lanjut
|B
|1
|14 dalam pesanan<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|-
|[[Northrop T-38 Talon|T-38 Talon]]
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
|latih jet
|
|68<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
|[[Canadair CF-5]]
|{{Flag|Kanada}}
|latih jet
|NF-5A/B
|19<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|15 digunakan oleh tim aerobatik [[Turkish Stars]]<ref>{{cite web|date=15 October 2019|title=Turkish Stars history|url=https://www.turkyildizlari.tsk.tr/Custom/TurkYildizlari/169|publisher=SEVENTH AKROTİM. tsk.tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318045702/https://www.turkyildizlari.tsk.tr/Custom/TurkYildizlari/169|archive-date=18 March 2020|accessdate=17 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIAI-Marchetti SF.260]]
|{{Flag|Italia}}
|latih dasar
|
|35<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|
|-
|[[PAC MFI-17 Mushshak]]
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|latih dasar
|
|
|lisensi dari [[Saab Safari]] - 52 sesuai pesanan<ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center; background: lavender;" |[[Pesawat nirawak|UAV]]
|-
|[[Bayraktar TB2]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|[[Pesawat tempur nirawak|UCAV]]
|Block I / II
|107<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=Türkiye’nin SİHA gücü ne kadar? Hangi modellerde kaç SİHA var ve hangi çatışmalarda kullanıldılar? İşte cevapları|url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/342926/haber/t%C3%BCrkiyenin-si%CC%87ha-g%C3%BCc%C3%BC-ne-kadar-hangi-modellerde-ka%C3%A7-tane-var-%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalarda|website=Independent Türkçe|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016215919/https://www.indyturk.com/node/342926/haber/t%C3%BCrkiyenin-si%CC%87ha-g%C3%BCc%C3%BC-ne-kadar-hangi-modellerde-ka%C3%A7-tane-var-%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalarda|archive-date=2021-10-16|access-date=2021-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[TAI Anka]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|UCAV
|Block A / B
|28<ref>{{Cite web|last=maili|first=admin Yazar|title=Hava Kuvvetlerine 2 yeni Anka İHA teslim edildi - Sanal Savunma|url=https://www.sanalsavunma.com/hava-kuvvetlerine-2-yeni-anka-iha/|website=www.sanalsavunma.com|language=tr|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref>
|47 dalam pesanan<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Yeni nesil ANKA-S göreve başladı|url=https://haber.aero/savunma/yeni-nesil-anka-s-goreve-basladi/|website=Haber Aero|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170738/https://haber.aero/savunma/yeni-nesil-anka-s-goreve-basladi/|archive-date=2021-08-04|access-date=2021-08-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vestel Karayel]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|pengintaian
|
|10<ref name="dronenumber">{{Cite web|title=İşte TSK'nın İHA envanteri|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/ekonomi/iste-tsknin-iha-envanteri/11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214182149/https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/ekonomi/iste-tsknin-iha-envanteri/11|archive-date=2019-12-14|access-date=2019-12-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Baykar Bayraktar Mini UAV|Bayraktar Mini UAV]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|pengintaian
|
|140<ref name="dronenumber" />
|
|-
|[[Baykar Malazgirt Helicopter UAV|Malazgirt]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|pengintaian
|
|4<ref name="dronenumber" />
|
|-
|[[Bayraktar Akıncı]]
|{{Flag|Turki}}
|UCAV
|
|3<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alemdar|first=Ahmet|date=2021-09-10|title=Baykar Savunma 3 adet Bayraktar AKINCI TİHA teslim etti|url=https://www.defenceturk.net/baykar-savunma-3-adet-bayraktar-akinci-tiha-teslim-etti|website=DefenceTurk|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910172853/https://www.defenceturk.net/baykar-savunma-3-adet-bayraktar-akinci-tiha-teslim-etti|archive-date=2021-09-10|access-date=2021-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[IAI Heron]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|pengintaian
|
|10<ref name="dronenumber" />
|
|}
<gallery widths="180" heights="120" class="center">
Berkas:Turkish Air Force F4E Phantom II MOD 45157794.jpg|[[F-4 Phantom II|McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]]
Berkas:Northrop T-38A Talon, Turkey - Air Force JP7136066.jpg|[[Northrop T-38 Talon|Northrop T-38A Talon]]
Berkas:SIAI-Marchetti SF260D, Turkey - Air Force JP7136155.jpg|[[SIAI-Marchetti SF.260]]
Berkas:Turkish Air Force Boeing 737-700 KvW.jpg|[[Boeing 737 AEW&C]]
Berkas:CASA CN-235M-100, Turkey - Air Force JP7153911.jpg|[[CN-235|CASA CN-235]]
Berkas:Turkish A400M-180 5D4 7138.jpg|[[Airbus A400M|Airbus A400M Atlas]]
Berkas:Lockheed C-130E Hercules Turkey - Air Force 70-1947, LUX Luxembourg (Findel), Luxembourg PP1375718524.jpg|[[C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130 Hercules]]
Berkas:Eurocopter AS 532UL Cougar, Turkey - Air Force JP7136118.jpg|[[Eurocopter AS 532|Eurocopter AS532 Cougar]]
Berkas:Bell UH-1H Iroquois, Turkey - Air Force JP7145837.jpg|[[Bell UH-1 Iroquois]]
Berkas:Bayraktar Akıncı art.jpg|[[Bayraktar Akıncı]]
</gallery>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Angkatan Bersenjata Turki]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.tsk.mil.tr Official Turkish Armed Forces Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120055447/http://www.tsk.mil.tr/ |date=2007-11-20 }}
* [http://www.hvkk.tsk.mil.tr Official Turkish Air Force Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523163623/http://www.hvkk.tsk.mil.tr/ |date=2008-05-23 }}
* [http://www.uubf.itu.edu.tr Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics]
== Referensi ==
Baris 366 ⟶ 290:
{{NATO}}
[[Kategori:Angkatan Udara Turki| ]]
[[Kategori:Militer Turki]]
[[Kategori:Angkatan udara menurut negara|Turki]]
|