Kebangkitan dunia Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Kebangkitan dunia Arab''' atau '''Musim Semi Arab''' ({{lang-en|The Arab Spring}}; {{lang-ar|الثورات العربية}}, secara harafiah ''Pemberontakan Arab'') (lebih tepat diterjemahkan sebagai Revolusi Arab
== Pengenalan ==
Serangkaian protes dan demonstrasi di seluruh [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] telah dikenal luas dengan sebutan "''The Arab Spring''",<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12339521|title= Egypt protests: an Arab spring as old order crumbles|publisher=BBC|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Roger|last= Hardy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|title= Arab 'spring' a chance for U.S. to rewrite relationships|publisher= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]]|date= 8 March 2011|accessdate= 9 March 2011|first= Kate|last= Smith|archive-date= 2011-07-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110711113021/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moisi62/English|title= An Arab Spring?|publisher=Project Syndicate|date=26 January 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Dominique|last= Moisi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|title= http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|publisher=[[The Nation]]|date=3 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Rashid|last= Khalidi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/06/arab-spring-european-reply-labour|title= The Arab spring requires a defiantly European reply|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Jackie|last= Ashley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/03/arab_spring|title= Arab Spring – Who lost Egypt?|work=The Economist|date=1 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011}}
</ref> dan kadang "Musim Semi dan Dingin Arab",<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Aaron|title=What Is Israel’s Next Move In The New Middle East?|url=http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|work=Moment Magazine|publisher=Moment Magazine|accessdate=5/6/2011|archive-date=2011-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506055639/http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> "Kebangkitan Arab"<ref>{{cite news|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/2011/02/2011222121213770475.html}}{{cite news|url = http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html|title = Salinan arsip|access-date = 2011-08-23|archive-date = 2012-07-18|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120718183749/http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html|dead-url = yes}}{{cite news|url
{{As of|2011|07}}, unjuk rasa ini telah mengakibatkan penggulingan dua kepala negara, yaitu Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] yang kabur ke Arab Saudi tanggal 14 Januari setelah protes [[revolusi Tunisia]], dan di Mesir, [[Presiden Mesir|Presiden]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] mengundurkan diri pada 11 Februari 2011, setelah 18 hari protes massal dan mengakhiri masa kepemimpinannya selama 30 tahun. Selama periode kerusuhan regional ini, beberapa pemimpin negara mengumumkan keinginannya untuk tidak mencalonkan diri lagi setelah masa jabatannya berakhir. Presiden [[Sudan]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] mengumumkan ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=417637&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17|title=Party: Bashir is not standing for re-election|agency=Gulf Times|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> begitu pula Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]], yang masa jabatannya berakhir tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|title=Iraq PM plans no re-election|agency=[[Suara Rusia]]|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111044547/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> meski unjuk rasa semakin menjadi-jadi menuntut pengunduran dirinya sesegera mungkin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|title=Iraq angered protesters call for Maliki resignation|agency=Alsumaria|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925071202/http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Protes di Yordania juga mengakibatkan pengunduran diri pemerintah<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-01/30/c_13712927.htm|title=Jordanians stage anti-gov't sit-in in Amman|publisher=Xinhua|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> sehingga mantan Perdana Menteri and Duta Besar Yordania untuk [[Israel]] [[Marouf al-Bakhit]] ditunjuk sebagai Perdana Menteri oleh [[Abdullah II dari Yordania|Raja Abdullah]] dan ditugaskan membentuk pemerintahan baru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|title=Jordan king appoints new PM, government quits|publisher=Reuters|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pemimpin lain, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] dari Yaman, mengumumkan pada 23 April bahwa ia akan mengundurkan diri dalam waktu 30 hari dengan imbalan kekebalan hukum,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/world/middleeast/24yemen.html?src=tptw|title=President of Yemen Offers to Resign for Immunity|publisher=The New York Times|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|first=Robert F.|last=Worth}}</ref> sebuah persetujuan yang diterima oposisi Yaman secara tidak formal pada 26 April;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704677404576285473691028908.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2011|accessdate=27 April 2011|title=Yemen Protesters Accept Deal|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref> Saleh kemudian mengingkari persetujuan ini dan semakin memperpanjang pemberontakan di Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-01/yemen-accord-signing-has-been-postponed-gulf-official-says-2-.html|date=2 May 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|title=Yemen Accord Signing Has Been Postponed, Gulf Official Says|first=Donna|last=Abu-Nasr|agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Pemimpin [[Libya]] [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] menolak mengundurkan diri dan mengakibatkan [[perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara]] antara [[Libya dalam pemerintahan Gaddafi|pihak loyalis]] dan [[pasukan anti-Gaddafi|pemberontak]] yang berbasis di [[Benghazi]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Times of India|title=Libyan govt says Gaddafi won't step down|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|date=5 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=2012-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301225926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
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{{*}} Pasukan oposisi menguasai hampir semua kota-kota besar Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/witnesses-libya-army-says-benghazi-liberated-from-pro-ghadafi-forces-1.344666|title=Witnesses: Libya army says Benghazi 'liberated' from pro-Ghadafi forces|publisher=Haaretz|date=20 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222111815/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/witnesses-libya-army-says-benghazi-liberated-from-pro-ghadafi-forces-1.344666|archivedate=2011-02-22|access-date=2011-08-22|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-0224-libya-mideast-protests-20110224,0,2154651,full.story|title=Libyan opposition reportedly seizes city of Misurata|work=Los Angeles Times|date=23 February 2011|first1=Bob|last1=Drogin|first2=Raja|last2=Abdulrahim|access-date=2011-08-22|archive-date=2011-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224175153/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-0224-libya-mideast-protests-20110224,0,2154651,full.story|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-fg-0224-libya-mideast-protests-20110224,0,431198.story|title=Libyan opposition reportedly seizes key western city|work=Los Angeles Times|date=23 February 2011|first1=Bob|last1=Drogin|first2=Raja|last2=Abdulrahim}}</ref>
{{*}} Pembentukan [[Dewan Transisi Nasional]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70409|title=Libya opposition forms council, reject Gaddafi talks|publisher=World Bulletin|date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ferocious battles in Libya as national council meets for first time|url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=6 March 2011|work=NewsCore|archive-date=2019-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083631/https://www.news.com.au/world/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/news-story/77a9c3d6f7ffdb00ee111056a8447ac8|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{*}} Intervensi militer oleh [[NATO]], [[Yordania]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Israel]], [[Qatar]], [[Swedia]], dan [[UEA]] <ref name=bbc_libya_intervention>{{cite news|title=Libya: Coalition launches attacks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12796972|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=19 March 2011|date=20 March 2011}}</ref>
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|01|17}}
|Berakhir Mei 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Sultan [[Qaboos]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|title=Oman ups minimum monthly wages to $520 for nationals, Oman Economy – Maktoob News|publisher=En.news.maktoob.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714023303/http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/sit-in-in-sohar-town-forces-hypermarkets-to-close-down-1.768284|title=Sit-in in Sohar town forces hypermarkets to close down|publisher=gulfnews|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201122620711831600.html|title=Oman shuffles cabinet amid protests – Middle East|publisher=Al Jazeera English|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="AJ-Oman-5Mar">{{cite news|title=Oman's ruler dismisses ministers|author=[[Al-Jazeera English]]|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/video/middleeast/2011/03/20113565533194678.html|newspaper=|date=5 March 2011|accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pemberian kekusaan legislatif kepada legislator terpilih Oman<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Omans-Sultan-Shifts-Lawmaking-Powers-Amid-Unrest--117895309.html Oman's Sultan Granting Lawmaking Powers to Councils | Middle East | English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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{{*}} Tanggal 4 Juni, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] terluka dalam serangan terhadap masjid di tempat perlindungannya di ibu kota Yaman, [[Sana'a]], menyebabkan ia dan 35 anggota keluarganya, termasuk istrinya, serta Perdana Menteri dan Juru Bicara Parlemen Yaman, meninggalkan Yaman ke Arab Saudi. Hingga 20 Agustus, Saleh belum kembali ke Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13658445|title=Yemenis rejoice as Saleh leaves but fighting continues|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2011|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref><br />
{{*}} Wakil Presiden [[Abd al-Rahman Mansur al-Hadi]] menjabat sebagai Presiden Petahana pada 4 Juni 2011.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/04/abd-rabbu-mansour-hadi-yemen-vice-president_n_871400.html], Huffington Post, 4 June 2011.]</ref>
|1,784-1,870[<ref>150 protesters and 154 soldiers killed (by 21 May)[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137365/Yemens-president-warns-of-al-Qaida-takeover.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124075910/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700137365/Yemens-president-warns-of-al-Qaida-takeover.html|date=2012-11-24}} 150 killed in the ammo dump explosion,[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471904576228560307960384.html] total of 454 killed outside of the street fighting</ref><ref>253-273 reported killed during the [[Battle of Sana'a]], 120 during the [[Battle of Zinjibar]], 46-82 during the [[2011 Ta'izz clashes|Ta'izz clashes]], 2 in a militant attack in Loder (27 May),[http://www.france24.com/en/20110529-suspected-al-qaeda-militants-seize-yemeni-town-zinjibar%20] 5 in a tribal-Houthi clash (1 June),[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/03/world/middleeast/03yemen.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all] and 9 in a militant attack in Abyan (5 June),[http://www.kansascity.com/2011/06/05/2927897/gunmen-kill-13-troops-in-yemen.html] total of 433-491 reported killed during the street fighting</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Yaman 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
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{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html Bahrain sacks ministers amid protests] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301061141/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html |date=2011-03-01 }}, Press TV, 26 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Intervensi [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|GCC]] atas permintaan [[Pemerintah Bahrain]]
|36<ref>31 protestors killed, [http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Bahrain-Thirty-one-protesters-killed-600-arrested-since-February-group-says_311903716211.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418210101/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Bahrain-Thirty-one-protesters-killed-600-arrested-since-February-group-says_311903716211.html
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
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{{*}}Pembentukan [[Angkatan Darat Suriah Bebas|Pasukan Bebas]]; <br />
{{*}}Keangotaan Suriah di [[Liga Arab]] dihentikan sementara.
|9,045–11,300<ref>6,600+ civilians [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/] and 5,341 [http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/25/syria.unrest/]-500 [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43336855/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613064712/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43336855/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa
! style="color:#fff; background:#004a80;"|[[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|<span style="color:white;">Mengalami kerusuhan sipil dan perubahan pemerintahan</span>]]
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== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Browers|first=Michaelle|year=2009|title=Political Ideology in the Arab World: Accommodation and Transformation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000brow|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76532-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gardner|first=David|year=2009|title=Last Chance: The Middle East in the Balance|url=https://archive.org/details/lastchancemiddle0000gard_f7t9|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-041-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Goldstone |first=Jack A. |authorlink=Jack Goldstone |last2=Hazel |first2=John T., Jr. |date=14 April 2011 |title=Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67694/jack-a-goldstone/understanding-the-revolutions-of-2011 }}
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* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index The Shoe Thrower's index], An index of unrest in the Arab world, ''[[The Economist]]'', February 9, 2011
* [http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html Interview with Tariq Ramadan: "We Need to Get a Better Sense of the Trends within Islamism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226115107/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1164/i.html |date=2011-02-26 }}, ''[[Qantara.de]]'', 2 February 2011
* [http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ Arab Revolution Video Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312052014/http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ |date=2011-03-12 }}
* [http://www.revolutiontrends.org Tracking the wave of protests with statistics], ''RevolutionTrends.org''
* {{BOTW|Regional/Middle_East/Society_and_Culture/Protests_2010-2011}}
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