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{{akan dikerjakan|Hanamanteo}}
{{penjelasan singkat|Film tahun 1981 arahan Steven Spielberg}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raiders of the Lost Ark
| image = Raidersofthelostark.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
Baris 66 ⟶ 65:
| image2 = Steven Spielberg by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
}}
George Lucas merancang ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' pada tahun 1973, tak lama setelah menyelesaikan film komedi ''[[American Graffiti]]'' (1973).<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/> Poster film lama tentang watak heroik yang melompat dari kuda ke truk mengingatkan George pada film seri awal abad ke-20 yang ia nikmati semasa muda, seperti ''[[Buck Rogers (seri)|Buck Rogers]]'' (1939), ''[[Zorro's Fighting Legion]]'' (1939), ''[[Spy Smasher (seri)|Spy Smasher]]'' (1942), and ''[[Don Winslow of the Navy]]'' (1942).<ref name="MovieFoneGRAdarOverview"/><ref name="GRAdarOverviewtimeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1MovieFone"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> George ingin membuat [[film B]] yang meniru seri tersebut dan menyusun ''The Adventures of Indiana Smith'' yang menampilkan seorang arkeolog petualang yang dinamai anjing [[Alaskan Malamute]] miliknya.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> Sekitar waktu yang sama, Lucas mencoba untuk mengadaptasi serial opera ruang angkasa ''[[Flash Gordon (serial)|Flash Gordon]]'' (1936), tetapi tidak dapat memperoleh haknya.<ref name="MovieFoneGRAdarOverview"/><ref name="GRAdarOverviewMovieFone"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Lucas shelved the Indiana Smith project to focus on creating his own space opera, ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977).<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/>
 
Pada tahun 1975, George membincangkan gagasan film serinya dengan kawannya [[Philip Kaufman]]. George dan Philip ini mengerjakan naskah selama dua minggu.<ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/> George membayangkan wataknya sebagai seorang profesor perguruan tinggi dan petualang arkeolog, berdasarkan penghargaannya sendiri terhadap arkeologi dan arkeolog terkenal seperti [[Hiram Bingham III]], [[Roy Chapman Andrews]], dan [[Leonard Woolley]].<ref name="NatGeo"/> Philip menghapus pandangan George tentang Smith sebagai pelindung klub malam dan perayu wanita, serta menyarankan Tabut Perjanjian sebagai tujuan utama film tersebut;<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/> dia belajar tentang Tabut Perjanjian dari dokter gigi masa kecilnya.<ref name="EmpireMacGuffins"/> The Ark provided a source of conflict for the hero and the Nazis, playing off Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's historical [[Occultism in Nazism|fascination with the occult]].<ref name="EmpireMacGuffins"/>
 
George ingin Philip untuk menyutradarai film tersebut, tetapi karena dia sudah berkomitmen untuk mengerjakan ''[[The Outlaw Josey Wales]]'' (1976), Lucas menghentikan ide itu lagi dan kembali mengerjakan Star Wars.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="AVClubRetro"/> In May 1977, Lucas vacationed in [[Hawaii]] to avoid the potential failure of the theatrical debut of ''Star Wars''. He invited [[Steven Spielberg]] to join him and his wife.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> On a beach near [[Mauna Kea]] volcano, Lucas and Spielberg discussed their next projects. Spielberg wanted to direct a [[James Bond]] film, but Lucas pitched him ''The Adventures of Indiana Smith''.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Lucas still hoped Kaufman would direct it, but a few months later it was clear he could not participate and Lucas asked Spielberg to replace him.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
Baris 81 ⟶ 80:
[[Lawrence Kasdan]] dipilih untuk menulis naskahnya. Lawrence telah bekerja sebagai penulis naskah profesional hanya selama sebulan, tetapi George setuju untuk mempekerjakannya setelah membaca naskah film ''[[Continental Divide (film)|Continental Divide]]'' (1981) karyanya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Pada Januari 1978, George, Lawrence, dan Steven menghabiskan sekitar sembilan jam sehari selama tiga sampai lima hari di rumah asisten George di [[Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles|Sherman Oaks]], [[Kota Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] untuk mengembangkan garis besar gagasan George.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage2"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Beberapa gagasan muncul dari perbincangan mereka, di antaranya jebakan batu besar, monyet di Kairo, Toht membakar jejak medali di tangannya, dan agen pemerintah mengunci Tabut Perjanjian itu.<ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Lawrence menyadari bahwa Steven dan George memiliki beberapa keputusan yang pasti, tetapi mereka sedang mencari orang lain yang bersedia bekerja keras menyatukannya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
 
Steven membenci nama Indiana Smith karena meyakini nama itu akan mengingatkan penonton kepada watak Nevada Smith yang diperankan Steve McQueen dalam [[Nevada Smith|film berjudul sama pada tahun 1966]]. Mereka sepakat menggunakan nama "Indiana Jones".<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Aktor [[Clint Eastwood]] dan [[Toshiro Mifune]] serta watak James Bond menjadi dasar penciptaan watak Indiana.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> George ingin Indiana menjadi seorang praktisi [[kungfu]] dan ''[[playboy]]'', mendanai gaya hidupnya dengan rampasan dari petualangannya, tetapi Steven dan George merasa wataknya cukup rumit sebagai seorang petualang dan arkeolog.<ref name="NYTimesSerialsCinephilia"/><ref name="CinephiliaNewYorkerSpitball"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitballNYTimesSerials"/> Steven menyarankan agar Indiana menjadi pejudi yang rajin atau pecandu alkohol, tetapi George ingin Indiana menjadi panutan yang "jujur ​​dandan benar dan percaya."<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="NewYorkerSpitball"/> Keduanya merasa penting Indiana menjadi bisa salah, rentan, dan mampu melakukan momen komedi seperti yang serius. Mereka bermaksud agar penonton bisa berhubungan dan mengidolakan Indiana.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/> Lucas suggested Marion would have a romantic past with the much older Jones at the age of 11; Spielberg replied, "she had better be older".<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
 
Sementara Steven menyutradarai ''[[1941]]'' (1979), George menggunakan kantornya untuk menulis naskah ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dengan mengambil ilham dari seri awal abad ke-20 dan film petualangan seperti ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948), ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), and ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'' (1960).<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Dia menulis Jones sebagai antipahlawan, seorang arkeolog direduksi menjadi perampok kuburan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> George wanted a supporting cast with their own unique characteristics and believed it was important these characters had a memorable impact.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He described the hardest part of writing as explaining how Jones would fall into successive dangerous events and then survive, and how he traveled between locations.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/> In August 1978, after approximately five months, Kasdan completed his first draft.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/>
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=== Pengembangan dan praproduksi ===
[[File:Frank Marshall Deauville 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A photograph of producer Frank Marshall|Producer [[Frank Marshall (filmmaker)|Frank Marshall]] in 2012. As well as producing, Marshall had a minor role in the film as a Nazi pilot.]]
George ingin mendanai film ini sendirian, tetapi pada saat itu dia memiliki aset tunai yang terbatas.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Kepala keuangan [[Lucasfilm]] Charles Webber dan pengacara Lucas Tom Pollock menawarkan proyek tersebut ke beberapa studio Hollywood. Mereka menolaknya, sebagian karena anggaran $ 20 juta yang diusulkan, tetapi juga karena kesepakatan yang ditawarkan Lucas.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He wanted the studio to provide the budget, have no creative input and allow him to retain control of the licensing rights and any sequels.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Despite believing the project had potential, studios considered this deal unacceptable.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> The studios were also hesitant because of Spielberg's involvement. Though generally successful as a director, he had delivered a succession of films over schedule and budget.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> His recent effort, ''1941'', was both over budget and a critical failure. Lucas refused to do the project without Spielberg.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/><ref name="TelegraphRetro"/>
 
Presiden [[Paramount Pictures]] [[Michael Eisner]] berkompromi dengan George dan menyetujui kesepakatannya dengan imbalan hak eksklusif atas sekuel apapun dan hukuman berat karena melebihi jadwal atau anggaran. George menyetujui persyaratan yang mencakup keterlibatannya dalam sekuel apa pun. Ia dilaporkan merundingkan gaji antara $1 juta dan $4 juta ditambah pembagian dari keuntungan kotor, meskipun laporan terpisah menyatakan dia hanya menerima keuntungan bersih. Steven menerima gaji hingga $1,5 juta sebagai direktur dan bagian dari laba kotor. George juga merundingkan $1 juta bagi Lucasfilm.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/>
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Spielberg tertarik untuk bekerja dengan produser Frank Marshall. Dia telah mengerjakan film independen yang lebih kecil, dan Spielberg percaya dia akan menjaga film sesuai jadwal dan anggaran. Spielberg juga menyewa sinematografer Douglas Slocombe dan desainer produksi Norman Reynolds karena dia menyukai karya-karya mereka sebelumnya dan kolaborator lamanya Michael Kahn sebagai editor<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage4"/> and the film's executive producer, along with his acquaintance [[Howard Kazanjian]], whom Lucas believed would be a disciplined influence and not indulge the filmmakers' larger ambitions. He also brought in his long-time collaborator [[Robert Watts]] as associate producer and production manager. Paramount mandated a filming schedule of 85 days; Lucas, Spielberg, and Marshall agreed on a self-imposed 73-day schedule. Spielberg was determined to avoid criticism for another schedule overrun.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/>
 
Praproduksi yang berlangsung selama enam bulan bermula pada Desember 1979.<ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> Steven lebih suka menghabiskan waktu satu tahun bagi praproduksi, tetapi ia memilih bekerja lebih cepat demi menjaga biaya produksi tetap rendah.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Steven dan George masing-masing mengerjakan proyek lain pada saat yang sama.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Seniman Ed Verreaux, Dave Negron, [[Michael Lloyd]], dan [[Joe Johnston]] provided extensive [[storyboard]]ing, with over 80% of the script represented, equalling approximately 6,000 images. This helped Spielberg pre-visualize scenes and limit the time taken to set up shots. The script only described the opening of the ark as "all hell breaks loose", and the artists were tasked with envisioning what should happen. Each offered different aspects: spirits, flames, and weird light effects; Johnston was tasked with combining all three.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Spielberg also had miniature sets of larger scenes built to plan layouts and lighting, including the Well of Souls, the Tanis dig site, and the Cairo marketplace.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/> They contained 1-inch tall figurines to suggest how many extras would be required.<ref name="NYTimesAD"/> Among changes made at this stage, Spielberg abandoned his idea for Toht to have a mechanical arm that could be replaced with a machine gun or flamethrower. Lucas said it put the film into a different genre.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage1"/>
 
=== Pemeranan ===
[[Berkas:Tom Selleck at PaleyFest 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of Tom Selleck|[[Tom Selleck]] (in 2014) was cast as Indiana Jones, but he was forced to withdraw due to his contractual obligations to the television show ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]''. ]]
George ingin memerankan aktor yang relatif tidak dikenal yang akan berkomitmen pada trilogi film untuk memerankan Indiana Jones.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Mereka yang dipertimbangkan untuk peran antara Bill Murray, Nick Nolte, Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, Tim Matheson, Nick Mancuso, Peter Coyote, Jack Nicholson, Jeff Bridges, dan John Shea.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Casting director Mike Fenton favored Bridges but Lucas' wife and frequent collaborator [[Marcia Lucas]] preferred [[Tom Selleck]].<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Selleck was contractually obligated to filming the television series ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]'' if it were to be made into a full series. Lucas and Spielberg asked the show's studio, [[CBS]], to release him early 10 days early from his contract. Realizing Selleck was in demand, CBS [[greenlit]] ''Magnum P.I.'', forcing him to drop out and leaving the production with no lead actor only weeks before filming.<ref name="MovieFoneGRAdarOverview"/><ref name="GRAdarOverviewMovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> The [[List of Hollywood strikes|actors' strike of 1980]] later put the show on hiatus for three months, which would have allowed Selleck to star as Jones.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
 
Steven mengatakan Harrison sempurna untuk peran itu setelah melihat pemeranannya di ''The Empire Strikes Back''; Kanzanjian mengatakan Harrison selalu dipertimbangkan tetapi tidak ditunjuk sebagai pemeran karena dia sudah menjadi aktor terkenal.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/> George was concerned about seeming reliant on Ford by casting him in another film after ''Star Wars'', and he also did not think he would commit to three films.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> However, Ford thought it would be a fun project and agreed to the deal.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2Cinephilia"/><ref name="CinephiliaEmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> He negotiated a seven-figure salary, a percentage of the gross profits, and the option to re-write his dialogue.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/> Ford undertook extensive exercise to enhance his physique and trained for several weeks under stunt coordinator Glenn Randall to use a [[bullwhip]], becoming proficient enough to disarm the Monkey Man (Vic Tablian). Ford had to rehabilitate his wrist to compensate for an old injury.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Ford saw the character as an academic first and an adventurer second.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/>
 
Untuk wanita yang disukai Indiana, Steven menginginkan seseorang yang mirip dengan wanita terkemuka awal abad ke-20 seperti [[Irene Dunne]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], dan [[Ann Sheridan]], yang menyamai rekan pria mereka.<ref name="VanityFairSpielberg"/> George menginginkan [[Debra Winger]], tetapi dia tidak tertarik, dan Spielberg menginginkan pacarnya Amy Irving, tetapi dia tidak tersedia.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EW15Facts"/> They also considered [[Barbara Hershey]] and [[Sean Young]].<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage2"/> Karen Allen impressed Spielberg with her professionalism during auditions.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> One of the first things Spielberg asked Allen was "how well do you spit?"<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/> Allen developed a backstory for Marion that included her mother's death and her relationship with Jones when she was 15–16, but Spielberg said it belonged in a different movie.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Kasdan named Marion after his grandmother-in-law,<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> and took Ravenwood from a Los Angeles street.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
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=== Pengambilan gambar ===
[[Berkas:Elstree Studios - geograph.org.uk - 1184042 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|alt=A front-facing exterior photograph of Elstree Studios|On-set filming location, [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] (pictured 2009) in Hertfordshire, England ]]
[[Pengambilan gambar]] bermula pada 23 Juni 1980.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> Pengambilan gambar berlangsung di tempat-tempat di [[La Rochelle]], Prancis; [[Tunisia]]; dan Hawaii, and on sets at [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] Studios, England.<ref name="timeSlambangPage5LucasFilmProduction"/><ref name="LucasFilmProductiontimeSlambangPage5"/> Elstree was chosen because it was well-staffed with artists and technicians who had worked on ''Star Wars''.<ref name="EWOpeningCinephilia"/><ref name="CinephiliaASCMag"/><ref name="ASCMagEWOpening"/> On-location shooting cost around $100,000 a day in addition to crew salaries; sets cost an additional $4{{nbsp}}million. The production could only afford certain equipment for a limited time, including a [[Panaglide|Panaglide camera stabilizer]] for smoother shots, and a [[Crane shot|camera crane]] for higher angles.<ref name="ASCMag"/> To maintain the tight schedule, Spielberg said he "...didn't do 30 or 40 takes; usually only four... Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie."<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/>
 
Pengambilan gambar bermula di La Rochelle, dengan adegan yang direkam yaitu penangkapan Angin Bantu oleh U-boat Nazi.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> Watts borrowed a submarine from the war film ''[[Das Boot]]'' (1981) on condition it not be taken into deep waters.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> [[World War II]] German U-boat pens in La Rochelle represented the U-boat dock.<ref name="GRAdarOverview"/><ref name="LucasFilmProduction"/> An original coal-fired tramp steamer boat could not be found for filming, so an Egyptian boat found in an Irish port was decorated appropriately and sailed to France.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
 
Produksi film kemudian berpindah ke Elstree Studios pada tanggal 30 Juni. Interior produksi termasuk adegan yang menampilkan seorang imam memecahkan sandi ketopong bajadan kuil Peru.<ref name="EWOpeningCinephilia"/><ref name="CinephiliaEWOpening"/> Semasa melakukan pengambilan gambar terhadap adegan Sumur Jiwa, sering sekali terjadi penundaan disebabkan ketersediaan ular yang terlalu sedikit, kekurangan bahan penangkal racun, dan putri Stanley Kubrick, Vivian yang mengunjungi ayahnya di tempat pengambilan gambar ''[[The Shining]]''— called the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] (RSPCA) about the treatment of the snakes.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> The interior of Jones' school was filmed at [[The Royal Masonic School for Girls]] in [[Rickmansworth]], near Hertfordshire; the exterior is the [[University of the Pacific (United States)|University of the Pacific]] in [[California]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/>
 
[[File:Sahara close to Tozeur (Tunisia).jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of sand dunes in the Sahara desert near Tozeur in Tunisia|The [[Sahara desert (ecoregion)|Sahara desert]] (pictured in 2004) near the [[Tozeur]] oasis in [[Tunisia]] was the location of the Tanis dig site in the film.]]
Alih-alih melakukan pengambilan gambar di Mesir bagi adegan yang melibatkan tempat di Mesir, pihak produser menggunakan [[Tunisia]] sebagai gantinya.<ref name="CondeNastLocations"/> Spielberg menggambarkan fase ini sebagai salah satu pengalaman pembuatan film terburuknya: suhunya seringkalisering kali lebih dari 54 &nbsp;°C dan lebih dari 150 anggota kru menjadi sakit dengan disentri amoeba dari makanan lokal.<ref name="NYTimesSerialsCinephilia"/><ref name="IndependentRichardsASCMag"/><ref name="CinephiliaNYTimesSerials"/><ref name="ASCMagMentalFloss20"/><ref name="MentalFloss20IndependentRichards"/> Spielberg was one of the few to remain healthy because he ate food and water he brought from England.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Lucas also suffered a severe sunburn and facial swelling.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> The Cairo village was filmed in the city of [[Kairouan]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/> A day of filming was lost there because over 300 TV antennas had to be removed from the surrounding houses.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Budget constraints impacted Spielberg's desire to have 2,000 extras as diggers; he had to settle for 600.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Stuntman Terry Richards, who portrayed the swordsman nonchalantly dispatched by Jones, spent weeks practicing sword skills for an extended fight scene. Ford was unable to perform for long periods while suffering from dysentery, and it was decided to shorten the fight scene significantly.<ref name="IndependentRichards"/> The Sidi Bouhlel canyon near the city of [[Tozeur]] is where a rocket launcher-equipped Jones confronts the Nazis for the Ark. Lucas had used the canyon in ''Star Wars'' to portray the planet [[Tatooine]].<ref name="UproxxLocations"/><ref name="CondeNastLocations"/><ref name="TravelPulseLocations"/> During the scene, a fly crawled into Freeman's mouth during his dialogue, but he continued to deliver his lines.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/>
 
Pada akhir bulan September, pengambilan gambar dipindahkan ke Hawaii untuk merekam adegan pembuka berlatarkan Peru.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="UproxxLocations"/> Logo Paramount yang melebur menjadi gunung alami merupakan improvisasi oleh Spielberg berdasarkan kebiasaan masa kecilnya melakukan hal yang sama semasa membuat film; gunung itu adalah Gunung Kalalea di Pulau [[Kaua'i]].<ref name="EWOpeningMovieFone"/><ref name="MovieFoneMentalFloss20"/><ref name="MentalFloss20EWOpening"/> Meskipun adegan itu tampaknya berlatarkan satu tempat saja, tetapi pengambilan gambarnya dilakukan di 10 wilayah berbeda di Hawaii, termasuk [[Suaka Margasatwa Nasional Huleia]].<ref name="EWOpening"/><ref name="CondeNastLocations"/> It was originally more elaborate and longer, featuring an added betrayal by one of Jones' guides, resulting in a fight, and it had more dialogue; this was deemed unnecessary and removed for a tighter paced sequence.<ref name="EWOpening"/> The cave's exterior was considered a perfect location, though a nearby pool was a mosquito breeding ground; even with anti-mosquito equipment the crew was bitten.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> The donkeys used for the trek suffered [[Lameness (equine)|lameness]]. It was difficult to find replacements, and eventually, a pair of grey donkeys were painted brown with hair spray and flown by helicopter to the [[Nā Pali Coast State Park]] to finish the scene.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
 
Naskah yang terlalu rinci menyebabkan banyak improvisasi, ketika naskah menggambarkan tiga orang berbicara di sebuah ruangan, maka dalam film akan berlangsung di sebuah tambang bersama 500 pemeran tambahan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Adegan seperti gadis muda dengan tulisan "Love You" di seluruh kelopak matanya dan Marion yang mengenakan gaun untuk menyembunyikan senjata juga diimprovisasi.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> Allen, Lacey, Freeman, and Rhys-Davies sering menghabiskan waktu bersama di sela-sela pengambilan gambar untuk berbincang-bincang dan membahas watak mereka. Allen menggambarkan Harrison sebagai pribadi yang tidak akan membahas wataknya secara rinci dan butuh beberapa saat untuk beradaptasi dengan gaya kerjanya.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Pengambilan gambar dituntaskan pada bulan September 1980 dengan menghabiskan waktu 73 hari.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/> Lucas menggambarkannya sebagai film yang paling sedikit bermasalah karena kurangnya gangguan studio.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/>
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=== Musik ===
{{Infobox album |<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums -->
{{utama|Raiders of the Lost Ark (jalur suara)|l1=''jalur suara'' Raiders of the Lost Ark}}
| Name = Raiders of the Lost Ark
| Type = Musik film
| Artist = [[John Williams]]
| Cover = Raiders soundtrack.jpg
| Released = Juni 1981
| Recorded = Februari 1981, [[Abbey Road Studios]], London, Inggris
| Genre = [[Rekaman suara]]
| Length = 43:00
| Label = [[PolyGram]], DCC Compact Classics/Sony Music Special Produtcts, [[Columbia Records]] (Perilisan LP Asli)
| Producer =
| Chronology =
| prev_title = ''[[The Empire Strikes Back (rekaman suara)|The Empire Strikes Back]]''
| title = ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''
| next_title = ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (rekaman suara)|E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = ''Indiana Jones''
| Type = Musik film
| prev_title =
| title = ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''
| next_title = ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (rekaman suara)|Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]''
}}
}}
{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [http://www.allmusic.com/album/raiders-of-the-lost-ark-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0000191414 AllMusic]
|rev1score = {{Rating|5|5}}
|rev2 = [http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/raiders.html Filmtracks]
|rev2score = {{Rating|5|5}}
|rev3 = [http://www.movie-wave.net/titles/raiders_lost_ark.html Movie Wave]
|rev3score = {{Rating|5|5}}
}}
'''''Raiders of the Lost Ark: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''''' adalah [[musik film]] dari film [[Steven Spielberg]] tahun 1981, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''. Musik tersebut dikomposisikan dan dikonduksikan oleh [[John Williams]], dan dipentaskan oleh [[London Symphony Orchestra]].
 
[[John Williams]] menjadi komposer bagi film ini. Ia mengatakan musik tidak harus serius untuk film dan malah harus teatrikal dan berlebihan.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/> Williams spent a few weeks working on the Indiana Jones theme, more commonly known as "The Raiders March" that plays during the main character's heroic scenes. Two separate pieces were played for Spielberg, who wanted to use both. These pieces became the main theme and [[bridge (music)|musical bridge]] of "The Raiders March".<ref name="EmpireWilliams"/>
 
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=== Pemeran pengganti ===
[[File:Disneyindytruck1.jpg|thumb|alt=A photograph of a 1930s-era Mercedes-Benz truck used in the film on display at Disneyland in California|A film-used 1930s Mercedes-Benz 2.5 ton diesel truck on display at [[Disneyland]], California]]
Ukuran bagian dalam kuil Peru sama seperti aslinya.<ref name="EWOpeningASCMag"/><ref name="ASCMagEWOpening"/> Batu besar yang ​​terbuatterbuat dari fiberglass, plaster dan kayu dirancang dengan lebar 20 m, tetapi dikurangi menjadi 6,7 m dengan berat 140 &nbsp;kg.<ref name="EWOpeningCinephilia"/><ref name="CinephiliaASCMag"/><ref name="ASCMagEWOpening"/> Spielberg liked the effect and had its ramp extended to give it more screen time.<ref name="EWOpening"/> The boulder was controlled by a steel rod concealed in the wall by rubber rock outcroppings.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Ford performed the stunt ten times for the different camera angles. Spielberg said he was an idiot for letting Ford do it, but it would not have looked as good with a stuntman concealing their face.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/> Ford performed as many of his stunts as was allowed throughout ''Raiders'', suffering various injuries.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> The tarantulas on Molina's body would not move because they were male and non-aggressive. A female spider was put on his chest to encourage movement.<ref name="EWOpeningMovieFone"/><ref name="NYTimesSerials"/><ref name="MovieFoneEWOpening"/> Abandoned ideas for the temple included a crushing wall trap and a pit concealed by spider-webs. The golden idol also had mechanically operated eyes that could follow Jones.<ref name="EWOpening"/> For the last part of the scene where Jones flees by plane, the first take ended in near-disaster when the plane crashed from a height of {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} because Ford's dangling leg was blocking the aircraft's right flap.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
 
Pengambilan gambar bagi adegan Sumur Jiwa awalnya tertunda karena kurangnya ular. Ada 500-600 ular yang digunakan untuk pengambilan jarak dekat dan beberapa ular buatan untuk pengambilan yang lebih luas, tetapi Steven menginginkan lebih dari itu. Sebuah permintaan dibuat untuk pawang ular dari sekitar London dan Eropa yang menghasilkan antara 6.000 dan 10.000 ular dalam beberapa hari.<ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> Afterward, they struggled to obtain anti-venom, and local supplies had expired; it had to be imported from India.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/> The stage doors were kept open during filming for quick access to a waiting ambulance.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Spielberg recounted that Allen was so scared she could not scream on cue. He dropped a dead serpent on her to elicit a genuine reaction.<ref name="NYTimesSerials"/> Allen said she got used to the creatures after 3–4 days.<ref name="WAPOAllen"/> Animal handler Steve Edge donned a dress and shaved his legs to stand in for Allen at specific points.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Vivian Kubrick's complaint to the RSPCA about the perceived poor treatment of the snakes required production cease while safeguards were added.<ref name="Cinephilia"/>
Baris 151 ⟶ 182:
Freeman mengatakan ia tidak tahu apa yang terjadi ketika da membuka Tabut Perjanjian itu. Dia diberitahu untuk membayangkan sesuatu datang ke arahnya dan berteriak.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/> Seniman efek khusus [[Steve Gawley]] menciptakan roh Ark dengan menangguhkan boneka berjubah kecil di tangki air keruh di depan layar biru. They were shaken to create a natural movement that was composited into the live footage. A Lucasfilm receptionist, dressed in a long white robe, was suspended in the air in front of a blue screen for the close-up of the ghost. She was filmed moving away from the camera and the footage was reversed to create an inhuman movement. Her visage was composited with a skeletal model for the monstrous transformation.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
 
Adegan kematian Freeman, Lacey, anddan Kahler's deathdibuat scenesdengan weremenggunakan createdmodel usingyang different modelsberbeda.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/><ref name="VanityFairToht"/> ASebuah moldcetakan wasdibuat mademenyerupai ofwajah Kahler's face;dan itdilapisi wasdengan linedkandung withkemih bladdersberisi filled with airudara. ControlledUdara bycetakan upitu todihilangkan tenuntuk people,membuat thekepala airmengerut. was removedCetakan toitu makedikendalikan thehingga headsepuluh shrivelorang.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Special effects artist [[Chris Walas]] sculpted Lacey's melting face using different colored layers of gelatin placed over a carved, heat-resistant stone skull. Propane heaters were used to melt the gelatin and filmed using a slower-than-normal camera so the effect appears to take place rapidly when played at normal speed.<ref name="VanityFairToht"/><ref name="ScreenRantToht"/> Belloq's head mold contained a thin-plaster skull filled with blood bags and detritus. It was blown up using explosives, shotguns, and an air cannon. It took three attempts to get the desired effect.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> Belloq's death was considered so extreme the Motion Picture Association of America initially classified the film with an [[R rating (Motion Picture Association of America)|R rating]] restricting it to those over the age of 17 without an adult. Flames were superimposed over the scene to conceal the effect.<ref name="MovieFone"/>
 
Kasdan scriptedmembuat detailednaskah montagesmontase duringterperinci theselama transitiontransisi betweenproduksi locationsfilm antarlokasi, buttetapi SpielbergSteven savedmenghemat moneyuang bydengan showingmenampilkan apeta mapdan andgaris ananimasi animatedyang linebergerak traveling between destinationsantartujuan.<ref name="ASCMag"/> SkullsTengkorak anddan rottingjasad bodiesmembusuk madeyang bydibuat chiefoleh make-upkepala artistpenata [[Tomrias Smith (make-up artist)|Tom Smith]] filled The Wellmemenuhi ofkatakombe SoulsSumur catacombsJiwa.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> To get the monkey to perform a [[Nazi salute]], the trainer hit it on the head to make it touch the affected area. When this did not work, the filmmakers hung a grape over its head to encourage it to reach up; it took 50 takes to capture.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> A partially deaf rat was used for the scene of the ark humming in the hold of the ''Bantu Wind'', giving it a unique and unnatural head movement.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/>▼
 
=== Visual dan suara ===
[[Lukisan matte]] digunakan untuk menciptakan latar belakang yang lebih rumit. Penggunaan lukisan matte di antaranya pengambilan gambar pembuatan bar Nepal Marion dan gudang tempat Tabut Perjanjjian kemudian disimpan. Lukisan matte di adegan terakhir dilukis oleh Michael Pangrazio. Spielberg tidak menyukai lukisan pesawat China Clipper (oleh Alan Maley) karena menurutnya lukisan tersebut tidak terlihat nyata terhadap air yang telah mereka rekam.<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="Vishi"/><ref name="SlashPangrazio"/> Jones's attire—a leather jacket and khaki pants—was based on [[Humphrey Bogart]]'s in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]'' (1948) and [[Charlton Heston]] in ''[[Secret of the Incas]]'' (1954).<ref name="Cinephilia"/><ref name="ASCMag"/><ref name="TheRinger"/> Costume designer [[Deborah Nadoolman Landis]] dumped boxes of hats on the floor for Ford to try on. After picking the right style, she purchased an Australian model she aged with [[Fuller's earth]] and [[mineral oil]], and then scrunched beneath a bed. The hat allowed them to create a recognizable image even in silhouette.<ref name="TheRinger"/> Designer [[Ralph McQuarrie]] was responsible for the Ark decorations.<ref name="SyfyArk"/>
 
Steven menginginkan gaya pencahayaan [[film noir]] yang lebih lembut seperti ''[[The Informer (film 1935)|The Informer]]'' (1935). Sebaliknya, Slocombe ingin membuat segalanya lebih cerah dan menggunakan cahaya latar untuk menciptakan kedalaman bidang yang lebih besar; Steven lebih menyukai gayanya. Slocombe sering menggunakan cahaya alami, menggunakan perkiraan posisi matahari untuk merencanakan tata letak adegan. Spielberg liked the beams of sunlight glimpsed through scenery and tasked special effects artist [[Kit West]] with using a smoke machine to create artificial sunlight shards. For the bar fight, Spielberg wanted pitch-black shadows on the wall, but the lighting required to achieve this would have shrouded the actors' eyes; he settled for subtler shadings. He also wanted to illuminate the Well of Souls with a lighting effect through the ceiling opening, but once this was sealed it no longer made sense. The flaming torches used in the scene did not provide enough light, so he opted to use an artificial light source. Spielberg noted Allen always looked beautiful in her scenes because Slocombe would spend twice as long setting up her lighting as he would Ford's.<ref name="ASCMag"/>
 
Pengawas efek suara [[Ben Burtt]] berkontribusi banyak dalam merekam suara film itu. The snake slithering is a mix of Burtt running his hands through cheese casserole and wet sponges being dragged across grip tape; the rolling boulder is a [[Honda Civic]] driving down a gravel hill; and the Ark lid opening is the sound of a [[Cistern#Toilet cisterns|toilet cistern]] being opened.<ref name="MovieFone"/><ref name="MentalFloss20"/> The Ark spirits are the cries of sea lions and dolphins filtered through a [[vocoder]]. Jones's revolver is the sound of a [[Winchester rifle]] firing, while his whip-crack was made by recording Ford using the whip.<ref name="MentalFloss20"/>
 
== Penayangan ==
=== Konteks ===
{{lihat pula|Film dalam tahun 1981}}
{{ external media
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gz4crpFaW4M ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' theatrical trailer] at [[YouTube]]
}}
Pada musim panas tahun 1981 (Juni–September), industri film mengalami penurunan selama lebih dari setahun, yang berpunca dari beberapa kesuksesan film terlaris, kenaikan biaya produksi film, berkurangnya penonton, dan kenaikan harga tiket.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/> Musim ini diperkirakan turun 10% atau $250 juta dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> Over 60 films were scheduled for release—more than the previous year—by studios eager to make the next [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] film. This increased competition to attract audiences, mainly those aged 12 to 24, at the most profitable time of the year.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/><ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/>
 
Film adiwira ''[[Superman II]]'' diperkirakan menguasai musim panas,<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> dan berdasarkan para ahli industri dan jajak pendapat penonton, film-film seperti ''[[History of the World, Part I]]'', film James Bond terbaru, ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'', dan ''[[The Great Muppet Caper]]'', juga diperkirakan tampil dengan baik.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/> Conversely, audience polling by [[CinemaScore]] showed little awareness or anticipation for ''Raiders'' until nationwide previews a week prior to its release.<ref name="NYTimesPrediction"/><ref name="NYTimesPreviews"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported Paramount had provided theater owners with a more beneficial deal than usual to ensure ''Raiders'' was screened in the best theaters and locations.<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/>
 
Acara pers untuk film ini menelan biaya $10.000, dengan menampilkan dua unta, gajah, dan ular piton.<ref name="NYTimesPress"/> Film prints were supplied to theaters in lead-sealed containers to prevent tampering alongside a letter to theater managers stating they were responsible for any misuse of the film. This letter inspired a whistleblower at one theater to alert Paramount of the planned theft of a ''Raiders'' print to make [[Copyright infringement|pirated copies]].<ref name="RaidersPiracy"/> The 1,200 film prints cost an estimated $1.7{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="NYTimesPrints"/>
 
===Dirilis di Indonesia===
Film ini tersebut pertama kali ditayangkan di [[SCTV]] pada akhir tahun 1991 dan tayang lagi di [[TransTV]] pada 2 Agustus 2020
 
=== Pendapatan ===
Di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' ditayangkan pada 12 Juni 1981 di 1.078 bioskop.<ref name="TheNumbersSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/> Film ini meraih $8,3 juta, dengan rata-rata $7.705 tiap bisokop,<ref name="NYTimesSupermanRelease"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981June12"/> dan tamat sebagai [[Daftar film berpendapatan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat 1981]] pada akhir pekan, menjelang penayangan ''[[Clash of the Titans (film 1981)|Clash of the Titans]]'' ($6,6 juta) dan ''History of the World, Part I'' ($4,9 juta).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June12"/> The film fell to the number three position in its second weekend with an additional gross of $8{{nbsp}}million—a decline of only four percent—behind the debuts of ''[[The Cannonball Run]]'' ($11.8{{nbsp}}million) and ''Superman II'' ($14.1{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June19"/> By its fourth week, ''Raiders'' began climbing box office charts, reaching the number two position with a gross of $7.3{{nbsp}}million, behind ''Superman II'' ($10.9{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbers1981June26"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981July3"/> In its sixth week, it regained the number one position with $6.4{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="TheNumbers1981July17"/> The film spent most of the following nine weeks as the number one film, and forty-weeks straight as one of the top ten highest-grossing films.<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/> It was declared the top box office film of the summer by early September, with a total approximate gross of $125{{nbsp}}million. Of this figure, $72 million was estimated to have been returned to the studio; the profit-sharing deal with Spielberg and Lucas meant that after marketing costs, Paramount had earned $23{{nbsp}}million in profit.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/>
 
Film ini tetap berhasil dengan meyakinkan. Enam bulan selepas penayangan, eksekutif industri perfilman berkelakar ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' akan menjadi film Natal terlaris pada tahun itu.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/><ref name="NYTimesXmas"/> The film officially left theaters on March{{nbsp}}18, 1982, although some were still playing it by July.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage5"/><ref name="BOMTickets"/>{{sfn|Ginsberg|1982|p=1}} ''Raiders'' earned an approximate total box office gross of $212.2{{nbsp}}million, making it the highest-grossing film of 1981, ahead of ''[[On Golden Pond (1981 film)|On Golden Pond]]'' ($119.3{{nbsp}}million), ''Superman II'' ($108.1{{nbsp}}million), and ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' ($85.3{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981Overall"/><ref name="OldGoodBOMSummary"/> An estimate by [[Box Office Mojo]] suggests over 77{{nbsp}}million tickets were bought to see the film.<ref name="BOMTickets"/> ''Raiders'' remains the "leggiest" film ever released, referring to the difference between the highest-weekend gross and the time taken to achieve the overall total gross.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/><ref name="TheNumbersLeggiest"/>
 
Di luar Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' meraup $141.7 juta, sehingga menjadikannya film terlaris, mengalahkan ''For Your Eyes Only'' ($140.5 juta) and ''Superman II'' ($82.2 juta).<ref name="TheNumbers1981OutsideNA"/> In total, the film earned a worldwide gross of $354{{nbsp}}million, making it the highest-grossing film of 1981 worldwide, again ahead of ''For Your Eyes Only'' ($195.3{{nbsp}}million) and ''Superman II'' ($190.4{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="TheNumbersBOSummary"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981OutsideNA"/><ref name="TheNumbers1981Worldwide"/><ref name="OldBomWorldwide1981"/>
 
''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' telah ditayangkan kembali beberapa kali, yang pertama pada Juli 1982, yang menghasilkan tambahan $21.4 juta dan selanjutnya pada Maret 1983, when the film earned an additional $11.4{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="TelegraphRetro"/>{{sfn|Ginsberg|1982|p=1}}<ref name="OldGoodBOMOveralls"/><ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/> A remastered [[IMAX]] version, supervised by Spielberg, was released in 267 U.S. and Canadian theaters. The success of the release led to the run being extended to 300 additional theaters.<ref name="IMAX"/><ref name="IMAXIGN"/><ref name="IMAXDeadline"/> These releases have raised the film's worldwide theatrical gross to an estimated $389.9{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="OldGoodBOMSummary"/>
 
Rekor pendapatan musim panas tahun 1981 senilai $1,95 miliar menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 15,6% dibandingkan tahun 1980, dengan peningkatan penjualan tiket sebesar 22,5%. Keberhasilan ini terutama disebabkan oleh ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' dan ''Superman II''.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/><ref name="NYTimesValenti"/> The most successful film genres of the year offered fun, comedy, and escapism.<ref name="NYTimesIndySummerWinner"/> ''Superman II'' broke box office records, but it was ''Raiders'' that earned the most money and played in theaters for over a year.<ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/><ref name="NYTimesOneYearLater"/><ref name="NYTimes1981June30"/> ''The New York Times'' reported that audiences only considered other films if both ''Superman II'' and ''Raiders'' were sold out.<ref name="NYTimesQueue"/> It became one of the top-four highest-grossing films ever, a list dominated by Lucas and Spielberg with ''The Empire Strikes Back'', ''Jaws'', and ''Star Wars''.<ref name="NYTimesSummer1982"/><ref name="NYTimesFourthHighest"/><ref name="NYTimesOscarNom"/>
 
== Penerimaan ==
=== Tanggapan ===
''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' mendapatkan sambutan yang bagus dari kalangan kritikus dan penonton.<ref name="AVClubRetro"/><ref name="TelegraphRetro"/> The [[National Board of Review]] and critic [[Vincent Canby]] listed it as one of the ten best films of the year.<ref name="NYTimesNBOR"/><ref name="NYTimesTopTenCanby"/> Canby labelled the film an "instant classic" and one of the most humorous and stylish American films ever made. He described it as having refined the old serial films into their most perfect form for a modern audience.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> [[Roger Ebert]] called it a series of "breathless and incredible" adventures inspired by and celebrating childhood stories told in comic books and movies. He concluded the film is successful in its singular goal of entertaining, creating an adventure epic in the vein of ''Star Wars'', [[List of James Bond films|the James Bond films]], and ''Superman''.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Writing for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', Arthur Knight said a constant stream of thrills kept the film moving at a steady pace.<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Writing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Stephen Klain called the film "exhilarating escapist entertainment". He continued that the film successfully balanced action, comedy, and suspense with mystical mythologies.<ref name="VarietyReview"/> [[Michael Sragow]] described it as the "ultimate Saturday action matinee".<ref name="RollingStoneReview"/> [[Gene Siskel]] said it was as entertaining as a "commercial movie" could be, the kind of film that makes children excited about cinema.<ref name="GeneSiskelReview"/>
 
[[File:Paul Freeman.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A photograph of Paul Freeman|[[Paul Freeman (actor)|Paul Freeman]] in 2016. He was singled out for praise by the otherwise critical [[Pauline Kael]] for continuing his performance after a fly crawled into his mouth.]]
Richard Schickel menyebut film ini kembali ke bentuk untuk Spielberg, menunjukkan kompetensi tidak terlihat sejak Jaws.<ref name="timeSlambangPage1"/> Dia menggambarkannya sebagai film yang akan dibuat Walt Disney seandainya dia masih hidup, menampilkan kombinasi "mempesona" antara fantasi dan gerakan sinematik.<ref name="NewRepublicReview"/<ref name="timeSlambangPage5"/> [[Stanley Kauffmann]] said while the film's thrills did work on him, the frequency eventually irritated him. He criticized the film's reliance on nostalgia and updating older films instead of innovating new ideas. [[Pauline Kael]] was critical of the film, saying Lucas and Spielberg had thought like marketeers, in creating a film that would appeal to the broadest masses. Kael said though ''Raiders'' is a sophisticated update of older serials, that avoids cliches with clever editing, it is too focused on surpassing each previous action spectacle to the detriment of characterization or plot progression. She opined the failure of ''1941'' had made Spielberg too cautious, and scenes evidenced he was rushing and not achieving the best possible take as in his previous work.<ref name="PaulineKael"/><ref name="PaulineKaelNYT"/> Lucas later named a villain in his 1988 fantasy film ''[[Willow (film)|Willow]]'' after Kael.<ref name="PaulineKaelNYT"/> [[Dave Kehr]] said the constant rush between setpieces felt monotonous. He also criticized the story for allowing the hero to choose to rescue the Ark over his romantic interest on multiple occasions, believing it made Indiana Jones difficult to support.<ref name="ChicagoReaderReview"/>
 
The principal cast was generally well-received. Ebert said the amusing and unusual characters elevated the film beyond just a technical accomplishment. He described Ford's performance as taciturn and stubborn character in the vein of Humphrey Bogart in ''The Treasure of the Sierra Madre'', but with the ability to laugh at himself.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Klain described Ford's performance as "riveting", marking a major career highlight.<ref name="VarietyReview"/> Canby described Ford and Allen as both "endearingly resilient".<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> Ebert said Allen gives Marion a charming toughness.<ref name="RevEbert"/> Knight appreciated Marion did not become idiotic when the male star was in danger. His review concluded the character was the definition of an [[Feminism|activist]].<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Srawgow said Allen's physical performance made her every bit the equal of Ford, and her vitality provided a positive counter to Ford's deadpan performance.<ref name="RollingStoneReview"/> Kael was critical of many cast performances, feeling they were stilted and heavily scripted. She singled out Freeman for praise, however, for continuing his performance after a fly crawled into his mouth;<ref name="PaulineKael"/> Freeman jokingly called it the best review of his career.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> Klain called Lacey's Toht one of the most offensive Nazi stereotypes seen in cinema since World War II. However, he praised Rhys-Davies's and Elliott's performances.<ref name="VarietyReview"/>
 
Several reviewers singled out the opening of the Ark as one of the film's best special effects.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/><ref name="ReviewTHR"/><ref name="VarietyReview"/> Knight said the effects artists deserved a "special accolade" for their work.<ref name="ReviewTHR"/> Canby described it as a visual display as "dazzling" as the denouement of Spielberg's ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind''.<ref name="NYTimesCanbyReview"/> Ebert said the truck chase stunt was the best he had ever seen, ahead of those in films like ''[[Bullitt]]'' (1968) and ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971).<ref name="RevEbert"/> [[Aljean Harmetz]], Klain, and Siskel asserted the film's PG rating—meaning any child could see it unsupervised—was too lenient for such a scary film filled with a variety of on-screen deaths. An intermediate rating between PG and R, PG-13, would not be introduced until 1984, in part a response to the violence of the Indiana Jones prequel, ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''. Some children were reported to have suffered nightmares afterward.<ref name="VarietyReview"/><ref name="GeneSiskelReview"/><ref name="NYTimesAgeRating"/><ref name="PG13"/>
▲Kasdan scripted detailed montages during the transition between locations, but Spielberg saved money by showing a map and an animated line traveling between destinations.<ref name="ASCMag"/> Skulls and rotting bodies made by chief make-up artist [[Tom Smith (make-up artist)|Tom Smith]] filled The Well of Souls catacombs.<ref name="Cinephilia"/> To get the monkey to perform a [[Nazi salute]], the trainer hit it on the head to make it touch the affected area. When this did not work, the filmmakers hung a grape over its head to encourage it to reach up; it took 50 takes to capture.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage3"/> A partially deaf rat was used for the scene of the ark humming in the hold of the ''Bantu Wind'', giving it a unique and unnatural head movement.<ref name="EmpireOralHistoryPage4"/>
 
== Rujukan ==
Baris 162 ⟶ 238:
{{Reflist|refs=
 
<ref name="4thSequelDeadline"">{{cite web |first=Justin |last=Kroll |title='Indiana Jones 5': Mads Mikkelsen Joins Harrison Ford And Phoebe Waller-Bridge In Sequel |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/indiana-jones-5-mads-mikkelsen-joins-harrison-ford-and-phoebe-waller-bridge-in-sequel-1234732751/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 15, 2021 |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084722/https://deadline.com/2021/04/indiana-jones-5-mads-mikkelsen-joins-harrison-ford-and-phoebe-waller-bridge-in-sequel-1234732751/ |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name="ActionBFI">{{cite web|first=Matthew |last=Thrift |title=10 best action movies |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-best-action-movies |date=July 2, 2015 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031073527/https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/10-best-action-movies |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Baris 314 ⟶ 390:
<ref name="IGNCandles">{{cite web |first=Wesley |last=Copeland |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark's Major Toht Gets His Own Candle |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/20/raiders-of-the-lost-arks-major-toht-gets-his-own-candle |website=[[IGN]] |date=November 20, 2014 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814224344/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/20/raiders-of-the-lost-arks-major-toht-gets-his-own-candle |archive-date=August 14, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGNBest80s">{{cite web |first=William |last=Bibbiani |title=The 10 Best '80s Action Movies |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/07/26/the-10-best-80s-action-movies |website=[[IGN]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url= httphttps://web.archive.isorg/wipweb/jC50w20210522002001/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/07/26/the-10-best-80s-action-movies |archive-date=August 19, 2020 2021-05-22 |url-status=live |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="IGNKurtz">{{cite web|first=Ken |last=P. |title=An Interview with Gary Kurtz |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/11/an-interview-with-gary-kurtz |website=[[IGN]] |date=November 11, 2002 |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002903/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/11/11/an-interview-with-gary-kurtz |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Baris 370 ⟶ 446:
<ref name="NewRepublicReview">{{cite web|first=Stanley |last=Kauffmann |author-link=Stanley Kauffmann |title=Old Ark, New Covenant |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/134104/old-ark-new-covenant |website=[[The New Republic]] |date=July 4, 1981 |access-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721145840/https://newrepublic.com/article/134104/old-ark-new-covenant |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Novel2">{{cite web |title= Writer Suing Lucas for Fraud and Breach of Contract Charges Failure to Comply with Court Order to Provide Accurate Data |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/06/prweb253567.htm |publisher=[[Cision|PRWeb]] |date=June 21, 2005 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.isorg/wipweb/WbNW520210801040305/https://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/06/prweb253567.htm |archive-date= August 19, 20202021-08-01 |url-status=live |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Novel1">{{cite web |title= Scot sues Lucas for £2m over raid of lost book sales |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/scot-sues-lucas-ps2m-over-raid-lost-book-sales-2473298 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |date=June 23, 2005 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.isorg/wipweb/SK5QE20210711095146/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/scot-sues-lucas-ps2m-over-raid-lost-book-sales-2473298 |archive-date=August 19, 20202021-07-11 |url-status=live |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NPRCreamer">{{cite web|first=Christopher |last=Joyce |title=Indiana Jones: Saving History or Stealing It? |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89724552&t=1598133427554|publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822222138/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89724552&t=1598133427554 |archive-date=August 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Baris 394 ⟶ 470:
<ref name="NYTimesVHSRelease">{{cite news |first=Sandra |last=Salmans |title=Hollywood Gambles On Video |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/business/hollywood-gambles-on-video.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 12, 1983 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206093026/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/12/business/hollywood-gambles-on-video.html |archive-date=February 6, 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NYTimesVHSRelease2">{{cite news |title='Beverly Hills Cop' To Be a Video Cassette |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/13/movies/beverly-hills-cop-to-be-a-video-cassette.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 13, 1985 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.isorg/wipweb/XgeqS20210711081103/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/13/movies/beverly-hills-cop-to-be-a-video-cassette.html |archive-date=August 19, 20202021-07-11 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="NYTimesTempleSuccess">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Indiana Jones' Topping 'Jedi' Box-office Record |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/30/movies/indiana-jones-topping-jedi-box-office-record.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 30, 1984 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918201456/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/30/movies/indiana-jones-topping-jedi-box-office-record.html |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
Baris 460 ⟶ 536:
<ref name="PG13">{{cite news |title=PG-13 at 20: How 'Indiana' remade films |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/pg-13-20-how-indiana-remade-films-wbna5798549 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 23, 2004 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724135944/https://www.today.com/popculture/pg-13-20-how-indiana-remade-films-wbna5798549 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
<ref name="RaidersPiracy">{{cite news |first=Aljean |last=Harmetz |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |title='Jedi' Prints Stolen For Cassette Piracy, Movie Industry Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/09/movies/jedi-prints-stolen-for-cassette-piracy-movie-industry-says.html?searchResultPosition=7 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 9, 1983 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=httphttps://web.archive.isorg/wipweb/TWeEY20210523170100/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/09/movies/jedi-prints-stolen-for-cassette-piracy-movie-industry-says.html?searchResultPosition=7 |archive-date=August 19, 20202021-05-23 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |dead-url=unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="RaidersVideoGame">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/05/20/top-10-indiana-jones-games |title=Top 10 Indiana Jones Games |last=Buchanan |first=Levi |date=May 20, 2008 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=October 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203324/http://retro.ign.com/articles/875/875398p1.html |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Baris 586 ⟶ 662:
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Campbell |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark |date=September 1987 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=0-345-35375-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasdan |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Kasdan |title=Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Illustrated Screenplay |url=https://archive.org/details/raidersoflostark00blac |year=1981 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=0-345-30327-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Taylor |title=The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofraiderso0000tayl |date=August 1981 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=0-345-29725-3}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark"