Falafel: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 6:
! colspan="2" | Asal
|-style="background: #ffffff;"
| '''Daerah asal''': || [[Mesir]] dan [[Palestina]]
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! colspan="2" | Keterangan pendek
Baris 26:
== Etimologi ==
Kata '''Falāfil''' ({{lang-ar|فلافل}}) adalah sebuah bentuk plural dari ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Filfil}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[wikt:فلفل|فلفل]]}}), yang artinya "lada". Kata itu sendiri menyebar dan digunakan dalam bahasa lainnya seperti <ref>''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'', 5th edition (2011), s.v. ''falafel'' [http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=falafel&submit.x=38&submit.y=12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031952/http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=falafel&submit.x=38&submit.y=12|date=2014-01-06}}</ref> ''pilpil'' ({{lang|fa|پلپل}}) dalam [[bahasa Persia]],<ref>"پلپل", ''[[Dehkhoda Dictionary]]''</ref> dari kata [[
== Sejarah ==
Asal muasal falafel tidak diketahui dan kontroversial.<ref name="Slow food">{{cite book|last=Petrini|first=Carlo|title=Slow food : collected thoughts on taste, tradition, and the honest pleasures of food|year=2001|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-931498-01-2|page=55|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Slow%20food:%20collected%20thoughts%20on%20taste,%20tradition,%20and%20the%20honest%20pleasures%20...%20By%20Carlo%20Petrini,%20Benjamin%20Watson&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Watson, Benjamin}}</ref> Sebuah teori umum menyatakan bahwa hidangan tersebut berasal dari [[Mesir]],<ref name=ynet>{{cite news|last=Galili|first=Shooky|title=Falafel fact sheet|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3421119,00.html|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|publisher=Ynet News|date=4 Juli 2007|archive-date=2011-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183259/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3421119,00.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> diyakini disantap oleh [[Koptik]] sebagai pengganti daging saat [[Prapaskah]].<ref name=Raviv>{{cite journal|last=Raviv|first=Yael|title=Falafel: A National Icon|journal=Gastronomica|date=1 Agustus 2003|volume=3|issue=3|pages=20–25|doi=10.1525/gfc.2003.3.3.20|jstor=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Denker|first=Joel|title=The World on a Plate: A Tour Through the History of America's Ethnic Cuisine|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=2003|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/?id=S_x6nrkcoUkC&pg=PA41&dq=falafel&cd=36#v=onepage&q=falafel|isbn=0-8133-4003-9}}</ref> Karena [[Iskandariyah]] adalah kota pelabuhan, hal tersebut memungkinkan hidangan tersebut dan namanya diekspor ke kawasan lainnya di Timur Tengah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Aliza|title=Beans|url=https://archive.org/details/beansmorethan20000gree|year=2004|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-1931-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/beansmorethan20000gree/page/76 76]}}</ref> Hidangan tersebut kemudian bermigrasi dari kawasan utara ke [[Levant]], dimana kacang arab diganti kacang fava.<ref name="Kantor">{{cite web|title=A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea|date=10 Juli 2002|author=Kantor, Jodi|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DF1430F933A25754C0A9649C8B63|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=23 Maret 2008|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014200821/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DF1430F933A25754C0A9649C8B63|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/lebanon-turns-up-the-heat-as-falafels-fly-in-food-fight-20081011-4yqo.html|title=
▲Asal muasal falafel tidak diketahui dan kontroversial.<ref name="Slow food">{{cite book|last=Petrini|first=Carlo|title=Slow food : collected thoughts on taste, tradition, and the honest pleasures of food|year=2001|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-931498-01-2|page=55|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Slow%20food:%20collected%20thoughts%20on%20taste,%20tradition,%20and%20the%20honest%20pleasures%20...%20By%20Carlo%20Petrini,%20Benjamin%20Watson&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Watson, Benjamin}}</ref> Sebuah teori umum menyatakan bahwa hidangan tersebut berasal dari [[Mesir]],<ref name=ynet>{{cite news|last=Galili|first=Shooky|title=Falafel fact sheet|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3421119,00.html|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|publisher=Ynet News|date=4 Juli 2007}}</ref> diyakini disantap oleh [[Koptik]] sebagai pengganti daging saat [[Prapaskah]].<ref name=Raviv>{{cite journal|last=Raviv|first=Yael|title=Falafel: A National Icon|journal=Gastronomica|date=1 Agustus 2003|volume=3|issue=3|pages=20–25|doi=10.1525/gfc.2003.3.3.20|jstor=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Denker|first=Joel|title=The World on a Plate: A Tour Through the History of America's Ethnic Cuisine|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=2003|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/?id=S_x6nrkcoUkC&pg=PA41&dq=falafel&cd=36#v=onepage&q=falafel|isbn=0-8133-4003-9}}</ref> Karena [[Iskandariyah]] adalah kota pelabuhan, hal tersebut memungkinkan hidangan tersebut dan namanya diekspor ke kawasan lainnya di Timur Tengah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Aliza|title=Beans|year=2004|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-1931-9|page=76}}</ref> Hidangan tersebut kemudian bermigrasi dari kawasan utara ke [[Levant]], dimana kacang arab diganti kacang fava.<ref name="Kantor">{{cite web|title=A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea|date=10 Juli 2002|author=Kantor, Jodi|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DF1430F933A25754C0A9649C8B63|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=23 Maret 2008}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/lebanon-turns-up-the-heat-as-falafels-fly-in-food-fight-20081011-4yqo.html|title= Lebanon turns up the heat as falafels fly in food fight|last=MacLeod|first=Hugh|date=12 Oktober 2008|work=The Age|accessdate=10 Februari 2010}}</ref> Hal tersebut menspekulasikan bahwa sejarahnya bermula pada zaman [[Firaun Mesir]].<ref name="Egyptian food and drink">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Hilary|title=Egyptian food and drink|year=1988|publisher=Shire|isbn=978-0-85263-972-6|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0f1IY2M6G8C&lpg=PA25&dq=fava%20beans%20egypt%20national%20food&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Pita felafel.jpg|
=== Timur Tengah ===
Falafel berkembang menjadi bentuk [[makanan jalanan]] atau [[makanan cepat saji]] umum di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20100128/NEWS/1281035/1042?Title=Dining-with-a-Middle-Eastern-flair-&tc=ar|title=Dining with a Middle Eastern flair|last=Kelley|first=Leigh|date=January 28, 2010|work=[[Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)|Times-News]]|accessdate=10 Februari 2010|archive-date=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803140825/http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20100128/NEWS/1281035/1042?Title=Dining-with-a-Middle-Eastern-flair-&tc=ar|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kroket biasanya disantap sebagai bagian dari [[meze]]. Pada saat [[Ramadan]], bola-bola falafel terkadang disantap sebagai bagian dari ''[[iftar]]'', sebuah hidangan untuk berbuka puasa harian setelah adzan maghrib. Falafel menjadi makin populer ketika [[McDonald's]] sempat menyajikan "McFalafel" di beberapa negara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wnewsj.com/main.asp?SectionID=43&SubSectionID=200&ArticleID=172473|first=Jerry|last=Allison|title=Fast food – Middle Eastern style|date=6 Januari 2009|work=[[The News Journal]]|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075130/http://www.wnewsj.com/main.asp?SectionID=43&SubSectionID=200&ArticleID=172473|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Falafel masih populer di kalangan Koptik, yang memasakkanya dengan jumlah besarpada saat hari raya keagamaan.<ref name="Roden"/>
Perdebatan tentang asal muasal falafel terkadang berkembang dalam diskusi politik tentang hubungan bangsa Arab dan bangsa Israel.<ref name="Kantor"/> Pada zaman modern, falafel dianggap sebagai hidangan nasional Mesir,<ref>[[Claudia Roden]] ''A Book of Middle Eastern Food'' (Penguin, 1970) pp. 60–61.</ref> [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Emma|title=It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-7475-8559-6|page=378|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yve-_E5VwGAC&pg=PA378&dq=falafel+national+dish+palestine#v=onepage&q=falafel%20national%20dish%20palestine&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Karmi|first=Ghada|title=In Search of Fatima|year=2002|publisher=Verso New Left Books|location=U.S.A.|isbn=1-85984-561-4|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DuiB5iJ26KcC&q=falafel+national+dish#v=snippet&q=falafel%20national%20dish&f=false}}</ref> dan [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The place of the Mediterranean in modern Israeli identity|series=Jewish identities in a changing world|volume=11|last=Nocke|first=Alexandra|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17324-8|page=125|postscript=.}}</ref><ref>[[Alan Davidson (penulis makanan)|Alan Davidson]], ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]'' (Oxford University Press, 1999) p. 287</ref> Beberapa fakta bahwa Israel merampas hidangan tersebut .<ref name=Pilcher>{{cite book|last=Pilcher|first=Jeffrey M.|title=Food in World History|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=115|isbn=978-0-415-31146-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lbEVK2DSu3AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=falafel&cd=3#v=onepage&q=falafel}}</ref> Selain itu, Asosiasi Industrialis Lebanon telah melayangkan pernyataan [[pelanggaran hak cipta]] terhadap Israel terkait falafel.<ref name="Kantor"/><ref name="MacLeod"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3605773,00.html|title=Lebanon: Israel stole our falafel|last=Nahmias|first=Roee|date=10 Juni 2008|publisher=Ynet News|accessdate=11 Februari 2010|archive-date=2009-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420082118/http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3605773,00.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Amerika Utara ===
[[Berkas:Falafel balls of different sizes.jpg|
Di Amerika Utara, sebelum 1970an, falafel hanya ditemukan di restoran-restoran dan kawasan-kawasan Yahudi dan Timur Tengah.<ref name=vegtimes1/><ref name=mouth>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ze3F_n37NVoC&pg=PA181&dq=falafel+american#v=onepage&q=falafel%20american&f=false|title=Mouth Wide Open: A Cook and His Appetite|author1=Thorne, Matt |author2=Thorne, John |pages=181–187|publisher=Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0-86547-628-8| accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref><ref name=
=== Vegetarianisme ===
Falafel telah menjadi populer di kalangan [[Vegetarianisme|vegetarian]] dan [[Veganisme|vegan]], sebagai sebuah alternatif makanan jalanan berbahan daging,<ref name=vegtimes1>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=%22Falafel+Without+the+Fat%22#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%20Without%20the%20Fat%22&f=false|work=[[Vegetarian Times]]|title=Falafel without fat|author=Grogan, Bryanna Clark|date=July 2003|pages=20, 22|accessdate=2e Februari 2011|issn=0164-8497 }}</ref> dan sekarang dijual pada campuran dalam kemasan di toko-toko makanan sehat.<ref name="Wolfe 2007">{{cite book|last=Wolfe|first=Frankie Avalon|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Being Vegetarian|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2007|pages=175, 186|accessdate=22 Februari 2011|isbn=978-1-59257-682-1|url=https://books.google.com/?id=c0S-LmVSYgsC&pg=PA126&dq=falafel&cd=1#v=onepage&q=falafel}}</ref> Meskipun biasanya digunakan untuk membuat [[burger veggie]],<ref name="falafel burgers">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Jane|title=The Great Big Burger Book: 100 New and Classic Recipes for Mouth Watering Burgers Every Day Every Way|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|isbn=978-1-4587-6463-8|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcjxTyEMNjAC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Great%20Big%20Burger%20Book:%20100%20New%20and%20Classic%20Recipes%20for%20Mouth%20Watering%20...%20By%20Jane%20Murphy&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> penggunaannya secara luas lebih sebagai sumber protein.<ref name=veganvolume>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XzJUBO3Sm_YC&pg=PA203&dq=%22Falafel%22+vitamin#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vitamin&f=false|work=Vegan in volume: Vegan Quantity recipes for every occasion|author=Berkoff R.D., Nancy|accessdate=February 22, 2011|title=Vegan in volume: vegan quantity recipes for every occasion|isbn=978-0-931411-21-2|year=1999}}</ref> Di Amerika Serikat, falafel digunakan pada resep-resep untuk [[daging giling]], [[sloppy joe]] dan [[spageti dan bakso]] dalam hidangan vegetarian.<ref name=vegtimes2>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|work=Vegetarian Times|title=New Ways with Falafel: The Middle Eastern favorite has evolved from a high fat sandwich stuffer to a low fat meal magician|author=Leonard, Joanne|date=October 1996|pages=36, 38|accessdate=February 22, 2011|archive-date=2016-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425025715/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=vegtimes3>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|work=Vegetarian Times|title=Minute Meals|author=Whitney, Winona|date=June 1991|page=30|accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref>
== Penyajian dan variasi ==
[[Berkas:Il Falafel di Ramallah.JPG|jmpl|alt= Seorang pria di sebuah dapur restoran sedang membuat fritter|Seorang pria menggunakan sebuah ''aleb falafel'' ketika menggoreng falafel]]
Falafel dibuat dari [[Vicia faba|kacang fava]] atau [[kacang arab]], atau kombinasi keduanya. Penggunaan kacang arab umum di sebagian besar negara Timur Tengah.<ref name="Evening Standard 2002-2-05-02">{{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do|title=Falling for fine falafel|last=Campion|first=Charles|date=9 Mei 2002|work=[[Evening Standard]]|accessdate=10 Februari 2010|archive-date=2013-05-05|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505124656/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Hidangan tersebut biasanya dibuat dengan kacang arab di [[Suriah]], [[Lebanon]], [[Yordania]], [[Israel]] dan [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]].<ref name=Roden>{{cite book|last=Roden|first=Claudia|title=The New Book of Middle Eastern Food|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780375405068|year=2000|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-375-40506-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780375405068/page/62 62]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Malouf|first=Greg|title=Artichoke to Za'atar: Modern Middle Eastern Food|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25413-8|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0j5c0GMrOdcC&pg=PA90&dq=egyptian+falafel+spicy#v=onepage&q=egyptian%20falafel%20spicy&f=false|author2=Malouf, Lucy|accessdate=6 Februari 2011}}</ref><ref name=Aytop106>{{cite book|title=The glutton's glossary: a dictionary of food and drink terms|first=John|last=Ayto|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|isbn=0-415-02647-4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vAQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106&dq=syria+falafel+chickpeas}}</ref> Versi ini sangat populer di wilayah Barat.<ref name="Roden"/> Varietas Mesir-nya saty-satunya yang menggunakan kacang fava.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dimbleby|first1=Henry|last2=Baxter|first2=Jane|title=The world’s best falafel recipe comes from Egypt|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/20/worlds-best-falafel-recipe-henry-dimbleby-back-to-basics|accessdate=23 Maret 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 Maret 2015|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094027/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/20/worlds-best-falafel-recipe-henry-dimbleby-back-to-basics|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Nutrisi ==
Baris 78 ⟶ 82:
=== Bakso falafel terbesar ===
Rekor saat ini, 74.75 kg (164.4 lb), dicetak pada 28 Juli 2012 di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jordantimes.com/jordan-earns-guinness-record-for-worlds-largest-falafel |title=Jordan earns Guinness record for world's largest falafel |date=29 Jul 2012 |accessdate=31 Jul 2012 |last=Abuqudairi |first=Areej |work=[[The Jordan Times]] |archive-date=2015-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513182936/http://jordantimes.com/jordan-earns-guinness-record-for-worlds-largest-falafel |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Rekor sebelumnya memiliki berat sebesar 23.94 kg (52.8 lb), 1.17 m dan tinggi seukuran 0.3 m, dicetalk di Festival Makanan dan Kebudayaan Yahudi Lembah Santa Clarita (AS), [[College of the Canyons]], Valencia, California, AS, pada 15 Mei 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest Falafel|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/4000/largest-falafel|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=18 Maret 2012|archive-date=2013-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920143041/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/4000/largest-falafel|dead-url=no}}</ref>
=== Penyajian falafel terbesar ===
Sebuah rekor, 5,173 kg (11,404 lb 8 oz), dicetak oleh Chef Ramzi Choueiri dan para pelajar dari [[Universitas Al-Kafaat]] (Lebanon) di Beirut pada 9 Mei 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest serving of falafel|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/8000/largest-serving-of-falafel|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=18 Maret 2012|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717181125/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-serving-of-falafel|dead-url=no}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== Galeri ==
<gallery>
Berkas:Falafel_mixture.JPG|Falafel campur
Berkas:Falafel before frying.JPG|Falafel sebelum dimasak
Baris 92 ⟶ 97:
</gallery>
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{Wikibooks|Cookbook:Falafel}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/recipe-of-the-day-falafel/ New York Times ''Recipe of the Day'' for February 12, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930225106/https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/recipe-of-the-day-falafel/ |date=2019-09-30 }}
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