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Adam Mickiewicz: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 36:
|spouse = [[Celina Szymanowska]] (1834–55; enam anak; kematiannya)
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'''Adam Bernard Mickiewicz ''' ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Adam_Mickiewicz.ogg|m|i|c|'|k|J|e|w|i|cz}}; 24 Desember 1798{{spaced ndash}}26 November 1855). adalah seorang [[penyair]], [[dramawan]], esais, ''publicist[[publicis]]t'', [[penerjemah]], profesor sastra Slavia, dan aktivis politik Polandia.<ref name="Drabble" /><ref name="Adam Mickiewicz" /> Ia dianggap sebagai [[Daftar penyair nasional#Eropa|penyair nasional]] di [[Polandia]], [[Lituania]], dan [[Belarus]].
 
Termasuk seorang [[tokoh]] utama dalam [[Romantisisme di Polandia|Romantisisme Polandia]], ia merupakan salah satu dari "[[Tiga Penyair]]" (''Trzej Wieszcze'') Polandia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polish-dictionary.com/poland-poetry |title=Poland's Famous Poets |publisher=Polish-dictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-20}}</ref> dan secara luas dianggap sebagai penyair besar Polandia.<ref name="mickiewicz" /><ref name="mickiewicz1" /><ref name="Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010" /> Dia juga dianggap sebagai salah satu penyair [[bahasa Slavia|Slavia]]<ref name="PomorskaBaran1992" /> dan [[Eropa]]<ref name="budowniczowie" /> yang besar dan telah dijuluki sebagai "penyair Slavia".<ref name="fra" /> Seorang dramawan Romantis,<ref name="tm" /> ia telah dibandingkan di [[Polandia]] dan [[Eropa]] dengan [[George Gordon Byron|Byron]] dan [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]].<ref name="fra" /><ref name="tm" />
 
Ia dikenal terutama untuk drama puitis ''[[Dziady (puisi)|Dziady]]'' (''Forefathers' Eve'') dan [[Puisi epik|puisi epik nasional]] ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]''. Karya lain yang berpengaruh yaitu ''[[Konrad Wallenrod]] dan ''[[Grażyna (puisi)|Grażyna]]. Semua ini menjadi inspirasi bagi pemberontakan melawan [[Pembagian Polandia|tiga kekuatan imperial yang telah membagi-bagi Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania]].
 
Mickiewicz lahir di wilayah [[Pembagian Rusia|yang dipartisi Rusia]] dari mantan [[Keharyapatihan Lithuania]], yang telah menjadi bagian dari [[Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania]], dan aktif dalam perjuangan untuk memenangkan kemerdekaan bagi daerah rumahnya. Sebagai konsekuensinya, ia menghabiskan lima tahun diasingkan ke [[Rusia]] tengah, pada tahun 1829 ia berhasil meninggalkan Kekaisaran Rusia, dan seperti banyak [[Emigrasi Besar|rekannya]], menghabiskan sisa hidup di luar negeri. DiaPertama, menetapdia pertamamenetap di [[Roma]], kemudian di [[Paris]], di mana selama kurang lebih tiga tahun ia mengajar sastra [[Bangsa Slavia|Slavia]] di [[Collège de France]]. Dia meninggal di [[Istanbul]] di [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], di mana ia pergi untuk membantu mengatur pasukan [[Polandia]] dan [[Yahudi-Polandia|Yahudi]] untuk melawan Rusia dalam [[Perang Krimea]].
 
Pada tahun 1890, jenazahnya dipulangkan dari [[Montmorency, Val-d'Oise]], di [[Prancis]], ke [[Katedral Wawel]] di [[Kraków]], [[Polandia]].
Baris 61:
<ref name="popsa">{{ru icon}} [http://popsa.info/bio/006/006b.html David Tukhmanov]</ref>
 
<ref name="znadwiliiwilno">{{cite web |url=http://znadwiliiwilno.lt/materialy/tadeusz-zubinski-czy-adam-mickiewicz-znal-litewska-mowe-zw-47.html |title=Svetainė išjungta – Serveriai.lt |publisher=Znadwiliiwilno.lt |date= |accessdate=2013-06-18 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905053346/http://znadwiliiwilno.lt/materialy/tadeusz-zubinski-czy-adam-mickiewicz-znal-litewska-mowe-zw-47.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Koropeckyi2008-pref">{{cite book|author=Roman Koropeckyi|title=Adam Mickiewicz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq1KOMGz2yUC&pg=PR9|accessdate=10 April 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-4471-5|pages=9–12}}</ref>
Baris 73:
<ref name="Musee Adam Mickiewicz">{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/museum-monuments/112/musee-adam-mickiewicz |title=Musee Adam Mickiewicz |publisher=En.parisinfo.com |date=24 March 2000 |accessdate=2013-04-10}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Muzeum Adama Mickiewicza w Nowogródku">{{cite web |url=http://www.ebialorus.pl/aktualnosci/muzeum_adama_mickiewicza_w_nowogrodku,7589,id,7589.html |title=Muzeum Adama Mickiewicza w Nowogródku |publisher=Ebialorus.pl |date= |accessdate=2013-04-10 |archive-date=2013-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903183647/http://www.ebialorus.pl/aktualnosci/muzeum_adama_mickiewicza_w_nowogrodku,7589,id,7589.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Olszewska2007">{{cite book|author=Kinga Olszewska|title=Wanderers across language: exile in Irish and Polish literature of the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtRS9pBBhJMC&pg=PA29|accessdate=13 April 2013|year=2007|publisher=MHRA|isbn=978-1-905981-08-3|page=29}}</ref>
Baris 191:
<ref name="william">William Richard Morfill, ''Poland'', 1893, p. 300.</ref>
 
<ref name="www">{{cite web |url=http://www.lrp.lt/en/activities/speeches/address_by_h.e._dalia_grybauskaite_president_of_the_republic_of_lithuania_at_the_celebration_of_the_91st_anniversary_of_polish_independence_day.html |title=Address by H.E. Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of the Republic of Lithuania, at the Celebration of the 91st Anniversary of Polish Independence Day |author=[[Dalia Grybauskaitė]] |year=2008 |publisher=President of the Republic of Lithuania |accessdate=2011-04-14 |quote= |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722162650/http://www.lrp.lt/en/activities/speeches/address_by_h.e._dalia_grybauskaite_president_of_the_republic_of_lithuania_at_the_celebration_of_the_91st_anniversary_of_polish_independence_day.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Adam Mickiewicz: the national poet of Poland">{{Cite book |title=Adam Mickiewicz: the national poet of Poland |last=Gardner |first=Monica Mary |authorlink=Monica Mary Gardner |year=1911 |publisher=J.M. Dent & Sons |location=New York |isbn= |oclc= 464724636 |page= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEUDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=2011-04-14 |quote= }}</ref>
Baris 213:
<ref name="The Cambridge History of Russia: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Russia: Imperial Russia, 1689–1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzR0cmnP3J8C&pg=PA173&dq=lithuanian+belarusian+mickiewicz&hl=en&ei=xlNQTMPkLomknQeWob38BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=lithuanian%20belarusian%20mickiewicz&f=false|author1=Maureen Perrie |author2=D. C. B. Lieven |author3=Ronald Grigor Suny |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=173|isbn=978-0-521-81529-1}}</ref>
 
<ref name="United Nations in Belarus - Culture">{{cite web|title=United Nations in Belarus – Culture|url=http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/culture/|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2010-09-17|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163141/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/culture/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Warsaw and surroundings">{{Cite book |title=Warsaw and surroundings |last=Jabłoński |first=Rafał |year=2002 |publisher=Festina |location=Warsaw |isbn= |oclc=680169225 |page=103 |url= |accessdate= |quote=The Adam Mickiewicz Monument was unveiled in 1898 to mark the 100th anniversary of the great romantic poet's birth. The inscription on the base reads: "To the Poet from the Nation"}}</ref>
Baris 223:
<ref name="tm">T. Macios, ''Posłowie'' (Afterword) to Adam Mickiewicz, ''[[Dziady (poem)|Dziady]]'', Kraków, 2004, pp.&nbsp;239–40.</ref>
 
<ref name="venc">{{cite web |url=http://www.lituanus.org/2007/07_3_03%20Venclova.html |title= Native Realm Revisited: Mickiewicz's Lithuania and Mickiewicz in Lithuania |accessdate=2007-04-24 |last=Venclova |first=Tomas |authorlink=Tomas Venclova |publisher=Lituanus Volume 53, No 3 – Fall 2007 |quote=This semantic confusion was amplified by the fact that the Nowogródek region, although inhabited mainly by Belarusian speakers, was for several centuries considered part and parcel of ''Lithuania Propria''—Lithuania in the narrow sense; as different from the 'Ruthenian' regions of the Grand Duchy. |archive-date=2015-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222042238/http://www.lituanus.org/2007/07_3_03%20Venclova.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
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