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{{Infobox Holiday |
|image=Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg
|caption=Yom Kippur (1878)
|color1=#3399FF
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|color3=#3399FF
|holiday_name=Yom Kippur
|official_name=[[bahasa Ibrani]]: '''יום כיפור''' oratau '''יום הכיפורים'''
|nickname=Hari Pendamaian
|observedby=[[Yudaisme]] dan orang [[Yahudi]]
|date=hari ke-10 di bulan [[Tishrei]]
|observances=[[puasa]], [[doa]]
Baris 19:
|date2009=[[28 September]]
|date2010=[[18 September]]
|date2016=[[11 Oktober]]
|date2017=[[29 September]]
|date2018=[[18 September]]
|date2019=[[9 Oktober]]
|date2022=[[5 Oktober]]
|date2023=[[24 September]]
}}
'''Yom Kippur''' (יום כיפור ''yom kippūr''); '''Hari Penebusan''' atau '''Hari Pendamaian''' (hari ''grafirat'') adalah hari yang dianggap paling suci dalam agama [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]].<ref name="Encyclopedia4">{{en}}R.J. Zwi Werblowsky dan Geoffry Wigoder.1965.''The Encyclopedia of The Jewish Religion''.Canada:Holt, Rinehart.hlm48-49.</ref> Perayaan ini jatuh pada tanggal [[Tishri#Tanggal 10|10 Tishri]] dalam [[kalender Yahudi]].<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/> Walaupun disebut perayaan, sebenarnya dilakukan puasa selama 25 jam, dihitung dari terbenamnya matahari.<ref name="The Oxford Dictionary of The Jewish Religion">{{en}}R.J. Zwi Werblowsky dan Geoffrey Wigoder.1997.''The Oxford Dictionary of The Jewish Religion''.New York:oxford University Press. hlm.751.</ref> Pengecualian diberikan kepada mereka yang sakit dan anak-anak.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{en}}Jacob Neusner, Alan J. Avery-Peck, William Scott Green.''1999.''The Encyclopedia of Judaism''.New York:The Continuum Publishing Company. hlm.34, 46-47.</ref> Dasar penyelenggaraan perayaan ini berasal dari [[Pentateukh]].<ref name="Encyclopedia2">{{en}}Geoffry Wigoder.1989.''the Encyclopedia of Judiasm''.New York:MacMillan Publishing Company. hlm192-194.</ref> Hari raya ini adalah satu-satunya dalam [[Hari Raya Yahudi]] yang tidak ditunda apabila berbenturan dengan hari [[Sabat]].<ref name="Encyclopedia2"/>
'''Yom Kippur''' (יום כיפור ''yom kippūr'') adalah hari suci dalam agama [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] yang merayakan '''Hari Pendamaian''' antara manusia dengan Allah. Hari ini jatuh pada hari ke-10 dalam bulan Ibrani [[Tishri]]. [[Alkitab]] menyebut hari ini ''Yom Hakippurim'' ([[bahasa Ibrani]], "Hari-hari Pendamaian"). Ini adalah salah satu dari ''[[Yamim Noraim]]'' ([[bahasa Ibrani]], "Hari-hari yang Menakjubkan"). Hari ini diperingati dengan [[puasa|berpuasa]] dan [[doa]] yang intensif selama 25 jam. Yom Kippur dianggap sebagai hari yang paling suci dalam kalender Yahudi.
 
== Asal-usulPelaksanaan alkitabiahpada masa lampau ==
Tidak banyak catatan mengenai pelaksanaan festival ini pada masa [[Bait ELHYM]] yang pertama, tetapi ada materi-materi mengenai perayaan ''Yom Kippur'' pada masa Bait ELHYM yang kedua.<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/>
Ritus untuk Yom Kippur ditetapkan dalam [[Kitab Imamat]] pasal 16 (bdk. Keluaran 30:10; Imamat 23:27-31, 25:9; Bilangan 29:7-11). Perayaan ini digambarkan sebagai masa puasa yang khusyuk; para pemeluk dilarang makan atau minum, atau melakukan pekerjaan apapun. Kurban dipersembahkan di [[Bait Suci]] di [[Yerusalem]].
 
Pada masa itu, ''Yom Kippur'' terbagi atas dua bagian perayaan.<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/> 2 hal terpenting dalam perayaan ini adalah dua ekor [[lembu]] (atau [[kambing]]) yang [[kebiri|dikebiri]].<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi">{{id}}Rasid Rachman.2005. ''Hari Raya Liturgi: Sejarah dan Pesan Pastoral Gereja''. Jakarta: PT BPK Gunung Mulia. hlm 7-26</ref> Lembu pertama digunakan sebagai kurban penghapus [[dosa]] dan lembu lainnya digunakan sebagai kurban bakaran dan dipilih "tugasnya" dengan cara [[undian|diundi]] terlebih dahulu.<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/>
<!--==Observances==
===General observances===
Yom Kippur is the Jewish day of repentance, considered to be the holiest and most solemn day of the year. Its central theme is atonement and reconciliation. Eating, drinking, washing, cosmetics, wearing leather shoes, and conjugal relations are prohibited ([[Mishnah]] tractate Yoma 8:1). Fasting - total abstention from all food and drink - usually begins a half an hour before sundown (called "''tosefet Yom Kippur''", the "addition" of fasting a bit of the previous day is required by Jewish law), and ends after nightfall the following day.
 
Bagian pertama adalah pelayanan persembahan korban yang dilakukan di Bait ELHYM., ketika [[Cohen Gadol Yahudi|Cohen Gadol]] melakukan pengakuan dosa di depan seluruh umat [[Israel]].<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/> Lalu,lembu yang jatuh menjadi kurban bakaran disembelih.<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/> Penyembelihan ini dilakukan oleh Cohen Gadol dan para [[Cohanim]] dari [[suku Lewi]].<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/> Puncak dari bagian ini adalah ketika ia masuk ke dalam [[Ruang Mahakudus]] mengenakan pakaian dari [[linen]] berwarna putih dan mencipratkan darah dari korban persembahan dan menyalakan dupa.<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/>
Contrary to popular belief, Yom Kippur is not a sad day. [[Sephardic]] Jews (Jews of Spanish, Portuguese and North African descent) refer to this holiday as "the White Fast". Consequently, many Jews have the custom of wearing only white clothing on this day, to symbolize their "white" purity from sin, akin to angels.
 
Pada bagian kedua dalam perayaan ini, hewan kedua tidak disembelih, melainkan dicerca, dihina, dan dikutuki oleh seluruh umat Israel sebelum dilepaskan oleh seseorang yang sudah dipilih.<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/> Hal ini melambangkan diangkutnya seluruh dosa umat Israel ke padang pasir.<ref name="Hari Raya Liturgi"/>
===Observances among secular Jews===
Yom Kippur is considered the most holy of Jewish holidays and its observance is held even among the majority of secular Jews who may not strictly observe other holidays. Many secular Jews will fast and attend [[synagogue]] on Yom Kippur, and attendance on Yom Kippur can be double, triple or even more than the normal number of worshippers. In Israel, public non-observance (such as eating or driving a motor vehicle) is taboo. Yom Kippur there has the nickname "Festival of Bicycles," referring to children's practice of freely riding their bicycles in the streets without motor vehicles presenting danger. In Israel on Yom Kippur there is no broadcast television, no public transportation and the airports are closed. There is no commerce of any kind in the Jewish areas.
 
===The evePelaksanaan ofMasa YomKini Kippur ===
Penekanan dari perayaan ini terletak pada pengakuan dosa.<ref name="Encyclopedia2"/> Perhiasan-perhiasan tidak boleh dipakai pada masa ini, setidaknya di dalam [[Sinagoge]].<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Selain itu, ada kebiasaan untuk terus berada di dalam Sinagoge selama perayaan ini berlangsung.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
There is a commandment to eat a large and festive meal before Yom Kippur starts after the [[mincha]] prayer. Traditional foods consumed during that meal include [[kreplach]] and [[rice]]. Many others also have a custom to eat another meal before that, consuming fish. Also, all Orthodox men immerse themselves in a [[mikvah]] close to ''mincha''.
 
Berikut ini adalah hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan selama hari raya ini:<ref name="Yom Kippur">{{en}}Artscroll Mesorah Series.1989.''Yom Kippur:Its Significance, Laws, and Prayers''.New York:Mesorah Publications.ltd. hlm 18-25.</ref>
===Prayer services===
* Berfokus pada pertobatan diri sendiri.
Men don a [[Tallit]] (four-cornered [[prayer]] garment) for evening prayers, the only evening service of the year in which this is done, and many married men also wear a [[kittel]], or white shroud. [[Jewish services|Prayer services]] begin with the prayer known as "[[Kol Nidre]]", which must be recited before sunset, and follows with the regular evening prayers (''ma'ariv'' or ''arvith'').
* Memperbanyak amal dan melakukan perbuatan baik.
* Membaca kisah-kisah yang menginspirasikan untuk bertobat.
* Sebaiknya tidak menggunakan banyak waktu untuk belajar ''[[mussar]]'', walaupun dianjurkan untuk mempelajarinya setiap hari.
* Mempelajari mengenai doa-doa untuk memahami maknanya.
* Pengakuan dosa tidak dilakukan hanya untuk dosa-dosa besar, tetapi juga dosa-dosa kecil dan bahkan kelakuan-kelakuan yang tidak kita yakin apakah itu dosa ataukah tidak.
* Menuliskan komitmen mereka untuk satu tahun ke depan dan melihat apakah mereka sudah melakukan apa yang mereka komitmenkan selama setahun.
 
Selain itu, ada hal-hal yang pantang dilakukan selama perayaan ini berlangsung:<ref name="Encyclopedia4"/>
The morning prayer service is preceded by litanies and petitions of forgiveness called ''selichot''; on Yom Kippur, many ''selichot'' are woven into the liturgy. The morning prayers are followed by an added prayer (''mussaf'') as on all other holidays, followed by ''mincha'' (the afternoon prayer) and the added ''ne'ilah'' prayer specific for Yom Kippur. Yom Kippur comes to an end with a recitation of [[Shema Yisrael]] and the blowing of the [[shofar]], which marks the conclusion of the fast.
* Tidak diperkenankan untuk makan dan minum. Umat harus berpuasa.
* Tidak diperbolehkan untuk melakukan hubungan seksual.
* Tidak diperbolehkan untuk melakukan perminyakan.
* Tidak diperbolehkan untuk mengenakan sepatu yang terbuat dari kulit.
* Segala pantangan lainnya yang berlaku pada hari [[Sabat]] juga berlaku pada hari ini.
 
== Referensi ==
The Torah is read during the morning and afternoon prayers (Leviticus 16 and 18, respectively); the book of [[Jonah]] is read as the [[haftarah]] in the afternoon. Depending on the ''nusach'' (version) of the prayers, some communities pray continuously from morning until nightfall, while some include a short break. Every prayer includes the ''vidduy'' (confession); see below for more information.
{{reflist}}
 
==Atonement==
===Forgiveness and ''vidduy''===
According to the [[Talmud]], [[God]] opens three books on the first day of the year; one for the thoroughly wicked, another for the thoroughly pious, and the third for the large intermediate class. The fate of the thoroughly wicked and the thoroughly pious is determined on the spot; the destiny of the intermediate class is suspended until Yom Kippur, when the fate of everyone is sealed. The liturgical piece ''Unetanneh Tokef'' (attributed to Rabbi [[Amnon of Mainz]]) states:
 
:God, seated on His throne to judge the world, at the same time Judge, Pleader, Expert, and Witness, opens the Book of Records. It is read, every man's signature being found therein. The great trumpet is sounded; a still, small voice is heard; the angels shudder, saying, "this is the day of judgment": for God's very ministers are not pure before God. As a shepherd musters his flock, causing them to pass under his rod, so does God cause every living soul to pass before Him, to fix the limit of every creature's life and to ordain its destiny. On New-Year's Day the decree is written; on the Day of Atonement it is sealed; who shall live and who are to die....But penitence, prayer, and charity may avert the harsh decree."
 
According to [[Maimonides]], "all depends on whether a man's merits outweigh the demerits put to his account", so it is therefore desirable to multiply good deeds before the final account on the Day of Atonement (''[[Mishneh Torah|Yad]]'', Laws of Repentance 3:4). Those that are found worthy by God are said to be entered in the Book of Life, hence the prayer: "Enter us in the Book of Life". Hence also the greeting "May you be sealed [in the Book of Life] for a happy year" ("''Gemar Chatima Tovah''"). In letters written between New-Year and the Day of Atonement, the writer usually concludes by wishing the recipient that God may seal his fate for happiness.
 
Penitent confession was a requisite for expiation through capital or corporal punishment. On Yom Kippur, every prayer (whether silent or communal) includes the ''vidduy'', a standardised confession. It consists of the short ''vidduy'' and the long ''vidduy'' (the latter is omitted in the ''ne'ilah'' service). Both are arranged alphabetically, probably to aid the public in memorizing it.
 
===Reconciliation with others===
"The Day of Atonement absolves from sins against God, but not from sins against a fellow man unless the pardon of the offended person be secured" ([[Mishnah]] tractate Yoma 8:9). Hence the custom of terminating on the eve of the fastday (or in the [[Yamim Noraim|10-day period]] between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur) all feuds and disputes. Even the souls of the dead are included in the community of those pardoned on the Day of Atonement. It is customary for children to have public mention made in the synagogue of their departed parents, and to make charitable gifts on behalf of their souls.
 
==The Temple service==
The sacrificial service of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] features prominently in both the liturgy and the religious thought of the holiday. Specifically, the ''avodah'' ("service") in the ''mussaf'' prayer recounts the sacrificial ceremonies in great detail.
 
The most distinctive ceremony was the offering of the "emissary goats", or "[[scapegoat]]s" (Leviticus 16:8-10), one of which was offered on the altar and another was sent into the desert to "''[[Azazel]]''"; the goats were identical, and the fate of each goat was decided by lots. Commentators differ as to the exact meaning of this offering; it is generally presumed that the goats are each [[symbolism|symbols]] for people, modes of behavior or other subjects.
 
The ''[[kohen|kohen gadol]]'' (high priest) performed most of the service himself, including sin offerings for himself and his family, all the priests and finally the whole Jewish people. During the confessions made for each offering he pronounced the [[tetragrammaton|ineffable name]], the only instance when this was permitted. This was also the occasion of the high priest's annual entry into the ''debir'' (holy of holies), placing first incense and then the sacrificial blood before the Lord, a ritual that only a high priest was to perform.-->
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Hari-hari suci penting]]
* [[Rosh Hashanah]]
* [[Perang Yom Kippur]]
* [[Festival Tahunan (Yahudi)]]
* [[Imamat 16]]
 
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/shofar.htm Lihat dan dengarkan suara shofar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614174606/http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/shofar.htm |date=2006-06-14 }}
* [http://www.biblaridion-online.net/zine-online/zine05q2/bibzine05q2_p4.html ''Biblaridion magazine'':] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626120728/http://www.biblaridion-online.net/zine-online/zine05q2/bibzine05q2_p4.html |date=2006-06-26 }} Asal usul Hari Pendamaian (bagian 1&2)
* [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=4687 Pedoman Yom Kippur] di [http://www.chabad.org chabad.org]
 
{{JewishHolidays}}
 
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